Section 1 Assets and Liabilities
I. Assets
(1) Contents of Assets
The assets of an administrative unit are economic resources in the possession or use of an administrative unit that are capable of being measured in monetary terms, including current assets and fixed assets.
The assets of an institution are the economic resources in the possession or use of the institution that can be measured in money, including property, debts and other powers.
(B) the valuation and accounting of assets
1. Monetary funds
The monetary funds of administrative institutions, including cash and bank deposits, etc., should be recorded in accordance with the actual amount of income and expenditure.
2. Receivables and prepayments
The receivables and prepayments of an administrative unit refer to the temporary pending settlement of the administrative unit's business activities with other units, subordinate units, or the unit's employees, and should be recorded in accordance with the actual amount incurred. The receivables and prepayments of an organization include notes receivable, accounts receivable, other receivables, prepayments, etc., which should be recorded in accordance with the actual amount incurred.
The receivables and prepayments of administrative institutions are generally not provided for bad debts.
3. Inventory
The inventory of the administrative unit is mainly the supplies and materials purchased in bulk by the administrative unit and need to be stocked. Inventories of administrative units should be recorded at actual cost at the time of acquisition. That is, the materials purchased by the administrative unit, the purchase price as the entry price. Travel and transportation costs incurred during the procurement and transportation of materials are not included in the price of the materials on hand and are directly included in the accounting of the relevant expense account. When the administrative unit's inventory is issued, it can choose the first-in-first-out method, weighted average method and other methods according to the actual situation to determine the actual cost of inventory issued during the period.
The inventory materials of administrative units are inventoried at least once a year. For the occurrence of inventory surplus, inventory loss, etc., the reasons should be identified, belonging to the normal overflow or loss, as a reduction or increase in the current period's expenditures; belonging to the unnatural nature of the destruction, should be reported in accordance with the prescribed procedures for approval and then dealt with.
The inventory of an institution refers to the various assets, including materials, finished goods, etc., that are stored for consumption or for sale by the institution in carrying out its business activities and other activities. Inventory of an institution should be recorded in accordance with the actual cost at the time of acquisition. When the various inventories are issued, the first-in-first-out method, weighted average method and other methods can be selected according to the actual situation to determine the actual cost of inventories issued during the period.
4. External investment
The external investment of the administrative unit refers to the administrative unit with the balance of the funds purchased by the national debt. Marketable securities of administrative units, according to the actual cost of acquisition is recorded. The difference between the income derived from the redemption and transfer of marketable securities and their carrying value is recognized as current income; interest on marketable securities is recognized as other income when it is actually received. Outward investments of an institution include investments in bonds and other investments. The outward investment of an undertaking shall be recorded at the time of acquisition with the actual payment made (in the case of outward investment in the form of monetary funds) or the appraised and recognized value of the transferred non-cash assets (in the case of outward investment in the form of physical or intangible assets). All investment income, such as interest and dividends, earned during the investment period is not anticipated and should be recognized as current income when actually received. The difference between the price obtained from the transfer of bonds or the principal and interest recovered on maturity of the bonds and their carrying costs should be recognized as current income.
5. Fixed Assets
(1) The criteria for fixed assets.
The value of fixed assets of administrative institutions standard: general equipment unit value of 500 yuan or more, the value of specialized equipment in 800 yuan or more. Although the unit value is less than the required standard, but durable for more than one year in a large number of similar assets, should be accounted for as fixed assets.
(2) accounting for fixed assets. Fixed assets of administrative units should be recorded in accordance with the actual cost of acquisition or purchase.
The administrative unit of its possession or use of fixed assets, should be inventoried once a year. Transfer, destruction, scrapping and loss of fixed assets, should be reduced in accordance with the book value of fixed assets, fixed assets and fixed funds at the same time. Income from the sale of fixed assets for a fee, sale, liquidation of scrapped or destroyed fixed assets shall be treated as other income; expenses incurred for liquidation of fixed assets shall be treated as current expenditures. Rental of fixed assets to obtain the price, should be included in other income.
The fixed assets of the business unit should be in accordance with the actual cost of acquisition or purchase and construction of accounts, the determination of its recorded value and the administrative unit of the fixed assets of the recorded value is basically the same. Fixed assets borrowing interest and related costs, as well as foreign currency borrowing exchange differences, incurred before the completion of the fixed assets for the final accounts, should be included in the value of fixed assets; after the completion of the final accounts, to the current expenditure or expenses.
Business units should be fixed assets on a regular basis for inventory. Transfer, scrapping, destruction and inventory loss of fixed assets, according to the original price of the fixed assets reduced, and at the same time reduce the fixed assets and fixed funds. Sale, liquidation of fixed assets scrapped or destroyed by the realization of income, increase in the special fund of the repair fund; liquidation costs to reduce the special fund of the repair fund.
6. Intangible Assets
Intangible assets of an undertaking are assets that do not have a physical form but can provide the undertaking with certain rights, including patents, land use rights, non-proprietary technologies, copyrights, trademarks, goodwill and so on. Intangible assets acquired by an undertaking shall be recorded at actual cost. Intangible assets developed by the institution itself, should be the actual expenditure incurred in the development process as the recorded value.
The intangible assets of the institution should be reasonably amortized. Not implement internal cost accounting institutions, should be in the acquisition of intangible assets, the cost of its one-time amortization, reduce the carrying amount of intangible assets and current expenditures; implementation of internal cost accounting institutions, intangible assets should be amortized over the period of the benefit of the average amortization, according to the amortization amount of the intangible assets and current expenditures to reduce the carrying amount of intangible assets.
Second, liabilities
(a) the content of liabilities
The liabilities of the administrative unit, refers to the administrative unit of the liabilities that can be measured in monetary terms and need to be repaid with assets, including budgetary contributions payable, due to the fiscal special account, payable salaries (retirement), payable to the local (departmental) allowances, payable to other personal income, temporary deposits and so on.
The liabilities of an organization are the liabilities of the organization that can be measured in monetary terms and need to be repaid by assets, including borrowings, notes payable, accounts payable, salaries payable (retirement fees), local (departmental) subsidies payable, other personal income payable, receipts in advance, other payables, payable to the budget, payable to the special account of the treasury, and taxes payable, etc.
The liabilities of an organization include the following: (1) the amount payable to the budget, the amount payable to the special account of the treasury, the amount payable to the special account of the treasury, and taxes.
(ii) Measurement and accounting for liabilities
The liabilities of administrative institutions shall be recorded in accordance with the actual amount incurred. Administrative institutions should be paid into the state budget on behalf of the amount of money and extrabudgetary funds should be paid to the fiscal special account, when the actual receipt but not yet paid, should be recorded as a liability.
1. Contributions payable
Contributions payable include budgetary contributions payable and contributions payable to the fiscal special account. Among them, the budget refers to the administrative institutions in accordance with the provisions of the state budget should be paid into the money, including mainly on behalf of the government funds included in the budget management, administrative fees, confiscated income, unclaimed property, stolen money and spoils of money and other budgetary management should be paid to the budget. Payable to the financial account refers to the administrative institutions in accordance with the provisions of the collection of extrabudgetary funds that should be paid to the financial account.
2. Accounts payable and receipts in advance
The accounts payable and receipts in advance of the administrative unit refers to the administrative unit in the business activities with other units and individuals to be settled. Temporary deposits should be cleared in time and settled in accordance with the regulations, and should not be pending for a long period of time. Accounts payable and receipts in advance of business units include notes payable, accounts payable, other accounts payable and receipts in advance.
3. Wages and allowances payable
Wages (retirement fees), local (departmental) allowances and other personal incomes paid to employees by administrative institutions should be set up in accordance with the provisions of the special account books for detailed accounting. The use of labor union funds issued to the employees of the relevant income should be separately accounted for by the unit labor union, reflected separately.
4. Taxes payable
Taxes payable refers to all kinds of taxes payable by an organization in accordance with the provisions of the tax law, mainly including business tax, value-added tax, urban maintenance and construction tax, resource tax and income tax.
When calculating the tax payable (except for the value-added tax paid by general taxpayers), the business tax, urban maintenance and construction tax and resource tax payable are included in the sales tax, and the income tax payable is included in the distribution of balances; at the same time, it is included in the tax payable. The accounting principle about the VAT payable is basically the same as the treatment of VAT payable in enterprise accounting.
5. Borrowed money
The borrowed money of the institutions, including from the financial sector, the higher authorities, financial institutions borrowed money for reimbursement. Its accounting is characterized by: generally not expected interest expenses; the actual payment of interest, for the development of professional business activities and its auxiliary activities and the interest incurred on borrowed funds, accounted for in business expenses, for the development of business activities and the interest incurred on borrowed funds, accounted for in operating expenditures.
Section II Net Assets
I. Contents of Net Assets
The net assets of an administrative unit are the difference between the administrative unit's assets minus its liabilities and its revenues minus its expenditures, including its fixed funds, balances, and so on.
The net assets of the business unit is the difference between assets minus liabilities, including business funds, fixed funds, special funds, balances and so on. Among them, the special fund refers to the enterprise unit in accordance with the provisions of the withdrawal set up with a special purpose of the fund, mainly including employee welfare fund, medical fund, repair and purchase fund, housing fund and so on.
II. Measurement and accounting for net assets
(a) Measurement of net assets
The net assets of the administrative organization should be recorded in accordance with the actual amount.
(ii) Accounting for net assets
1. Fixed fund
Fixed fund, refers to the fund occupied by the fixed assets of administrative institutions. Purchase of fixed assets, according to the actual costs incurred in the accounts; acceptance of donations of fixed assets, according to the market price of similar assets or the relevant documents indicate the value and acceptance of donations of the relevant costs incurred in the accounts; surplus fixed assets, according to the full value of the replacement of the accounts; financial leasing fixed assets, according to the actual payment of rent, the accounts; loss, disposal of fixed assets, according to the original book value of fixed assets, offsetting Fixed Fund.
The specific accounting treatment of fixed funds can be found in the accounting content of fixed assets.
2. Career Fund
Career Fund is for the institution, refers to the net assets owned by the institution of non-restricted, divided into two parts of the general fund and investment funds. Utility funds are recorded in accordance with the actual amount incurred in the current period.
The general fund of an organization is the rolling balance of funds of the organization.
The investment fund of the institution refers to the fund occupied by the institution's external investment. When investing in foreign investment with monetary funds, it is recorded according to the actual amount paid; when investing in foreign investment with fixed assets and intangible assets, it is recorded according to the appraisal price or the value determined by the contract or agreement; when investing in foreign investment with materials, it is recorded according to the value determined by the contract or agreement (as well as the amount of value-added tax sales tax payable by general taxpayers); when transferring the foreign investment or when foreign investment is due to be redeemed, it is recorded according to the book amount of foreign investment, and it is deducted from investment fund and transferred to the general fund. fund and transferred to the general fund. The specific accounting treatment of investment funds can be found in the relevant accounting content of foreign investment.
3. Specialized funds
Specialized funds are for the institutions, refers to the institutions in accordance with the provisions of the withdrawal, set up funds for special purposes. It mainly includes repair and purchase fund, employee welfare fund, medical fund and other funds. Specialized funds should be increased by the amount of the current period of the actual withdrawal of the transfer of accounts; decrease should be based on the amount of the current period of the actual expenditure of accounts.
4. Balance
The balance of the administrative unit, refers to the balance of the administrative unit of the various revenues and expenditures offset. Administrative units of the normal balance of funds and special funds should be accounted for separately.
The balance of the business unit is the balance of the business unit in a certain period of time after the balance of income and expenditure, including business balance and operating balance.
(1) the cause of the balance, is the cause of a certain period of time in addition to the operating income and expenditure of the balance of income and expenditure. Expressed in terms of the formula:
Business balance = financial subsidies + income + income + subsidies from higher levels of income + contributions from affiliated units + business income + other income
- drawn funds + business expenses + expenses paid to higher levels of expenditure + non-operating business burden of sales tax + subsidies to affiliated units
end of the year, the business balance should be transferred to the balance in full Distribution.
(2) operating balance, refers to the balance of the operating income and expenditure of the business unit in a certain period of time. Expressed in the formula:
Operating balance = operating income - (operating expenses + sales tax on operating business)
At the end of the year, the operating balance should normally be transferred to the balance of the distribution, but if the loss, it will not be carried forward.
(3) The balance realized by the institution in the year, should be distributed in accordance with the provisions. There are two main elements of the distribution of balances: one is to pay income tax business units to calculate the income tax payable; the second is a special fund for business units. After these allocations, the unallocated balance of the year, transferred to the enterprise fund (general fund).