Source: Network
When it comes to the sources of Zhongshan Road in various cities, it can be roughly divided into three types: the first is the cities where Dr. Sun Yat-sen once lived in revolution, such as Zhongshan, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Nanjing and Qingdao; The second is 1925. After the death of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, in order to commemorate him, the original bustling commercial street was renamed the City of Zhongshan Road, just like Baoji; The third is a city purely to commemorate Dr. Sun Yat-sen's new road.
Zhongshan Road is the earliest main commercial street in Baoji City, which runs from east to west, starting from Xinhua Road in the east and reaching Xiguan Cross in the west. The east and west ends are connected with Xinhua Road and Fubao Road respectively. The total length is 3104m and the width is 24m.
Baoji built a valley city in the first year of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (566) to house soldiers. In the tenth year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (674), Chencang County moved to the ancient city. In the second year of Tang Zhide (757), Chencang County was changed to Baoji County. Since then, it has been the seat of the administrative office of Baoji County and the political, economic and cultural center of Baoji. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Zhongshan Road was once the residence of Baoji Municipal Government, the earliest main city of Baoji, and the earliest prosperous city in the main city.
Zhongshan Road, built in the Tang Dynasty, is called the "main road" and is the only street in Baoji County. In the early Qing Dynasty, there were five horse-repairing roads in Baoji County. One of the main streets is the east-west street (that is, the original main road), which runs through the city. With the present south gate as the boundary, it is divided into East Street and West Street. Taking Dongxi Street as the axis, there are Xicheng Lane, Dongcheng Lane, Beicheng Lane, Cheng Nan Lane, Southeast City Lane, Southwest City Lane, Gaojia Lane, Guan Jing Lane and other north-south directions, all of which are north-south and connected with Dongxizheng Street.
After the Republic of China 16 (1927), a market gradually formed outside the East Gate, which was connected with the main streets in the city. Therefore, the only main street in the city was named "Zhongshan Road" after Dr. Sun Yat-sen. At that time, it was bounded by the East Gate and was called Zhongshan East Road and Zhongshan West Road respectively. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Sanmin Street (People's Street) became the Zhongshan Road today.
With its unique historical value, Zhongshan Road records the changes of the city and the times.
Source: Network
1. The horn of the Revolution of 1911 sounded on Zhongshan Road.
The Zhongshan Road in Baoji is not wide or long, but it is an old street with a history of 1200 years, which embodies the humiliation and struggle in China's modern history. 1October 20th, 19 1 1, the news of Wuchang Uprising reached Baoji. Ma Yunshan and Bai Fushun, leaders of Baoji Glorious Institute, secretly organized revolutionary volunteers to launch the first thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal uprising in Baoji in the form of "chicken feather stickers". Fang from Taipingbao Village, Fu Lin Bao Village, Ma and Ma Dajin from Zhaidian in Baoji County, Ma Zhenghai from Majiayuan, etc. Organized and led more than 300 people to hold a massive "young soldier" parade to deter reactionary officials and gentry. This parade became the forerunner of the revolutionary struggle in Baoji area.
On October 30th, 65438, Wang Qingmin, a farmer from Baoji, and Zhou, a businessman, led more than 300 revolutionary masses, wrapped in white cloth, to March into Yazhen, Baoji County. Lei Tianyu, the last magistrate of Baoji appointed by the Qing Dynasty, felt the end coming and was very afraid. He urged Gong Haiming, the captain of the county and township brave team, to guard the east gate and led dozens of people to flee from the north of the city and hide in Qinwangzhai, 20 kilometers west of the county. Gong Changming, the captain of Xiang Yong team, saw that the county magistrate had escaped, so he opened the city gate and welcomed the revolutionary army into the city. After entering the city, Wang Qingmin and others opened the prison, released the prisoners, burned down the Xihua Pavilion and the Catholic Church in the county government, destroyed the pawnshop that exploited the poor in West Street, and immediately led a team to station outside the city. The uprising team did not disturb the citizens and was loved by the masses. The citizens rushed to send water and food to the rebels. The soldiers and civilians comforted each other, beating gongs and drums to celebrate the recovery of Baoji County.
165438+10.2, the uprising mass organization was a revolutionary army, and Ma Yunshan was publicly recommended to put up a notice, explaining that merchants could not raise prices and buy and sell fairly; Sergeant Xiaoyu should strictly observe discipline, and must not invade the people and disturb the business. Social order is stable. 165438+1In late October, Zhen Shoushan and others 10 many officers and 10 many local students studying in the provincial capital returned to Baoji from Xi 'an to post notices and carry out revolutionary propaganda. Announce the crimes of corruption, incompetence, loss of power and humiliation of the country and the stubbornness and cruelty of feudal monarchs in the Qing Dynasty, and publicize the great situation of revolution and the great significance of establishing a democratic country.
19 12 At the end of February, the Qing emperor abdicated, and the news of the establishment of the Republic of China was published on white cloth. People in Baoji rushed to tell each other, rejoiced and rejoiced to celebrate the death of feudal autocracy and the birth of democracy.
Source: Network
Second, the rise of Zhongshan Road Republican Movement
1In August, 938, a significant and far-reaching event happened in Baoji. The first industrial cooperative in China, the blacksmith society, was born in Dahua Lane, Zhongshan Road, Baoji. Nine uneducated blacksmiths each contributed all tools and only iron materials, and invested about 140 yuan to organize industrial production. The appearance of this organization marked the beginning of Chinese mainland's industrialization process and declared the bankruptcy of Japanese imperialism's economic blockade of China.
"Republic" is the abbreviation of "Industrial Cooperation Association". The Republican Movement is an economic activity initiated and organized by edgar snow, Alley and other foreign friends in Japan to invade China's territory on a large scale, and the Chinese nation is facing a critical moment of life and death. In order to save and preserve China's endangered national industry, unemployed workers and refugees in exile in China were organized to help themselves in production.
On August 5th, 1938, China Industrial Cooperation Association was formally established in Wuhan. Song Meiling is the honorary chairman, Kong Xiangxi, the president of the Executive Yuan, is the chairman, and Alley is the chief technical adviser. In late August, with the efforts of Alley and Lu Guangmian, a cooperative economic expert, the Northwest Office of Gonghe was first established in the southeast lane of Zhongshan West Road, Baoji City. With the mobilization, propaganda and in-depth development of the Republican movement, various industrial cooperatives have mushroomed, breaking ground in northwest China such as Baoji and developing rapidly.
After the establishment of the Northwest Office of China Industrial Cooperation Association, it organized a large number of refugees and unemployed people living in enemy-occupied areas, actively set up various enterprises to help themselves, solved the problem of feeding more than 30,000 industrial workers and refugees, and developed and protected local national industries in Baoji. Due to the special period of the war, all kinds of enterprises in the Northwest Republic closely focused on military and civilian materials, actively carried out production, and provided a lot of material assistance for the anti-Japanese front. 1939 is a period of great-leap-forward development of industrial cooperation in northwest China. Based in Baoji, Gonghe Northwest Office has rapidly expanded to Xi 'an, Hanzhong, Yulin, Yan 'an, Tianshui and Lanzhou 13 cities and regions. In Baoji, Fengxiang, Longxian, Shuangshipu and other places, 18 offices, 6 guidance stations and more than 500 cooperatives have been established, covering textile, clothing, mining and metallurgy, chemistry, machinery, hardware, food, stationery, civil engineering and other industries, with more than 0/00 products. At the same time, industrial alloy warehouses, Republican supply and marketing cooperatives, Republican hospitals and Republican schools have been established to actively provide funds for industrial cooperatives and members, supply raw materials, promote products, and provide medical, educational and cultural services. This year, Alley warmly received comrades from Yan 'an, such as Zhao Yifeng and Chen, in the northwest office of Zhongshan West Road in Baoji to help the northwest office of the Republic. The Northwest Republican Office has been further enriched and improved, with eight local organs and 15 affiliated institutions added, which has strengthened the leadership of Republican production. By 65438+February, Baoji alone had produced and supplied 50,000 military blankets and 36,000 military coats for soldiers in front, with a total output value of nearly one million yuan. In the same year, entrusted by Soong Ching Ling, 6,543,800 cotton-padded clothes were made and sent to the Xi office of the Eighth Route Army in Xi for transfer.
The emergence of gung ho has aroused the enthusiasm and confidence of the people of the whole country in resisting Japan, and at the same time it has won strong support from people all over the world. Si Nuo generously donated money to raise funds for the Republic, and went to many countries and regions to publicize the Republic, winning sympathy, sponsorship and support. Mr. Alley, who lives in China, runs around for help, taking risks and making troubles, and has traveled all over the country, and is known as a Republican mentor. Si Nuo's wife, Helen, gave up her favorite writing activity for the sake of the Gonghe cause and actively raised funds for the Gonghe cause. With Helen's great assistance, the International Republican Promotion Association initiated by Soong Ching Ling was established in Hong Kong on 1939. The International Council for the Promotion tries its best to use all available channels, from domestic to international, from celebrities to religious dignitaries, from welfare organizations to charitable organizations, to win sympathy and donations for the Republic. According to incomplete statistics, countries around the world donated more than 5 million yuan to the Republic. With enthusiasm and justice, these donations became an infinite force to promote the victory of the Anti-Japanese War and promoted the development of the Republican movement.
By the end of 1942, the Northwest Republic, with Baoji as its base camp, had established 2000 industrial production cooperatives and placed nearly 200,000 employees. Luojiaao, Yujianbao, Fu Lin Fort, Jindabao, Lijiaya, Zhangjiacun, Zhang Jiadi, Songjiayao, Baishigou Village and Shilipu in Baoji are all active places in the Republican movement. Textile mills alone have set up more than 10, with a daily output of 1200. Gonghe Hospital is located in the southeast lane of Zhongshan West Road, with more than 20 medical staff, with an average of 80 outpatients per day.
Source: Network
Third, the emerging industrial and commercial cities in the northwest have sprung up in Zhongshan Road.
On the eve of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Baoji's urban area was only 0.75 square kilometers, and its suburban population was only 6,000. Baoji played an important role in the military sense at that time, but its economy was very backward. According to the investigation of Shaanxi Bank in the 23rd year of the Republic of China (1934), there are only 168 firms in Baoji County, which are divided into 10 industries. No real city scale has been formed. At best, it is just a veritable town.
Baoji is located in the western border of Shaanxi Province. Since ancient times, it has been the gateway of Qin and Shu, and it has been a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties. However, due to the difficult roads and inconvenient transportation, the local economy is underdeveloped, which is far less than Fengxiang County. The history that Baoji entered the ranks of modern industrial and commercial cities and became an important industrial city in northwest China began with the completion of Longhai Railway and the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
Source: Network
1936 12.7, Longhai Railway was completed and opened to traffic in Baoji, connecting the eastern and western parts of Shaanxi, and its role as a traffic artery across the eastern and western parts of China has become increasingly prominent. Because Baoji was the western end of the Longhai Railway at that time, and the Shaanxi provincial government built Xibao Highway, Changyi Highway, Baoping Highway and Sichuan-Shaanxi Highway in the 1930s and 1940s, Baoji became a communication place among the southwest, northwest and central and western regions. Longhai Railway and Xibao Expressway connect Baoji with Xi and the eastern provinces. From Baoji to the south, cross the Sichuan-Shaanxi Highway in Qinling Mountains, go straight to Hanzhong, then branch south to Sichuan and east to Henan and Hubei. This road starts from Fengxian and leads to Tianshui, Lanzhou, Xinjiang and the Soviet Union in the northwest. Baoping Highway passes through Qianyang and Longxian and reaches Gansu and Ningxia.
Source: Network
The opening of Longhai Railway to Baoji and the rise of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression accelerated the development of Baoji's commerce. The Longhai Railway 1936 and 12 arrived in Baoji, playing an increasingly important role, becoming the throat of the central and eastern parts entering the southwest and northwest, and becoming a commodity distribution center in the northwest of Guanzhong. "For example, brown sugar, tea, cigarettes, Sichuan-made medicinal materials and Sichuan-made paper are all transported to Hanzhong by Chengdu rubber-tyred vehicles and human trailers or directly to Baoji, and then distributed to Guanzhong counties. Gansu Camel Belt is also located in the north of Baoji, with Shuangshipu in Fengxian as a stop. Therefore, in today's business, Baoji is second only to Xi 'an, with as many as 48 overloaded lines, which undertake the transshipment of bulk goods and are mostly located in places where goods gather. There are so many overloaded shops in Baoji, which reflects its commercial prosperity from one side.
The counties in Weibei are rich in cotton. Since the Longhai Railway arrived in Baoji, Baoji has become a cotton distribution center in western Guanzhong. According to the data, in February of 1939, Baoji imported 534,940 Jin of cotton and exported 8024 10 Jin, totaling1337,300 Jin. Cotton from Weibei counties is collected in Baoji, and then transported to the southwest rear area along the Sichuan-Shaanxi highway by car, ensuring military supplies and civilian use in the rear area.
After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, a large number of people from enemy-occupied areas poured into Baoji, which made the originally deserted mountain city suddenly lively and merchants gathered for a time. 194 1 year, the famous writer Mr. Mao Dun passed by Baoji, and described Baoji as follows: "The chimneys of modern factories stand on the fields of Baoji; Outside Baoji, the new urban area is developing rapidly, and businessmen and speculators who pursue profits are full of hotels and restaurants in this new urban area; Banks, warehouses, flowing water in mountain products, and mountains of raw materials and commodities ". Baoji has become a developing modern industrial and commercial city. A survey by the Bank of Shaanxi Province shows: "In recent years, the business in this county has developed rapidly. According to a survey conducted in the spring of March1,the number of merchants is as follows: 9 iron shops, 9 catering merchants, 18 mountain products merchants, 8 stationery merchants, 6 printing merchants, 43 department stores, 165438 shoes and hats. Barber shop 65,438+00, salt shop 25, Chinese medicine 25, cigarettes 23, wine 3, wood shop 6, warehouse 29, grain shop 22, western medicine 7, leather industry 65,438+00, silk shop 28, watch shop 4, jewelry store 9, others 3. There are 336 firms in Chengguan, with a total capital of 1.4 million yuan, among which banks, warehouses, wooden houses and other industries have the largest capital. However, businesses are reluctant to tell the truth about the amount of funds because of tax relations. This is just based on the statistics of various oral journalists. According to the actual situation, the total capital should be more than once.
Source: Network
By the time War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression won, Baoji's business was still developing further. "According to the data of1946,65438+February, since 1937, the Longhai Railway has connected Baoji, and Baoji has become an economic traffic artery, with materials extending in all directions. There are many sources of goods, including Shanghai, Tianjin, Wuhan, Chengdu, Xuchang, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Xi 'an, Xianyang, Lanzhou, Tianshui, Pingliang, Guyuan, Ningxia, Qinghai, Nanjing, Bazhou, Guangyuan, Guizhou and Kunming. More than 40 provinces, cities and counties sell goods and exchange needed goods, which promotes the prosperity of county commerce. There are: 99 department stores, 52 ethnic medicine and new medicine industries, mountain products fresh fruit industry 125, tobacco, edible oil and salt industry 165438, 63 shops, hotels and foot shops, 75 groceries and clothing estimators, 52 food industries and 265438 restaurants.
In industry. Before the Longhai Railway was opened to traffic in Baoji, Baoji was only a small county with a population of 6,000 to 7,000. Except for handicrafts such as wine making, paper making and logging, there are no modern factories that use machines for production. The opening of Longhai Railway to Baoji has become a watershed for local industrial development. In just a few years, more than a dozen factories, including Shen Xin No.4 Textile Company, have settled in Baoji, making Baoji not only the second largest industrial center in Shaanxi Province, but also one of the 1 1 industrial centers in the whole Kuomintang-controlled area.
Source: Network
1937 1 month, Baoji Branch of Chang 'an Machinery Factory, which repaired railway locomotives, was completed and put into operation, creating a precedent for modern industry in Baoji. In July of the same year, an all-out war of resistance broke out. Baoji, located at the crossroads, is a transportation hub connecting southwest, northwest and central and eastern China. Convenient transportation has laid a solid foundation for the wartime development of Baoji industry.
1In August, 938, Chiang Kai-shek issued a wanted order to move the Shaanxi factory to Baoji as its destination. By the end of 194 1, the relocated factories in Baoji include Shen Xin cotton mill, Hongshun machine factory, Huaxing machine factory, Kang Min wool mill, Kang Min cotton mill, Fuxin flour mill and Daxin flour mill. Most of these factories with abundant funds, advanced equipment and scientific management represented the enterprises with the highest level of domestic industrial development at that time, and played a backbone and demonstration role in the relatively backward industrial development of Baoji to a certain extent. For example, Shen Xin No.4 Spinning Factory, which moved from Hankou to Baoji, had a capital of 3 million yuan, 4,000 spindles, 460 looms and a generator 1 300 w when it was established in Baoji in 1938, and could produce 20 yarns and 200 yarns per month. In addition, Daxin and Fuxin in the flour industry, Qinchang and Xiehexin in the match industry are the backbone enterprises in this industry. Moreover, the inward movement of the factory has also brought some capital and technical strength, especially the engineering and technical personnel who moved in with the factory. Most of them have studied abroad and mastered modern production technology and management methods. After moving to Baoji, it will naturally play a positive role in improving local modern production technology. After three years of unremitting efforts, a certain scale "Bao Qin Industrial Zone" has been formed on the Loess Plateau, thus establishing Baoji's position as an industrial center in the northwest.
According to the investigation by the Economic Investigation Department of Shaanxi Bank, as of February 1942, there were 7 large-scale factories in Baoji County with a total capital of 4.99 million yuan. 1938 founded three companies: Hongshun Machinery Factory, Shen Xin No.4 Textile Factory and Daxin Flour Company; There is 1 company established by 1939, namely Qinchang Match Factory; 194 1 Three companies were established: Xihua Power Alcohol Factory, Yongxing Yimen Town Power Alcohol Factory and Qingyou Refinery. In addition, Shen Xin moved eight 36-to 30-inch Alice duplex steel mills from Hankou Fuxin Company to establish Fuxin flour mill, which was completed and put into operation on 194 1, with a daily output of 2,000 bags of flour. In order to further expand production, Shen Xin Company has successively established Shen Xin Textile Printing and Dyeing Factory, Power Plant, Ironmaking Factory and Hongwen Paper Mill. By 1944, No.5 Factory * * * has more than 4,500 employees, with an annual output of cotton yarn140,000, cotton cloth160,000, flour 1000 tons, machine-made paper of 5,300 reams and cast iron10. Shen Xin Textile No.4 Factory, Daxin Flour Company, Hongshun Machinery Factory and other factories settled in Baoji, making Baoji, which was originally deserted, prosperous at once. With the great development of Baoji industry, the contradiction of obvious shortage of power supply has gradually become prominent. 1 In September, 938, Xijing Power Plant set up Baoji Branch at Zhongshan Road 148, and installed more than 600/kloc-0 diesel generators for urban lighting. By 1942, the capital of Baoji Power Plant has reached more than 4 million yuan.
Source: Network
Due to the commercial prosperity of Baoji in wartime, the rapid accumulation of commercial capital was formed. Huge amount of money needs banks to provide funds for its flow. As a result, all kinds of banks flocked to Baoji to buy land and build houses and set up institutions. At that time, there were 17 banks on Zhongshan Road, including Central Bank, China, Transportation, Agriculture, Jin Chu, Shaanxi, Henan, Baoji, Shanghai, Jincheng, Li Yong, Kaiyuan, Central Bank Treasury and Detaixiang Bank.
Zhongshan Road belongs to Baoji and the whole country. Zhongshan Road belongs to the present as well as the history and future. Today, more than 40 years after the market economy reform, it is even more necessary for us to look for historical footprints on Zhongshan Road, examine the changes and development of the country, and explore the future direction. Zhongshan Road is not only a witness left by history to today, but also an inspiration to the future.
Source: Network
About the author: Shihong Yu, an expert in the study of Baoji landscape culture and Baoji history and culture)