Classification and selection of disinfectants
I. Classification of disinfectants There are tens of thousands of species of microorganisms in the natural world, in the multitude of microorganisms, some of them are harmless to human beings, and many of them are still beneficial, but there are also quite a number of microorganisms that are harmful to human health and even have serious harm. When human beings have not yet understood microorganisms, hypochlorite was used to disinfect the environment in London, England in 1827. The famous surgeon Lister first used carbolic acid (phenol) for spray disinfection in 1834. In the long history, in the competition for survival, mankind gradually understand, know the microorganisms, invented and developed a variety of microbes have a killing effect on the disinfectant and sterilization agent, most of the new disinfectant is with the 1950s "disinfectant science" as an independent discipline began to develop.
In disinfection, disinfection and sterilization are two different concepts, disinfection is a chemical, physical or biological methods to kill or remove pathogenic microorganisms on the media to achieve the level of non-transmission of infectious processes; sterilization is a chemical or physical methods to kill or remove all microorganisms on the media to achieve the existence of live microorganisms on the treatment process. Sterilization is the most thorough disinfection, sterilization, although the requirements to achieve sterility, in fact, it is very difficult, the general provisions of the microbial growth rate after sterilization should be ≤ 10-6, the industry generally believe that 1 million objects in the treatment of only one with a bacterial can be regarded as sterile. Commonly used chemical disinfectants can be divided into the following categories according to different chemical properties:
1 monomer disinfectants, such as ozone, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
2 Chlorine-containing disinfectants, disinfectants that are dissolved in water to produce hypochlorous acid with microbial killing activity, and its microbial killing active ingredient is commonly used to express the effective chlorine. These disinfectants include inorganic chlorine compounds, such as sodium hypochlorite, bleach, bleach, trisodium phosphate chloride, etc.; organochlorine compounds, such as sodium dichloroisocyanurate, trichloroisocyanuric acid, chloramine T and so on.
3 Peroxide-based disinfectants, including ozone, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid and chlorine dioxide.
4 Aldehyde disinfectants, including formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and o-phthalaldehyde.
5 Alcohol disinfectants, the most commonly used are ethanol and isopropanol.
6 Iodine-containing disinfectants, including tincture of iodine and iodophor.
7 Phenolic disinfectants, including phenol, cresol, halogenated phenol and phenol derivatives.
8 Quaternary ammonium disinfectants, commonly used, including jell-o, neo-jell-o, double long-chain quaternary ammonium disinfectants.
9 Guanidine disinfectants, such as chlorhexidine acetate, chlorhexidine gluconate and other biguanide disinfectants.
10 Compound disinfectants, disinfectants obtained by compounding disinfectants with different properties, different categories and different structures.
Many disinfectants are developed in the 1950s to 1970s, after entering the 1990s, the combination of compounding disinfectants increased but no major breakthrough. At present, the international market disinfectant name, in the United States, human and veterinary disinfectants there are more than 1400 kinds, but 92% is composed of 14 ingredients formulated; China's mainland disinfectant market development is also faster, disinfectant commodities have reached 50 to 60 kinds, but according to the classification of the ingredients are only 7 to 8 kinds. According to the People's Republic of China *** and the Ministry of Health in 2002 version of the "Disinfection Technical Specification", a wide range of disinfectants according to its bactericidal level can be divided into the following three categories:
1 High-efficiency disinfectants that can kill a variety of micro-organisms (including bacterial spores) of the disinfectant, such as glutaraldehyde, peracetic acid, dibromo hydantoin, chlorine dioxide and chlorine-containing disinfectant (bleach, sodium hypochlorite, dichloroisocyanuric acid, sodium dichloroisocyanurate) and other disinfectants, trichloroisocyanuric acid), etc.
2 intermediate-acting disinfectants, can kill a variety of bacterial propagules (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis), as well as most viruses, fungi, but can not kill bacterial spores of disinfectants. Including iodine-containing disinfectants (tincture of iodine, iodine vodka), alcohols and their compounding disinfectants, phenolic disinfectants and so on.
3 Low-efficiency disinfectants, disinfectants that can kill bacterial propagules and lipophilic viruses, such as benzalkonium bromide (Neosporin) and other quaternary ammonium disinfectants, chlorhexidine (chlorhexidine) and other bisphosphonate disinfectants. Second, the choice of disinfectant The ideal chemical disinfectant should have the following conditions:
1 wide spectrum of germicidal, fast-acting.
2 Stable performance, easy to store and transport.
3 Non-toxic, odorless, non-irritating, non-teratogenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic effect.
4 Easily soluble in water, no coloring, easy to remove, no pollution of the environment.
5 Non-flammable and explosive, safe to use.
6 Less affected by organic matter, acid and alkali and environmental factors.
7 Low concentration of action. Easy to use, low price.
In practical applications, completely with the ideal conditions of the disinfectant is very difficult to find, we should be based on different practical application needs, in the choice to focus on. Bottle (barrel) bottled drinking water production in the bottle (barrel) disinfection, for example, because the bottle (barrel) bottled water is directly used for drinking, so first of all to ensure that the selected disinfectant safe non-toxic non-residual; at the same time, most of the bottled (barrel) bottled water production enterprises in the process of disinfection of barrels only a few tens of seconds, bottled water or even a few seconds, in such a short period of time to achieve good disinfection, in the selection of disinfectants, should focus on rapid action; in addition, the disinfection agent should be focused on the role of fast; in addition, the disinfection of bottles and barrels, the disinfection agent should be used to disinfect bottles and barrels. In order to achieve a good disinfection effect in such a short time, the choice of disinfectant should focus on the role of fast; in addition, the sterilization spectrum of the disinfectant is also one of the factors to be considered, due to the special nature of the recycling barrel, resulting in its carrying microbial species can not be controlled, bacterial propagation, fungi, viruses, bacterial spores and so on may exist, which requires that the disinfectant selected must be highly effective, in order to be possible to exist in the recycling of the barrel of microorganisms on the complete killing to ensure that the product microbiological indicators qualified. Indicators of qualified products. Meet the above requirements, at the same time in environmental protection, storage, price, use and other aspects of the more comprehensive advantages, the most suitable for the application of bottles (barrels) bottled drinking water production enterprises, but also more manufacturers to choose the disinfectant are as follows:
1 Chlorine dioxide
Stable chlorine dioxide is the fourth generation of high-efficiency disinfectants, the World Health Organization (WHO) will be used as a class A Ⅰ high-efficiency security Food disinfectant, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that the stability of chlorine dioxide on a variety of micro-organisms, including bacteria, viruses, molds and bacterial germs have a rapid and strong killing effect; toxicological evaluation is considered to be a practically non-toxic disinfectant; the FDA allows for fruits and vegetables as a final disinfection before eating, do not need to be washed again, the EPA approved a concentration of 5mg / L EPA approved at a concentration of 5mg / L into the drinking water for direct consumption, the general water residue of 0.05 ~ 0.1mg / L can fully meet the U.S. drinking water standards, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) approved for use in food production sites, food containers for the final disinfection; Japan, Australia's Ministry of Health are listed as a food additives and used for fruits, vegetables, food containers for the final disinfection. Chlorine dioxide is internationally recognized as an excellent performance, good results, the use of safe germicidal disinfectants, food preservation agents, water purification agent.
Chlorine dioxide with its high efficiency and broad-spectrum, safe and fast to become the first choice of disinfectant bottles (barrels) of drinking water production, the application of the water industry for many years shows that, as long as the correct use of the control of the appropriate activation time, disinfection concentration and disinfection time, can effectively play the role of chlorine dioxide disinfection and sterilization to ensure the quality of products. At the same time, the use of containers with lid activation, in the disinfection tank first add a sufficient amount of water and then add the activated chlorine dioxide, increase the amount of shop ventilation to reduce the concentration of chlorine dioxide gas, you can create a good operating environment, to ensure that the operator's physical health.
2 Peroxyacetic acid
Peroxyacetic acid (C2H4O3) is an acidic oxidant, as early as the 1940s was used for disinfection, even at low temperatures
A variety of microorganisms (bacterial organisms, fungi, tuberculosis mycobacteria, bacterial spores and a variety of viruses) have a very strong role in the killing can be used as a disinfectant, has a high efficiency, rapid, decomposition It can be used as a sterilizing agent with high efficiency, rapidity, decomposition, non-toxicity and harmlessness, etc. It can be used to sterilize bottles (barrels) of drinking water packages. However, commercially available peroxyacetic acid commodities are generally binary packaging, the use of the two components need to be mixed 24 to 48 hours in advance, the use of a little inconvenience, and peroxyacetic acid has a strong corrosive effect on the metal, bleaching fabrics, the use of which must be noted.
3 Peroxide
At present, there is an international peroxide-type disinfectant with peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide as the main active ingredient, which is widely
applied in the food and beverage industry, tools, equipment, piping and packaging disinfection sterilization, this disinfectant not only has the advantages of high efficiency of peroxyacetic acid, broad-spectrum, rapid, non-toxic and harmless decomposition products, and the use of This disinfectant not only has the advantages of high efficiency, broad-spectrum, rapid, non-toxic and harmless decomposition products of peroxyacetic acid, but also has the advantages of being used without mixing in advance, and it can be used directly by adding water to dilute it. The more famous foreign companies such as FMC, JohnsonDiversey, Minntech, Ecolab, etc. are large-scale production and promotion of such disinfectant products, in the country, under the Guangdong Provincial Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Huankai Microbial Science and Technology Co.
4 Chlorine disinfectant
Chlorine disinfectant refers to a class of chemical disinfectants that can produce hypochlorite in water with bactericidal activity, is one of the earliest use of the old disinfectant, currently used for disinfection of chlorine disinfectant there are dozens of different kinds of disinfectants, compounding preparations are countless. Currently in the food and beverage industry more applications of chlorine disinfectants are mainly sodium hypochlorite, sodium dichloroisocyanurate and trichloroisocyanuric acid, are highly effective disinfectants, in the appropriate concentration and time can kill a variety of microorganisms. Since chlorine disinfectants can react with organic matter in water to produce carcinogenic halogenated hydrocarbons, chlorine disinfectants used in bottled drinking water (barrels) should pay special attention to the residual problem. Chlorine disinfectant is relatively inexpensive, used for disinfection of the environment around the workshop, the ground, walls, drains, etc. is a good choice.
To determine the type of disinfectant used, you should also choose to use the provincial health administrative department with the approval of the product license (license approval) of the official disinfectant products, the Ministry of Health approval of a disinfectant products, product formulations, the main active ingredient and content, the process, the product dosage form, bactericidal effect, toxicity, corrosiveness, scope of application, method of use, instructions for use, Precautions, product quality inspection, etc. are strictly examined, the use of the Ministry of Health health permit approvals and permit approvals in the validity of the disinfectant products in order to ensure that the use of the effect and the use of security, to maximize the protection of the interests of users.