Network transceiver: network adapter and transmission media interface device. It provides signal level conversion and signal isolation.
Network media conversion equipment: is a network of different transmission media between the conversion device. Such as twisted pair and optical fiber.
Multiplexer: a terminal controller. Used to improve the utilization of communication channels.
Interrupter: Also known as a transponder, extends the distance of the transmission media, such as Ethernet interrupters can be used to connect different Ethernet segments to form an Ethernet.
Hub: short for, hub, can be seen as a multi-port interruptor (an interruptor is a dual-port)
The above devices are all network devices that work at the physical layer.
Bridges: can connect two LANs into a logical LAN. It is a networking device that works at the physical layer and the data connectivity layer.
Switches: Early switches were the equivalent of multi-port bridges.
Router: A device that interconnects multiple networks at the network layer. It provides path selection between networks.
Gateway: can be seen as a generic term for interconnecting multiple networks, but is generally referred to as a device that interconnects multiple networks above the transport layer, also known as an application layer gateway.