(a) Determine the topic, select the material
1. According to the nature and purpose of the speech activity to establish the topic
The so-called topic, is the center of the speech topic. The speech must be written in a social or scientific value, practical significance or academic significance of a particular issue, otherwise, it will be a target.
Speakers are always based on the nature of the speech, the purpose to determine the topic. If you are invited to make academic speeches, you should introduce your latest research results or the latest academic information you have, so that the topic is the most academic. If you are invited to give a speech on ideological and educational activities, you should express your opinions on the newest phenomena in reality and the most concerned issues of the audience. Even campaign speeches and inaugural speeches, but also to be able to grasp the audience's ideals and aspirations to choose the topic.
2. Selection of materials according to the theme of the speech and the audience
Materials are the flesh and blood of the speech, so the selection and use of materials in the speech writing process is an important part.
First of all, we need to screen materials around the theme. Theme is the idea of the speech, is the purpose of the speech. The material is the basis for the formation of the theme, but also the theme of the performance of the pillar. Speech ideas must rely on the material to support, the material must be able to fully express the theme, strong support for the theme. Therefore, all materials that can fully explain, highlight and accentuate the theme should be selected, otherwise discarded, to achieve the unity of the material and the point of view. In addition, it is necessary to choose those new, typical, real materials, so that the theme is more profound, more powerful.
Secondly, the choice of materials should also take into account the situation of the audience. The audience's political quality, social status, cultural upbringing, as well as psychological needs, etc., have a constraining effect on the speech. Therefore, the choice of material should be as close as possible to the audience's life, so that not only easy to make them understand, and listen to it will be interesting. Generally speaking, the speeches for young people should be interesting and interesting, and should be based on facts, and examples should be chosen as much as possible from people they admire and things that have a sensational effect; the speeches for workers and farmers should be vivid and interesting, popular and simple, and as much as possible, they should cite the people around them and the things that happened in their midst as examples. The speech to the intellectuals, the use of materials must pay attention to the cultural level.
(B) carefully arranged the beginning, body and end
Different types of speeches, different content, the structure of the way it varies, but the basic shape of the structure is composed of the beginning, the main body, the end of the three parts. The specific requirements of each part are as follows:
1. The beginning of the first voice, attractive
The beginning of the speech, also known as the opening remarks, it is like the beginning of the drama "town hall", occupies an important position in the whole.
The beginning of the main ways are as follows:
T open the door to the main idea.
This kind of beginning does not beat around the bush, goes straight to the point, and opens up his point of view. For example, in 1941, Liebknecht's "Statement in the German Reichstag Against Military Appropriations" began, "I voted against this proposal for the following reasons:".
T Narrating the Facts, Giving the Background
It is easier to draw attention and attract listeners to listen to the facts at the beginning when they are reported to the listener as something new. For example, the beginning of Stalin's "Radio Speech" on July 3, 1941: "The treacherous military offensive launched by Hitler's Germany against our motherland on June 22 is continuing. Despite the heroic resistance of the Red Army, despite the fact that the enemy's elite divisions and their elite air units have been routed and buried on the battlefield, the enemy has brought in fresh troops from the front and continues to advance. ...... Our homeland is in grave danger."
The question, thought-provoking
Through the question, the audience is led to think about a problem, and thus create a suspense, causing the audience to want to know the answer to the expectations. For example, Qu Xiao's "Life - Ideal - Pursuit" begins like this: "How should a person deal with the time of his youth? I would like to talk to you about my situation here."
T Citing aphorisms, leading to the following
Citing aphorisms that are profound and thought-provoking, leading to the following. For example, a college student's speech, titled "My Thinking and Rising," begins brilliantly, "A man who has never been confused in his life has never thought."
There are a few more ways to start, so I won't list them all. In any case, no matter what form of beginning, it is necessary to do the first voice, rich in attraction.
2. The main part of the layers to unfold, step by step to the climax
The main body of the speech, to unfold, step by step to the climax. The so-called climax, that is, the most wonderful speech, the most exciting paragraph. In the main part of the line, to persuade the audience step by step in theory, step by step in the content to attract the audience, step by step in the feelings of infected listeners. To carefully arrange the structure of the hierarchy, layer by layer, interlocking, water to the culmination of the channel.
There are three ways to unfold the main part:
T Juxtaposition.
The juxtaposition is around the central argument of the speech, from different angles, different sides of the performance, the structure of the form was radial four unfolding, like the axle of the wheel and its spokes. And each side is directly facing the central argument, proving the central argument.
T Progressive.
That is, from the surface, shallow start, take step by step in-depth, layer by layer to promote the method, and ultimately reveal the profound theme, as if layers of bamboo shoots. With this method to arrange the structure of the speech level, can make things from the surface to the inside of the depth of the elaboration and proof.
The combination of juxtaposition and progression.
This structure, either in the juxtaposition contains progressive, or in the progressive contains juxtaposition. Some sprawling, majestic speeches are often used in this way.
3. The end to be crisp, concise and powerful
The end of the speech, the main content of the development of the inevitable result. End or summarize, or sublimation, or hope, or call, many ways. A good ending should be gathered in the whole chapter, the chapter shows the will, dry, concise and powerful, avoid adding snake feet, extraneous branches.
Sample Essay 1
Gettysburg Address
Lincoln
Eighty-seven years ago, our forefathers founded on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and founded on the principle that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war to test the longevity of this nation, or any nation born in freedom and practicing these principles.
We are assembled on one of the great battlefields of this war. Martyrs gave their lives so that this nation might live, and we are gathered here to dedicate a portion of this battlefield to their final resting place. It is only right and proper that we do so.
But more broadly, this is not a land we can consecrate, we can't sanctify, we can't deify. The brave men and women who have fought here, living and dead, have sanctified this land in a way that is far beyond our modest capacity to add to or subtract from.
The world will seldom notice and will not long remember what we say here today, but the world will never forget what brave men and women have done here.
Rather, it is we, the living, who should be here to dedicate ourselves to the unfinished business that the brave have so nobly advanced. Rather, it is we who should be here to devote ourselves to the great task that still remains before us, that we may draw more devotion from these glorious dead to the cause for which they have so completely and utterly given their lives; that we may be here with the greatest determination that these dead may not have died in vain; that the nation may be born free under the blessing of God. And that this government of the people, by the people, and for the people, may endure for ever.
Example 2
An impromptu speech on Christmas Day in the United States
Churchill
(December 24, 1944)
The laborers and generals who have fought for liberty:
My friend, the great and illustrious President Roosevelt, who just now gave his Christmas Eve address, has addressed a friendly dedication to the homes of the whole of the United States. I can now follow in the footsteps of the steelyard. It is a great honor for me to be able to say a few words now, following in the footsteps of the steed.
Though I am here today, away from my family and my country, I don't feel at all alienated. I don't know whether it is because my mother's blood is the same as yours, or because of the friendship I have gained here over the years, or because of the comradeship that has arisen out of the struggle of these two countries, which share the same language, the same beliefs, and the same ideals, or whether it is a combination of all three of these relationships. In any case, I did not feel at all like a foreigner when I spent the holiday in Washington, the political center of the United States. I feel a strong sense of brotherhood with all of you, and with the warmth of your welcome, I feel it is only right that I should sit by the fireside with all of you*** and enjoy the joys of Christmas.
But this Christmas Eve has been a strange one. For the whole world is involved in a life-and-death struggle, slaughtering each other with weapons of terror that science can devise. If we were not convinced that we have no greed for the territory and wealth of other nations, no ambition to seize goods, and no mean thoughts, then we would have a very sad Christmas this year.
While the fury of war rages everywhere and makes our hearts leap with fear, today every family spends the holiday in a quiet, solemn atmosphere. Tonight we can put aside and forget our fears and anxieties for a moment, and set up a happy party for those poor children. English-speaking homes all over the world should be made into bright little pockets of peace tonight, so that the children may enjoy the evening as much as they can, so that they may rejoice in the bounty of their parents, and so that we ourselves may enjoy the pleasure of being unattached, and so that we may take up the hard task of the next year of making sure that, at all costs, our children are not deprived of their inheritance, and of the free life that is their due in the civilized world, and of the free life that is their due in the civilized world. and that the free life to which they are entitled in the civilized world may not be destroyed. Therefore, under God, I wish you all a Merry Christmas.
| 2006-11-11 17:41:25 Sat | Read (800) times
(1) Determine the topic, select the material
1. According to the nature and purpose of the speech to establish the topic
The so-called topic is the center of the speech. The speech must be written in a social or scientific value, practical significance or academic significance of a particular issue, otherwise, it will be a target.
Speakers are always based on the nature of the speech, the purpose to determine the topic. If you are invited to make academic speeches, you should introduce your latest research results or the latest academic information you have, so that the topic is the most academic. If you are invited to give a speech on ideological and educational activities, you should express your opinions on the newest phenomena in reality and the most concerned issues of the audience. Even campaign speeches and inaugural speeches, but also to be able to grasp the audience's ideals and aspirations to choose the topic.
2. Selection of materials according to the theme of the speech and the audience
Materials are the flesh and blood of the speech, so the selection and use of materials in the speech writing process is an important part.
First of all, we need to screen materials around the theme. Theme is the idea of the speech, is the purpose of the speech. The material is the basis for the formation of the theme, but also the theme of the performance of the pillar. Speech ideas must rely on the material to support, the material must be able to fully express the theme, strong support for the theme. Therefore, all materials that can fully explain, highlight and accentuate the theme should be selected, otherwise discarded, to achieve the unity of the material and the point of view. In addition, it is necessary to choose those new, typical, real materials, so that the theme is more profound, more powerful.
Secondly, the choice of materials should also take into account the situation of the audience. The audience's political quality, social status, cultural upbringing, as well as psychological needs, etc., have a constraining effect on the speech. Therefore, the choice of material should be as close as possible to the audience's life, so that not only easy to make them understand, and listen to it will be interesting. Generally speaking, the speeches for young people should be interesting and interesting, and should be based on facts, and examples should be chosen as much as possible from people they admire and things that have a sensational effect; the speeches for workers and farmers should be vivid and interesting, popular and simple, and as much as possible, they should cite the people around them and the things that happened in their midst as examples. The speech to the intellectuals, the use of materials must pay attention to the cultural level.
(B) carefully arranged the beginning, body and end
Different types of speeches, different content, the structure of the way it varies, but the basic form of the structure are composed of the beginning, body, end of the three parts. The specific requirements of each part are as follows:
1. The beginning of the first voice, attractive
The beginning of the speech, also known as the opening remarks, it is like the beginning of the drama "town hall", occupies an important position in the whole.
The beginning of the main ways are as follows:
T open the door to the main idea.
This kind of beginning does not beat around the bush, goes straight to the point, and opens up his point of view. For example, in 1941, Liebknecht's "Statement in the German Reichstag Against Military Appropriations" began, "I voted against this proposal for the following reasons:".
T Narrating the Facts, Giving the Background
It is easier to draw attention and attract listeners to listen when you begin by reporting some new facts to them. For example, the beginning of Stalin's "Radio Speech" on July 3, 1941: "The treacherous military offensive launched by Hitler's Germany against our motherland on June 22 is continuing. Despite the heroic resistance of the Red Army, despite the fact that the enemy's elite divisions and their elite air forces have been routed and buried on the battlefield, the enemy has brought in fresh troops from the front and continues to advance. ...... Our homeland is in grave danger."
The question, thought-provoking
Through the question, the audience is led to think about a problem, and thus create a suspense, causing the audience to want to know the answer to the expectations. For example, Qu Xiao's "Life - Ideal - Pursuit" begins like this: "How should a person deal with the time of his youth? I would like to talk to you about my situation here."
T Citing aphorisms, leading to the following
Citing aphorisms that are profound and thought-provoking, leading to the following. For example, a college student's speech, titled "My Thinking and Rising," begins brilliantly, "A man who has never been confused in his life has never thought."
There are a few more ways to start, so I won't list them all. In any case, no matter what form of beginning, we should be able to do the first voice, rich in attraction.
2. The main part of the layers to unfold, step by step to the climax
The main body of the speech, to unfold, step by step to the climax. The so-called climax, that is, the most wonderful speech, the most exciting paragraph. In the main part of the line, to persuade the audience step by step in theory, step by step in the content to attract the audience, step by step in the feelings of infected listeners. To carefully arrange the structure of the hierarchy, layer by layer, interlocking, water to the culmination of the channel.
There are three ways to unfold the main part:
T Juxtaposition.
The juxtaposition is around the central argument of the speech, from different angles, different sides of the performance, the structure of the form was radial four unfolding, like the axle of the wheel and its spokes. And each side is directly facing the central argument, proving the central argument.
T Progressive.
That is, from the surface, shallow start, take step by step in-depth, layer by layer to promote the method, and ultimately reveal the profound theme, as if layers of bamboo shoots. With this method to arrange the structure of the speech level, can make things from the surface to the inside of the depth of the elaboration and proof.
The combination of juxtaposition and progression.
This structure, either in the juxtaposition contains progressive, or in the progressive contains juxtaposition. Some sprawling, majestic speeches are often used in this way.
3. The end to be crisp, concise and powerful
The end of the speech, the main content of the development of the inevitable result. End or summarize, or sublimation, or hope, or call, many ways. A good ending should be gathered in the whole chapter, the chapter shows the will, dry, concise and powerful, avoid adding snake feet, extraneous branches.
Sample Essay 1
Gettysburg Address
Lincoln
Eighty-seven years ago, our forefathers founded on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and founded on the principle that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war to test the longevity of this nation, or any nation born in freedom and practicing these principles.
We are assembled on one of the great battlefields of this war. Martyrs have given their lives so that this nation might live, and we are gathered here to dedicate a portion of this battlefield to their final resting place. It is only right and proper that we do so.
But more broadly, this is not a land we can consecrate, we can't sanctify, we can't deify. The brave men and women who have fought here, living and dead, have sanctified this land in a way that is far beyond our modest capacity to add to or subtract from.
The world will seldom notice and will not long remember what we say here today, but the world will never forget what brave men and women have done here.
Rather, it is we, the living, who should be here to dedicate ourselves to the unfinished business that the brave have so nobly advanced. Rather, it is we who should be here to devote ourselves to the great task that still remains before us, that we may draw more devotion from these glorious dead to the cause for which they have so completely and utterly given their lives; that we may be here with the greatest determination that these dead may not have died in vain; that the nation may be born free under the blessing of God. And that this government of the people, by the people, and for the people, may endure for ever.
Example 2
An impromptu speech on Christmas Day in the United States
Churchill
(December 24, 1944)
The laborers and generals who have fought for liberty:
My friend, the great and illustrious President Roosevelt, who just now gave his Christmas Eve address, has addressed a friendly dedication to the homes of the whole of the United States. I can now follow in the footsteps of the steelyard. It is a great honor for me to be able to say a few words now, following in the footsteps of the steed.
Though I am here today, away from my family and my country, I don't feel at all alienated. I don't know whether it is because my mother's blood is the same as yours, or because of the friendship I have gained here over the years, or because of the comradeship that has arisen out of the struggle of these two countries, which share the same language, the same beliefs, and the same ideals, or whether it is a combination of all three of these relationships. In any case, I did not feel at all like a foreigner when I spent the holiday in Washington, the political center of the United States. I feel a strong sense of brotherhood with all of you, and with the warmth of your welcome, I feel it is only right that I should sit by the fireside with all of you*** and enjoy the joys of Christmas.
But this Christmas Eve has been a strange one. For the whole world is involved in a life-and-death struggle, slaughtering each other with weapons of terror that science can devise. If we were not convinced that we have no greed for the territory and wealth of other nations, no ambition to seize goods, and no mean thoughts, then we would be having a very hard Christmas this year.
While the fury of war rages everywhere and makes our hearts leap with fear, today every home is festive in a quiet, solemn atmosphere. Tonight we can put aside and forget our fears and anxieties for a moment, and set up a happy party for those poor children. English-speaking homes all over the world should be made into bright little pockets of peace tonight, so that the children may enjoy the evening as much as they can, so that they may rejoice in the bounty of their parents, and so that we ourselves may enjoy the pleasure of being unattached, and so that we may take up the hard task of the next year of making sure that, at all costs, our children are not deprived of their inheritance, and of the free life that is their due in the civilized world, and of the free life that is their due in the civilized world. And then we undertake the hard task of the coming year, at all costs, that the inheritance of our children may not be taken away from them, and that the free life to which they are entitled in the civilized world may not be destroyed. Therefore, under God, I wish you all a Merry Christmas.
First, the beginning to seize the audience, fascinating
The beginning of the speech, also known as the opening statement. It is in the structure of the speech in a prominent position, has an important role. Swiss writer Winkler said: "The opening speech has two tasks: one is to establish the speaker and the listener's empathy; the second is to open the scene and introduce the main topic, as explained in the word meaning." A good speech, a beginning should be the most concise language, the most economical time, the audience's attention and excitement to attract, so that we can achieve the effect of surprise.
The main techniques of the opening speech are:
1, wedge. With a few sincere words with the audience to establish a personal relationship, to gain the audience's goodwill and trust;
2, articulation. Directly reflecting a situation, or the issue to be discussed, often a small thing, a metaphor, personal experience, anecdotes, hearsay, unexpected questions, the main content of the speech connected;
3, stimulate. You can ask questions that stimulate the audience's thinking and focus their attention on the speech;
4, touch the subject. At the beginning, tell the audience what they are going to say. Many of the world's most famous politicians, writers, and national leaders have made speeches like this.
The beginning of the speech has a variety of methods, usually used in the main:
1. Open the door, prompting the theme. This beginning is a speech, on the topic, directly prompted the center of the speech. For example, Song Qingling "acceptance of the University of Victoria, Canada, honorary doctorate of law degree ceremony speech" at the beginning: "I am honored to accept the University of Victoria, Canada, honorary doctorate of law degree." The use of this method, we must first clearly grasp the center of the speech, to the audience to suggest the argument put out, so that the audience will know what the center of the speech, attention immediately focused.
2. Introduce the situation, explain the reason. This kind of beginning can quickly shorten the distance with the audience, so that the audience is eager to understand the following. For example, Engels published on December 5, 1881, "speech at the grave of Yanni Marx," the beginning: "We are now buried in the noble character of the woman, born in 1814 in Salzwedel. Her father, Baron von Westphalen, was close to the Marx family in Trier; the children of the two families grew up together. By the time Marx entered the university, he and his future wife already knew that their lives would be linked forever." This beginning of the occurrence of things, people and objects to make the necessary introductions and explanations, for the audience to further prompt the thesis as a pavement.
3. Raise the question, cause concern. This method is based on the characteristics of the audience and the content of the speech, put forward some stimulate the audience to think about the problem, in order to attract the attention of the audience. For example, Frederick Douglass on July 4, 1854 in the United States in Rochester, New York, the Fourth of July General Assembly of the "condemnation of slavery speech", a speech on the audience can be triggered by the opening of the audience to think positively, to bring people to an angry and deep situation: "Citizens, forgive me for asking why I am invited to speak here today? What have I, or the slaves I represent, to do with your Fourth of July? Do the principles of political liberty and birthright equality enunciated in the Declaration of Independence descend upon us? Am I therefore called upon to offer our humble tribute to the altar of our country, in acknowledgment of the favors we have received, and as an expression of pious gratitude for the graces which your independence has brought us?" In addition to the above three methods, there are interpretation, suspense, caution, humor, puns, lyrical and so on.
Second, the main body should be interlinked, layer by layer
This is the main part of the speech. In the process of writing, to deal with several issues such as hierarchy, rhythm and articulation.
(a) Levels Levels is the order of the content of the speech ideas, which reflects the speaker's thoughts on the steps, but also reflects the speaker's understanding of the process of objective things, the level of the structure of the speech is based on the characteristics of the speech of the time and space of the speech material to be selected and combined and formed. Because the speech is directly facing the audience's activities, so the structure of the speech level is the audience can not rely on the visual to grasp, and auditory grasp of the level of time to be limited by the speech.
Then, how can we make the structure of the speech level clear? According to the audience to auditory grasp of the characteristics of the hierarchy, the basic method of showing the structure of the speech hierarchy is to set up a clear speech in the speech of the audible language markers, as a timely resort to ollie? s sense of hearing, so as to obtain the effect of a clear hierarchy. Speakers repeatedly ask questions in their speeches and elaborate their views according to the questions, so that they can be structured in an interlocking, deeper and deeper. In addition, the speech with the transition sentence, or with "first", "second", "then" and other words to distinguish levels, is also an effective way to make levels clear.
(2) rhythm Rhythm, refers to the content of the speech in the structural arrangement of the performance of the tension and relaxation of the ups and downs. Rhythm of the speech structure, mainly through the content of the speech to realize the change. Speech content change, is in a theme of the idea of the content, appropriate insertion of humor, poetry, anecdotes and other content, so that the audience's attention both to maintain a high degree of concentration and not because of a high degree of concentration and excitement of the inhibition. There is hardly a good orator who is not good at using this method. The rhythm of the structure of the speech should be both distinct and moderate. Plain, dull and stagnant, will certainly make the audience nervous fatigue, and content change too often, will also cause the audience to lose attention. Therefore, the insertion of the content should serve to realize the intention of the speech, and the frequency of the rhythm should be based on the psychological characteristics of the audience to determine.
(3) articulation articulation refers to the various levels of content in the speech is linked, so that it has a sense of integration of the whole. As the rhythm of the speech need to change the content of the speech, it is easy to make the structure of the speech seems fragmented. Articulation is a kind of compensation for the structure of loose and tight, sparse and dense, it makes the change of each level of content more skillful and natural, makes the speech rich in the sense of the whole, and helps the speech theme of the depth of the people's hearts. The main method of speech structure is to use the same two paragraphs of content, two levels of the transition paragraph or transition sentence has a connection.
Third, the end should be concise and powerful, after the sound. The end is the natural conclusion of the content of the speech. Concise and concise, the sound of the end of the audience can make the spirit of uplifting, and prompted the audience to constantly think and recall; and loose and tired, boring end can only make the audience feel tired, and with the passage of time and forgotten. How to leave a deep impression on the audience? The American writer John Wolfe said: "It is best to end a speech decisively when the audience's interest reaches a climax, and to stop when it is not yet finished." This is the most effective way to end a speech. At the climax of the speech, the listener's cerebral cortex is highly excited, attention and emotions are thus in the best state, if the speech is abruptly ended in this state, then the last impression retained in the listener's brain will be particularly profound. There is no fixed format for the end of the speech, or a concise summary of the main points of the speech, or a call to action, encouraging words to close, or poetry and quotes, as well as humor and playful words to end. But the general principle is to give the audience a deep impression.