"Rangers" drones
Looking at the history of the development of drones, it can be said that modern warfare is the driving force behind the development of drones. And drones have had a growing impact on modern warfare. During World War I and II, despite the emergence and use of drones, they did not play a significant role due to the low level of technology. The United States used unmanned reconnaissance and attack aircraft in the Korean War, though in limited numbers. In the subsequent Vietnam War and Middle East War drones have become essential weapons systems. In the Gulf War, the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the war in Kosovo, drones became the main reconnaissance aircraft.
French "kestrel" unmanned Vietnam War during the U.S. Air Force suffered heavy losses, was shot down 2500 aircraft, pilots died more than 5000, the U.S. domestic public opinion uproar. For this reason, the U.S. Air Force more use of unmanned aircraft. Such as the "Buffalo Hunter" drone in the North Vietnamese airspace to perform more than 2,500 tasks, ultra-low altitude photography, damage rate of only 4%. AQM-34Q-type 147 Firebee drone flights more than 500 times, electronic eavesdropping, radio jamming, throwing foil and manned aircraft to open up the pass
In the 1982 battle of the Bekaa Valley, the U.S. Air Force used the U.S. air force in a number of different ways. Battle of the Bekaa Valley, Israeli forces discovered through aerial reconnaissance. On June 9, the Israeli army deployed U.S.-made E-2C Hawkeye early-warning aircraft to monitor the Syrian army, while deploying more than 70 drones, such as "Scouts" and "Fierce Dogs," on a daily basis. At the same time, more than 70 sorties of "Scout" and "Fierce Dog" drones were deployed every day to carry out repeated reconnaissance of the Syrian army's air defenses and airfields, and to transmit the images captured to the early warning aircraft and the command headquarters on the ground. In this way, the Israeli army accurately identified the location of the Syrian army radar, and then launched "Wolf" anti-radar missiles, destroyed a lot of the Syrian army radar, missiles and self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, forcing the Syrian army radar dare not turn on for the Israeli army manned aircraft to attack the target to create the conditions.
Ghost drone
The Gulf War broke out in 1991, the U.S. military first faced a problem is to find Iraq's hidden Scud missile launchers in the vast sea of sand. If a manned reconnaissance aircraft was used, it would have to fly back and forth over the desert, exposing it to the Iraqi army's anti-aircraft fire for a long time, which was extremely dangerous. For this reason, drones became the mainstay of U.S. military aerial reconnaissance. During the entire Gulf War, the "Pioneer" UAV is the U.S. Army's most used unmanned aircraft, the U.S. Army in the Gulf region **** deployed six Pioneer UAV company, the total **** out of 522 sorties, flight time of 1,640 hours. At that time, day or night, there was always a Pioneer drone flying over the Gulf every day.
In order to destroy the strong fortifications built by the Iraqi army along the coast, the battleship USS Missouri sailed to the offshore area by night on February 4, and the Pioneer drone took off from its deck, took images of the ground targets with an infrared reconnaissance camera and transmitted them to the command center. A few minutes later, the battleship's 406-millimeter guns began firing at the target, while the drone continued to calibrate the guns. The Wisconsin then took over from the Missouri and shelled for three days, completely destroying Iraqi artillery positions, radar networks, and command and communications hubs. During the Gulf War, the Pioneer drones that took off from the two battleships alone flew 151 sorties for more than 530 hours, accomplishing missions such as target search, battlefield alert, maritime interdiction, and naval gunfire support.
Brevel UAV
In the Gulf War, the Pioneer UAV became the trailblazer for U.S. Army units. It conducted aerial reconnaissance for the Army's 7th Corps, captured images of a large number of Iraqi tanks, command centers, and missile firing positions, and transmitted them to helicopter units, then the U.S. Army deployed Apache attack helicopters to attack the target, and if necessary, also called on artillery units for fire support. The survivability of the pioneering aircraft is very strong, in 319 flights, only one was hit, there are 4 to 5 due to electromagnetic interference and crashed.
In addition to the U.S. military, Britain, France and Canada have also deployed drones. For example, the French "Fawn" division is equipped with a "Malte" drone platoon. When the French army deep into the Iraqi territory combat, first sent drones to reconnaissance of the enemy, according to the reconnaissance of the situation, the French army to avoid the Iraqi army tanks and artillery positions.
In the 1995 war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Predator drones were quickly shipped to the front lines because of the urgent need of the troops. The Predator played an important role in NATO air strikes on Serb forces' supply lines, ammunition depots, and command centers. It conducted reconnaissance, identified targets, guided manned aircraft to attack, and then assessed the results of the battle. It also provided U.N. peacekeeping forces with information on the movement of military vehicles on major highways in Bosnia and Herzegovina to determine whether the parties were complying with the peace agreement. The U.S. military thus calls the Predator a "low-altitude satellite on the battlefield." In fact, satellites can only provide instantaneous images of the battlefield, while drones can hover over the battlefield for long periods of time, thus providing continuous real-time images of the battlefield, and drones are much cheaper than using satellites.
On March 24, 1999, NATO, led by the United States, began bombing the FRY under the guise of "defending human rights," and the world was shocked by the outbreak of the Kosovo War. In the course of 78 days of bombing, NATO **** 32,000 flights of aircraft, into the ship more than 40, 13,000 tons of bombs, resulting in an unprecedented catastrophe in Europe since World War II.
The mountainous and forested terrain of the FRY, as well as the climatic conditions of many rainy days, greatly affecting NATO reconnaissance satellites and high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft reconnaissance effect, the Serbian army's anti-aircraft firepower is very fierce, some people do not dare to reconnaissance aircraft to fly low, resulting in the NATO air force can not be identified and attack the target below the clouds. In order to minimize casualties, NATO made extensive use of drones. The Kosovo War was the largest localized war in the world in terms of the number of drones used and the role of drones in the war. Although drones fly slower and at a lower altitude, they are small in size, have smaller radar and infrared features, are well hidden, are not easy to be hit, are suitable for low- and medium-altitude reconnaissance, and can see the targets that satellites and manned reconnaissance aircraft cannot see.
In the Kosovo war, the United States, Germany, France and the United Kingdom total **** mobilized six different types of drones about 200, they are: the U.S. Air Force's "Predator" (Predator), the Army's "Hunter" (Hunter) and the Navy's "Predator" (Hunter) and the Navy's "Hunter" (Hunter), and the U.S. Navy's "Hunter" (Hunter). （The U.S. Air Force's Predator, the Army's Hunter, and the Navy's Pioneer; Germany's CL-289; France's Crecerelles, Hunter, and the U.K.'s Crested Butterfly; and the U.S. Army's Predator, the Army's Hunter, and the U.S. Navy's Pioneer. "The UAVs include the Crecerelles and Hunter from France, and the Phoenix from the United Kingdom.
Drones in the Kosovo war mainly accomplished some of the following tasks: low- and medium-altitude reconnaissance and battlefield surveillance, electronic jamming, assessment of battle results, targeting, meteorological data collection, distribution of leaflets, and rescue of pilots, etc.
Drones in the Kosovo war are also known as "drones".
The Kosovo war not only greatly improved the status of UAVs in the war, but also caused governments to pay attention to UAVs. The U.S. Senate Armed Forces Committee has called for the military to prepare a sufficient number of unmanned systems within 10 years so that one-third of low-altitude attack aircraft are drones; and within 15 years, one-third of ground combat vehicles should be unmanned systems. This is not to replace pilots and manned aircraft with unmanned systems, but rather to use them to supplement the capabilities of manned aircraft in order to minimize the use of pilots in high-risk missions. The development of unmanned aircraft will certainly drive the development of modern war doctrine and unmanned warfare systems.
Second, the special function of the robot
machine police
The so-called ground military robots is the use of robotic systems on the ground, they are not only in peacetime to help the civilian police exclude bombs, the completion of the key security tasks in wartime can also be used in place of soldiers to carry out mine clearance, reconnaissance and attack a variety of tasks, and today the United States, Britain, Germany, France and Japan have developed a variety of models of military robots. Developed a variety of models of ground military robots.
Britain's "wheelbarrow" robot
In Western countries, terrorist activities is always a headache for the authorities. The United Kingdom, due to ethnic conflicts, suffered from the threat of explosives, and therefore as early as the 1960s, the development of successful bomb disposal robots. The British development of tracked "cart" and "super cart" bomb disposal robot, has been sold to the military and police organizations in more than 50 countries more than 800 units. Recently, the United Kingdom will be optimized for wheelbarrow robots, the development of a groundhog and bison two remote-controlled electric detonation robots, the British Royal Engineers in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are using them to detect and deal with explosives. Groundhog weighs 35 kilograms, equipped with two cameras on the mast. Bison weighs 210 kilograms, can carry 100 kilograms of load. Both have radio-controlled systems with a remote control range of about 1 kilometer.
"Groundhog" and "Bison" detonation robot
In addition to the bombs planted by terrorists, in many war-torn countries around the world, there are unexploded ordnance of all kinds scattered everywhere. Kuwait, for example, after the Gulf War, is like an ammunition depot that could explode at any time. In an area of more than 10,000 square kilometers along the border of Iraq and Kuwait, there are 250,000 landmines made by 16 countries, 850,000 artillery shells and 25 million bullets from mined bombs and bomblets dropped by the multinational forces, of which at least 20 per cent have not exploded. And until now, there are even unexploded bombs and mines from World War I and World War II remaining in many countries. Therefore, the demand for EOD robots is high.
Explosive ordnance disposal robots have wheeled and tracked, they are generally small, flexible steering, easy to work in a narrow place, the operator can be several hundred meters to several kilometers away by radio or fiber-optic cable to control its activities. Robot car is generally equipped with a multi-color CCD camera used to observe the explosives; a multi-degree-of-freedom manipulator, with its claws or clamps can be explosives fuses or detonators screwed down, and explosives transported; car is also equipped with a shotgun, the use of laser pointers aimed at it can be explosives timing device and detonation device destroyed; some robots are also equipped with high-pressure water gun, can cut explosives.
Germany's explosive ordnance disposal robot
In France, the Air Force, the Army and the Police Department have purchased Cybernetics developed TRS200 medium-sized explosive ordnance disposal robots. RM35 robot developed by the DM company was also selected by the Paris Airport Authority. German peacekeeping forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina are equipped with Telerob's MV4 series robots. China's Shenyang Institute of Automation developed PXJ-2 robot also joined the ranks of the public security forces.
The U.S. Remotec's Andros series of robots are welcomed by the military and police departments of various countries, the White House and the Capitol Police Department have purchased this robot. In South Africa, before the presidential election, the police purchased four AndrosVIA robot, they are in the election process total **** performed more than 100 tasks. The Andros robot can be used for small random explosive ordnance disposal, and it is the only robot used on U.S. Air Force airliners and buses. The robot was also used by the U.S. Navy to clear mines and unexploded ordnance at air bases in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait after the Gulf War. The U.S. Air Force also sent five Andros robots to Kosovo for explosives and submunitions clearance. Every active Air Force bomb squad and air rescue center is equipped with an Andros VI.
China's development of the bomb disposal robot
The bomb disposal robot can not only remove the bomb, the use of its reconnaissance sensors can also monitor the activities of criminals. Surveillance personnel can be observed from a distance on the criminals day and night, listening to their conversations, without having to expose themselves to know the situation.
In early 1993, in the United States, there was the Waco Manor case, in order to figure out the activities of the congregation, the FBI used two robots. One was the Remotec AndrosVA and Andros MarkVIA robots, and the other was the STV robot developed by RST, a six-wheeled remotely operated vehicle that used radio and fiber-optic cable communications. There is a car can be raised to 4.5 meters of the bracket, which is equipped with color stereo cameras, daytime sights, micro-light night-vision sights, binaural audio detectors, chemical detectors, satellite positioning systems, target tracking with the front-view infrared sensors and so on. The vehicle requires only one operator and has a remote control distance of 10 kilometers. In this operation *** deployed three STV, the operator remote-controlled robot traveling to 548 meters from the manor stopped, raised the car's bracket, the use of video cameras and infrared detectors to the window peeping, the FBI officials around the fluorescent screen to observe the images sent back by the sensors, you can see the activities in the house clearly.
Third, civilian robots
Robot command
In fact, it is not that people do not want to give a complete definition of the robot, since the date of the birth of the robot people are constantly trying to illustrate what in the end is a robot. But with the rapid development of robotics technology and the advent of the information age, the robot covers more and more rich content, the definition of the robot also continue to enrich and innovation.
In 1886, the French writer Lil Adam in his novel "Future Eve" will look like a human machine named "Androdin" (android), which consists of four parts:
1, the life system (balance, walking, vocalization, body swing, sensation, expression, regulation of movement, etc.);
1, the life system (balance, walking, vocalization, body swing, sensation, expression, regulation of movement, etc.) );
2, modeling dematerialization (joints can be free movement of the metal covering body, a kind of armor);
3, artificial muscles (in the above armor with flesh, veins, gender and other body forms);
4, artificial skin (containing skin color, mechanism, contour, hair, vision, teeth, claws, etc.).
In 1920 the Czech writer Karel Kapek published the science fiction play The Universal Robot of Rossum. In the play, Kapek wrote the Czech word "Robota" as "Robot", which means slave. The play, which foreshadowed the tragic impact of the development of robots on human society, attracted a great deal of attention and has been taken as the origin of the word robot. In the play, robots work silently at the behest of their masters, devoid of feeling and emotion, performing heavy labor in a stilted manner. Later, the success of the Rossum Company, which gave robots feelings, led to a rapid increase in the sector in which they were used. Robots became essential members in factories and domestic work. Finding humans very selfish and unjust, the robots finally revolted, and the robots were so physically and intellectually superior that they wiped out the human race.
But the robots don't know how to make themselves, and think they themselves will soon become extinct, so they start looking for human survivors, but to no avail. Eventually, a pair of male and female robots with superior sensory abilities to other robots fall in love. That's when the robots evolved into humans and the world came back from the dead.
Capek raises the issues of robot safety, perception, and self-propagation. Advances in science and technology are likely to raise issues that humans don't want. While the world of science fiction is only an imagination, human society will likely face this reality.
In order to prevent robots from harming human beings, the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov put forward the "Three Principles of Robotics" in 1940:
1, robots should not harm human beings;
2, robots should obey human commands, except for commands contrary to the first one;
2, robots should obey human commands, except for commands contrary to the first one;
3, robots should follow human orders, except for commands contrary to the first one. commands;
3, robots should be able to protect themselves, except in contradiction to the first.
This is the ethical agenda given to robots. Robotics academics have been using these three principles as guidelines for robot development.
At the first academic conference on robotics held in Japan in 1967, two representative definitions were presented. One was proposed by Mori Masahiro and Haputa Chohei: "A robot is a flexible machine with seven characteristics: mobility, individuality, intelligence, versatility, semi-mechanism and semi-humanity, automatism, and slavery." From this definition, Masahiro Mori proposed another image of a robot in terms of 10 characteristics such as automatism, intelligence, individuality, semi-mechanical semi-humanity, workability, versatility, information, flexibility, finiteness, and mobility. The other is Ichiro Kato's proposal that a machine with the following 3 conditions is called a robot:
1, an individual with three elements, such as brain, hands, and feet;
2, with non-contact sensors (receiving information from a distance with the eyes and ears) and contact sensors;
3, with sensors for the sense of equilibrium and intrinsic senses.
Etiquette Robot
The definition emphasizes the implication that a robot should be humanoid, in the sense that it operates with its hands, achieves mobility with its feet, and performs the role of unified command by its brain. Non-contact and contact sensors are equivalent to the five human senses, enabling the robot to recognize the external environment, while the sense of balance and intrinsic senses are indispensable sensors for the robot to perceive its own state. What is described here is not an industrial robot but an autonomous robot.
The definition of a robot is varied, and the reason for this is that it is somewhat ambiguous. Animals generally have these elements, so while robots are understood as humanoid machines, they can also be broadly understood as animaloid machines.
In 1988, Espio of France defined robotics as "Robotics refers to the design of systems capable of realizing pre-planned operations based on sensor information, and the use of such systems as the object of study."
In 1987, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defined industrial robots as, "An industrial robot is a programmable manipulator with automatically controlled operating and moving functions that can perform a variety of operations."
Our scientists define a robot as "A robot is an automated machine, the difference is that this machine has some intelligent capabilities similar to those of human beings or living beings, such as perception, planning, movement, and synergy, and it is an automated machine with a high degree of flexibility". In the process of research and development of robots operating in unknown and uncertain environments, people gradually realize that the essence of robotics is the combination of perception, decision-making, action and interaction technologies. With the deepening of people's understanding of the nature of robotics intelligence, robotics technology has begun to penetrate into various fields of human activity. Combined with the application characteristics of these fields, people have developed a variety of special robots with perception, decision-making, action and interaction capabilities and a variety of intelligent machines, such as mobile robots, micro-robots, underwater robots, medical robots, military robots, air space robots, entertainment robots and so on. The adaptability to different tasks and special environments is also an important difference between robots and general automation equipment. These robots have been far from the appearance of the initial humanoid robot and industrial robots have the shape, more in line with the special requirements of a variety of different applications, its function and the degree of intelligence is also greatly enhanced, thus opening up a broader space for the development of robotics.
Song Jian, President of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, pointed out that "the progress and application of robotics is the most convincing achievement of automatic control in the 20th century, and it is the highest significance of contemporary automation". Robotics technology synthesizes the results of the development of multiple disciplines, representing the forefront of the development of high technology, and its continuous expansion in the field of application of human life is causing the international re-recognition of the role and impact of robotics technology.
China's robotics experts from the application environment, the robot is divided into two categories, namely, industrial robots and special robots. The so-called industrial robots are industrial-oriented multi-joint manipulator or multi degree of freedom robot. And special robots are in addition to industrial robots, used in non-manufacturing industries and serve human beings with a variety of advanced robots, including: service robots, underwater robots, entertainment robots, military robots, agricultural robots, robotized machines and so on. In special robots, some branches are developing rapidly, with a tendency to become an independent system, such as service robots, underwater robots, military robots, micromanipulation robots and so on. At present, the international robotics scholars, from the application of the environment will also be divided into two categories of robots: industrial robots in the manufacturing environment and non-manufacturing environment of service and humanoid robots, which is consistent with our classification.
Ancient robots
The emergence of the word robot and the world's first industrial robots are recent decades. Yet people have been fantasizing about and pursuing robots for more than 3,000 years. Humans want to create a human-like machine in order to replace humans to complete a variety of tasks.
Machine carriage
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, China's skilled craftsmen Yanshi developed a singing and dancing actor, which is the earliest recorded robot in China.
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, China's famous carpenter Lu Ban, in the mechanical aspect is also an inventor, according to the "Mojing" records, he had made a wooden bird, can fly in the air "three days without", reflecting the wisdom of China's working people.
In the 2nd century BC, the ancient Greeks of the Alexander era invented the most primitive robot - automata. It is a moving statue powered by water, air and steam pressure, which can open its own door and sing with the help of steam.
1800 years ago in the Han Dynasty, the great scientist Zhang Heng not only invented the geodesic instrument, but also invented the counting drum car. Counting mile drum car every line a mile, the car wooden people hit the drum, every line ten miles to hit the bell.
During the Three Kingdoms period of the Later Han Dynasty, Zhu Geliang, the Prime Minister of the State of Shu, succeeded in creating the "wooden oxen and horses" and used them to transport military food to support the war ahead.
In 1662, Konoe Takeda of Japan invented an automated machine doll using clockwork technology and performed it at Dotonbori in Osaka.
In 1738, Jack Day Vaxxon, a talented French technician, invented a robotic duck that quacked, swam and drank, and ate and defecated. Waxon's intention was to mechanize the functions of living things and analyze them medically.
Writing robot
In the automatic dolls of the time, the most outstanding to the Swiss watchmaker Jack Dawros and his son Leigh Louis Dawros. 1773, they launched a succession of automatic writing dolls, automatic playing dolls, etc., they created automatic dolls are made using the principle of gears and clockwork. Some of them held brushes and colors to paint, some held quills dipped in ink to write, with ingenious structures and gorgeous costumes, which were popular in Europe for a while. Due to the limitations of the technical conditions at that time, these dolls were actually giant toys of one meter in height. Now retained the earliest robot is Switzerland's Nusatir Museum of History in the Maiden doll, which was produced in two hundred years ago, two hands of ten fingers can press the keys of the organ and play music, and now also regularly played for visitors to enjoy, demonstrating the wisdom of the ancients.
In the middle of the 19th century, dolls were divided into two schools of thought, namely, science fiction and mechanical production, and each found its place in literature and art and modern technology. 1831 Goethe published Faust, shaped the android "Hormone Crusoe"; in 1870, Hoffman published a work called "Gerbera", which is the protagonist of the dolls. In 1870, Hoffmann published the work "Gerberia" with an automaton doll as the main character; in 1883, Collodi's "Pinocchio" came out; and in 1886, "The Future Eve" came out. In terms of mechanical manufacturing, in 1893 Moore created the "Steam Man", which relied on steam to drive its legs to walk along the circumference.
Into the 20th century, the research and development of robotics has been more people's concern and support, some of the applicable robots have come out, in 1927, the United States Westinghouse engineers Wenzeli manufactured the first robot "Telegraph Box", and exhibited at the World's Fair held in New York. It is an electric robot, equipped with a radio transmitter, can answer some questions, but the robot can not walk. 1959, the first industrial robot (programmable, round coordinates) was born in the United States, creating a new era of robot development.
Fourth, the modern robot
Modern robotics research began in the mid-20th century, its technical background is the development of computers and automation, as well as the development and utilization of atomic energy.
Since the introduction of the first digital electronic computer in 1946, computers have made amazing progress toward high speed, large capacity, and low price.
The urgent need for mass production drove advances in automation technology, one result of which was the birth of CNC machine tools in 1952. The research on control and mechanical parts related to CNC machine tools in turn laid the foundation for the development of robots.
On the other hand, the harsh environments of atomic laboratories required that some of the operating machinery replace humans in handling radioactive materials. Against the background of this need, the Argonne Institute of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission developed a remote-controlled manipulator in 1947 and a mechanical master-slave manipulator in 1948.
Riveting Robots
The concept of industrial robots was first proposed and patented by Davol in the United States in 1954. The main point of the patent is to control the joints of the robot with the help of servo technology, the use of human hands to teach the robot action, the robot can realize the action of recording and reproduction. This is called a teachable robot. Almost all existing robots use this type of control.
As the earliest practical model of robotics products (teaching reproduction) is the United States in 1962, AMF launched the "VERSTRAN" and UNIMATION company launched the "UNIMATE". The control of these industrial robots and CNC machine tools are generally similar, but the shape of the characteristics are very different, mainly composed of human-like hands and arms.
In 1965, MIT's Roborts demonstrated the first robotic system with visual sensors that could recognize and locate simple blocks.
Robot Dogs
In 1967, the Society for the Study of Artificial Hands (now renamed the Society for the Study of Bionic Institutions) was founded in Japan, and the first Japanese Robotics Symposium was held that same year.
In 1970, the first International Conference on Industrial Robotics was held in the U.S. After 1970, the study of robotics was rapidly and widely popularized.
In 1973, Richard Hauen of Cincinnati-Miraclone built the first small computer-controlled industrial robot, which was hydraulically driven and capable of lifting payloads of up to 45 kilograms.
By 1980, industrial robots had really taken hold in Japan, and it was called the "Year of the Robot".
Subsequently, industrial robots in Japan has been a huge development, and Japan has won the "Kingdom of Robotics".
Autonomous submersibles
With the rapid development of computer technology and artificial intelligence technology, robots in the function and technology level has been greatly improved, mobile robots and robot vision and haptics and other technologies are typical representatives. As a result of these technological developments, the extension of the concept of robotics was promoted. in the 1980s, systems with the ability to feel, think, make decisions and act were called intelligent robots, which is a generalized and wide-reaching concept. This concept not only guided the research and application of robotics technology, but also gave robotics technology a huge space for deep and broad development, underwater robots, space robots, aerial robots, ground robots, micro-small robots, and other robots for various purposes came out one after another, and many dreams became reality. The technology of robotics (such as sensing technology, intelligence technology, control technology, etc.) has spread and penetrated into various fields to form a variety of new machines - robotized machines. The current interaction and integration with information technology has given rise to the name "software robots" and "network robots", which also illustrates the innovative vitality of robots.
[Edit]Humans and Robots