In 1564, graphite, a black mineral, was discovered in a place called Barrowdale in England. Because graphite can leave traces on paper like lead, which is much darker than lead traces, people called graphite "black lead". At that time, the shepherds around Barrowdale used graphite to draw marks on their sheep. Inspired by this, people also cut graphite into small strips, used for writing and drawing. Soon, King George II simply Barrowdale graphite mine for the royal family, it is designated as a royal patent. With graphite strips to write it will get dirty hands, but also easy to break. 1761, the German chemist Faber first solved this problem. He washed graphite with water, so that graphite into graphite powder, and then mixed with sulfur, antimony, rosin, and then this mixture into a strip, which is much tougher than pure graphite strips, but also not too easy to get dirty hands. This was the first pencil. Until the end of the 18th century, only England and Germany were able to produce these pencils in the world. Therefore, after Napoleon Bonaparte started a war against his neighboring countries, England and Germany cut off the supply of pencils to France, so Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the French chemist Condé to find graphite ores in his own country and then make pencils. However, the graphite ore in France was of poor quality and the reserves were small, so Condé mixed clay into the graphite, put it into a kiln and grilled it to make a pencil lead that was both good and durable in the world at that time. In the graphite mixed with different proportions of clay, the production of pencil lead hardness is also different, the color shades are also different. This is the origin of the H (hard pencil), B (soft pencil), and HB (soft and hard pencil) labels we see on pencils today. The task of putting a wooden rod jacket on a pencil was done by Monroe, an American craftsman. He first built a machine that could cut out strips of wood, then carved thin grooves in the strips, put the pencil lead into the grooves, and then aligned and glued the two strips of wood so that the lead was snugly embedded in the center, and this is the pencil we use today. The pencil is made of graphite or pigmented clay as a writing medium, and is used as a writing or drawing tool for study, office work, engineering drawing, art, painting, and marking of all kinds. Ancient Greece and Rome used to use lead metal to make a pencil-like lead rod. This pen is mostly made of conical, the use of lead and other objects friction and leave traces of lead, used to mark the line to make a mark. 14th century, Europe appeared similar to the modern pencil, the Dutch painters have been used to draw on paper. The Italians used a mixture of lead and tin to make lead rods for drawing and writing, and in 1565 in the collection of German C. Gessner there was an illustration of a pencil drawing, and it was recorded that "for the purposes of cartography and note-taking, a quill was made of lead and other mixtures, and a wooden handle was attached to it, and a line was drawn ... ...". In the same year, Britain began to make the most primitive wooden pencil by hand with graphite as the core. 1662 in Nuremberg, Germany, the world's first pencil factory was built in the city of Nuremberg - Schiedlau Pencil Factory. 1761 German F. Castor in Nuremberg created the Faber Castor Pencil Factory, which used sulphur, antimony and other binder and graphite heated and mixed to make the lead core, making the pencil manufacturing process easier. In 1790-1793, N.J. Kant of France firstly adopted the method of washing graphite to improve the purity of graphite, and used clay to bond the graphite to make a pencil core, which was called Kant's method, and the Kant's pencil factory was established in 1793, which laid the foundation for the modern pencil industry. China established the first Dahua Pencil Factory in Kowloon, Hong Kong in 1932. Later, the Beiping China Pencil Company and the Shanghai Huawen Pencil Factory were built successively, all of which were semi-finished product processing factories.In 1934, the China Standard National Pencil Factory was established in Shanghai, which began to make its own lead cores and started to study the use of domestically produced raw materials in the manufacture of pencils. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, large-scale pencil factories with an annual output of 150-250 million pencils were built in Harbin, Beijing, Tianjin, Jinan, Dalian, Fuzhou, Shenyang, Bengbu and other 10 cities. Lead core manufacturing and painting, printing and decorating technology is also improving, and the development of full-plastic pencils, resin fine lead core and fine-core activity pencils. We have developed new equipments such as glue board bundle clamp dryer, automatic painting machine, electric tunnel core burning furnace, lap board machine and various packing machines.
Classification
According to the nature and use can be divided into graphite pencils, color pencils, special pencils 3 categories. Graphite pencils Pencils with graphite core as the main raw material. Can be used for drawing and general writing. Graphite lead hardness marking, generally "H" for hard pencils, "B" for soft pencils, "HB" for soft and hard pencils, "F" for hard and soft pencils, "H" for hard and soft pencils, "F" for hard and soft pencils. "F" indicates that the hardness in the HB and H between the pencil. Graphite pencils*** 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B, HB, F, H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H, 10H and so on 18 hardness levels, the larger the number in front of the letter, respectively, indicating that the harder or softer. In addition, there are 7B, 8B, 9B 3 levels of soft pencils to meet the special needs of painting. Color pencils are pencils with colored lead cores. The lead core consists of clay, pigment, talcum powder, adhesive, grease and wax. Used for marking symbols, drawing, charts and maps. Color pencils are usually boxed in sets (6, 12, 24, 36, 64 colors). Special pencils include glass pencils, discoloration pencils, charcoal pencils, tanning pencils, watercolor pencils, pastel pencils, etc., each of which has its own special purpose. ①Glass pencils: the lead core is composed of pigment, grease and wax. Used in glass, metal, enamel, ceramics, leather, plastic, plexiglass and other surfaces for writing or marking, for industry, medicine, national defense, surveying and other departments. Red, white, orange, yellow, yellow, purple-red, dark green, light blue, black and other colors. ② color-changing pencils: commonly known as copy pencils. Lead core contains sunlight-resistant cyanine starch and other dyes, writing the words with an eraser can not be erased, suitable for repairing and writing long-term preservation of important documents, accounts. There are blue lotus, red, blue, green, yellow and other colors to blue lotus color mostly. ③ Charcoal drawing pencil: also known as charcoal pencil. The lead core is made of clay, charcoal powder and carbon black. It is used for drawing and oil painting priming. ④ Sun drawing pencil: also known as tracing pencil. The graphite lead core is treated with red dyes such as oil-soluble wax red in order to play the role of shading, and is used for drawing directly after sunshine. ⑤ Watercolor pencils: The lead core is treated with acid dyes such as water-soluble acidic red. When the lead core is dipped in water, it is like watercolor paint, which is used for coloring photographs, sketching, drawing maps, statistical charts and so on. (6) Pastel pencils: the lead core is made of pigment and porous soft raw materials (such as calcium carbonate), and does not contain grease and waxes