World First Aid Day

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) has designated the second Saturday of September as World First Aid Day, an international organization that calls on countries around the world to pay attention to first aid, so that more people can master first aid skills and techniques to save lives and reduce the extent of injuries at the scene of an accident.

Family First Aid

First, foreign objects in the eyes

Any small object or liquid, even a grain of sand or a drop of detergent into the eyes, can cause eye pain, or even damage the cornea.

First aid: Start by blinking hard and often to wash the foreign object out with tears. If that doesn't work, pinch up the eyelids and rinse your eyes under the faucet. Be sure to remove your contact lenses.

Absolutely forbidden: no rubbing of the eyes, no matter how small the foreign body can scratch the cornea and lead to infection. If the foreign body enters deeper into the eye, then it is important to consult a doctor immediately.

Bright Alert: If a corrosive liquid splashes into your eyes, you must go to the hospital immediately; if your eyes are still uncomfortable after self-treatment, burning, edema, or blurred vision, you need to ask your doctor to treat it with professional equipment, and you can't do it recklessly.

Second, sprains

Sprains occur when the ligaments around the joints are stretched too far beyond their capacity, and are usually accompanied by bruising and edema.

First aid: Within 24 hours of the sprain, try to apply a cold compress with an ice pack every hour for half an hour. Wrap the injury with an elastic compression bandage and elevate the injured area. 24 hours later, begin to change the affected area to a hot compress to promote blood flow to the injured area.

Absolutely forbidden: You can't move the injured joint freely, otherwise it is easy to cause ligament tear, and it is relatively difficult to recover.

Bright Alert: If after a few days of self-treatment and rest, the affected area is still in pain and has difficulty moving, then it may be a fracture, muscle strain or ligament rupture, and you need to go to the hospital immediately.

Third, nosebleed

Nosebleed is caused by the rupture of blood vessels in the nasal cavity, the blood vessels in the nose are all very fragile, so nosebleed is also a relatively common minor accident.

First aid: lean forward slightly and pinch the cartilage area below the bridge of the nose with your fingers for about 5-15 minutes.

If available, putting a small ice pack on the bridge of the nose also has the effect of quickly stopping the bleeding.

Absolutely forbidden: Tilting your head back will cause the nosebleed to flow into the mouth, and some of the blood will inevitably be sucked into the lungs in a panic, which is neither safe nor hygienic.

Bright Alert: If a nosebleed continues for 20 minutes and doesn't stop, the patient should go to the hospital right away and ask for medical help. If the nosebleeds are too frequent and unexplained, or are accompanied by other symptoms such as headaches, ringing in the ears, loss of vision, and dizziness, it is important to go to the hospital as well, as it could be a concussion or trauma to the brain.

Fourth, scalded

Scalded is divided into three levels: the first level of scalded will cause the skin red and stinging; second level of scalded after the occurrence of visible blisters; third level of scalded will cause the skin to break black.

First aid: once the scald, immediately placed in the hot part of the flow of water rinse or cold towel cold compress, if the scald area is large, the injured person should be the whole body immersed in a bathtub full of cold water. You can wrap gauze or a bandage loosely around the burn to protect the wound.

Absolutely forbidden: You can't use ice to treat a burn, as ice can damage the already broken skin and make the wound worse. Do not break the blisters, or it will leave a scar. And don't put antibiotic ointment or grease on the wound, as these sticky substances can easily get dirty.

Bright Alert: Third-degree burns, electrocution burns, and burns from chemicals should always be treated in a hospital. In addition, if the patient has a cough, watery eyes or breathing difficulties, you need professional medical help. Second-degree burns, if the area is larger than the palm of the hand, the patient should also go to the hospital, professional treatment can avoid scarring.

Fifth, choking

The real choking in real life rarely occurs, choking on water or choking on food is generally not considered choking. When choking occurs, the patient will not have a strong cough, cannot speak or breathe, and his face will turn red or purple for a short period of time.

First aid: First, call an ambulance. While waiting for the ambulance, you need to take the following measures: let the patient's body lean forward, and use the palm of your hand to pat the patient's back in the middle of the shoulders. If that doesn't work, then you need to stand behind the patient, put your fist against the patient's abdominal back, hold that fist with your other hand, push up and down hard to push out five times to help the patient breathe. The patient can also take this self-help measure: place their abdomen against a hard object, such as a kitchen countertop, and squeeze their abdomen to get anything stuck in their throat to pop out.

An absolute no-no: do not give water or other food to a person who is coughing.

Bright alert: Whenever choking occurs, an ambulance needs to be called quickly to rescue the patient.

Six, poisoning

Poisoning in the home is usually due to accidental ingestion of cleaning and washing products, carbon monoxide inhalation or pesticide ingestion.

First aid: If the patient is already in a state of confusion or respiratory distress, call an ambulance quickly and be prepared to answer the following questions: what substance was ingested or inhaled, how much, the patient's weight, age, and the duration of the poisoning.

Absolute prohibition: not calling an ambulance until symptoms appear often delays treatment. While waiting for help, do not give the patient anything to eat or drink, and do not attempt to help the patient induce vomiting, as some toxic substances may harm other organs of the patient in the process of being vomited out.

Bright Alert: Whenever poisoning occurs, an ambulance needs to be called quickly to rescue the patient.

Seven, head "attack"

The skull itself is very hard, so the general external force will rarely cause skull damage. If the external force is too violent, the neck, back, head of the fragile blood vessels have become the "victims".

First aid: If you have a bag on your head, then use an ice pack on the affected area to reduce edema. If the head after being smashed began to bleed, the disposal of the same way and was cut in the same way, that is, with a clean towel to press the wound to stop the bleeding, and then go to the hospital to sew up the wound, and check whether there are internal injuries. If the smashed person faints, then you need to call an ambulance to send to the hospital quickly, not a moment to delay.

Absolutely forbidden: do not let the injured person sleep alone. Within 24 hours of being smashed, someone must accompany the injured person, and if the injured person falls asleep, then the injured person should be woken up every three hours and asked to answer a few simple questions to ensure that the injured person is not unconscious, and that there is no intracranial injury, such as a concussion.

Bright Alert: When the injured person has convulsions, dizziness, vomiting, nausea, or is behaving in a noticeably abnormal way, they need to be admitted to the hospital immediately.

Eight, fried

1, if fried eyes, do not go rubbing and messy rinse, up to the appropriate amount of anti-inflammatory eye drops into the eye, and lie down, call 120 or rushed to a hospital with conditions.

2, such as hands or feet by firecrackers and other injuries bleeding, should be quickly with both hands for the top of the bleeding parts of the card, such as Yunnan Baiyao powder or panax ginseng powder can be sprinkled to stop bleeding. If the bleeding is not only a large amount, the application of rubber bands or coarse cloth tied above the bleeding site, elevate the affected limb, and urgently sent to the hospital for trauma treatment. However, the bandage should be loosened once every 15 minutes to avoid ischemic necrosis of the affected area.

Nine, finger cuts

1, if the bleeding is small and the injury is not serious, can be cleaned after the band-aid over the wound. Do not advocate in the wound on the application of red potion or bleeding powder and other drugs, as long as the wound can be kept clean.

2, if the wound is large and bleeding, you should stop the bleeding, and then immediately rushed to the hospital. Specific methods to stop the bleeding is: the wound with a clean gauze bandage, pinch both sides of the root of the finger and raised over the heart, because the blood vessels are distributed in the left and right sides, to take this gesture can effectively stop the bleeding. The use of rubber tourniquets will be more effective, but be careful, every 20-30 minutes must relax the tourniquet for a few minutes, otherwise it is easy to cause ischemic necrosis of the finger.

Ten, cerebral hemorrhage

First aid mnemonic: head to the side

Typical symptoms: people with a history of high blood pressure, due to the sudden drop in temperature or emotional excitement, suddenly slurred speech or even coma.

1, the family to restrain feelings, do not in order to wake up the patient and shouting or violent shaking coma, otherwise it will only make the condition deteriorate rapidly.

2, the patient lying flat on the bed, due to elevated brain pressure, such patients are very prone to projectile vomiting, such as timely removal of vomit, may lead to cerebral hemorrhage coma due to vomit blockage of the airway suffocation and death. Therefore, the patient's head must be turned to the side so that the vomit can flow out of the mouth.

3. Family members can use ice packs or cold towels on the patient's forehead to help stop bleeding and reduce brain pressure.

Eleven, alcohol poisoning

1, for the unconscious, to ensure that the airway is open.

2. If the patient vomits, immediately place him/her in a stable lateral position to allow the vomit to flow out.

3. Keep the patient warm, especially if wet and cold.

4. Check respiration, pulse and responsiveness, and use CPR immediately if necessary.

5. Place the patient in a stable lateral position, monitor the condition closely, and check and record respiration, pulse, and responsiveness every 10 minutes.

XII, hemorrhagic shock

First aid mnemonic: close observation, prevent blood loss.

Typical symptoms: massive blood loss due to accidents, blood pressure is zero.

1, for the shock patient must pay attention to, in the stretcher to the rescue place, the patient's head should be close to the back of the stretcher lifting people, so that it is easy to shock people at any time to closely observe, in order to deal with the deterioration of the condition.

2, in the patient to the hospital on the way, the patient's head direction should be carried with his transportation (ambulance, aircraft, etc.) in the opposite direction, so as not to accelerate the role of the patient's brain caused by further blood loss.

3, such as shock is a big month pregnant women, should let her take the side position, otherwise the fetus and the huge uterus will compress the blood vessels, resulting in a decrease in the amount of return blood, aggravate shock.

Thirteen, burns

1, with cold water local cooling 10 minutes.

2. Cover with a clean, moist dressing.

3, when the injury is swollen, remove the watch, bracelet, ring, etc., the dressing gently fixed bandage, pay attention to not too tight.

4, on the opposite side of the injury to the bandage.

XIV, burn treatment

1, if the burn burn at the skin is still intact, should be as soon as possible local cooling. If it will be placed under the faucet rinse for about 10 minutes. This will take away local tissue heat and reduce one step damage.

2, use a piece of loose moist, preferably sterilized pad to wrap the injury. Be careful not to make it too tight.

3. If the skin has been burned, cover it with a clean pad to protect the injury and reduce the risk of infection.

XV. Gastric perforation

First aid mnemonic: lie towards the left side.

Typical symptoms: gastric ulcer patients, sudden onset of intolerable severe abdominal pain, and abdominal hardness and swelling, it is very likely to sudden gastric perforation.

Gastric ulcer patients are susceptible to gastric perforation due to emotional fluctuations or after overeating during the Chinese New Year, and the possibility of gastric perforation should be considered as soon as the above symptoms occur. Before the ambulance arrives, you should do the following:

1, don't cover your stomach and roll around, you should lie on the left side of the bed. The reason is that most of the perforation sites are located on the right side of the stomach. Lying on the left side of the bed can effectively prevent stomach acid and food from flowing further into the abdominal cavity and worsening the condition.

2, if the paramedics can not arrive in time, but the scene and some simple medical equipment, the patient can insert their own gastric tube. Specific methods: insert the tube into the nostrils, to the throat, while breathing and swallowing, swallow the tube into the stomach. Then use the syringe to draw out the stomach, which can reduce the degree of infection in the abdominal cavity, for the patient to win the treatment time, remember this time the patient must also be lying on the left side.

XVI, fishbone stuck in the voice

1, the implementation of abdominal compression (if the patient is pregnant or obese, then the implementation of chest compression). If the patient can't stand up, put him/her on a solid surface, sit across the patient's legs and push the abdomen five times, and then check whether the foreign matter has been coughed up or not.

3, such as digging out the foreign body with the finger, only in the foreign body can be seen to dig out, do not blindly digging.

XVII, gas poisoning

Mild poisoning, the patient feels dizzy, tired, nausea, vomiting, pale. Severe poisoning, there will be breathing difficulties, convulsions, coma. First aid is: immediately open the doors and windows, move the patient to the air circulation, unbutton the patient's clothes to make breathing fluent, pay attention to keep warm to prevent the formation of pneumonia. Mild poisoning, you can give him hot tea, deep breathing, quickly sent to the hospital.

XVIII, wood splinter

Note that there is no wood splinter residue in the wound, due to wood splinters and other residual may make the wound pus, the wound is often deep and narrow, more conducive to the invasion of tetanus bacteria reproduction and infection, so it is necessary to take out the foreign body, to eliminate the potential for trouble.

After the finger is stuck into the wooden splinter, if indeed the splinter has been pulled out completely, you can gently squeeze the wound again to squeeze out the stasis in the wound, in order to reduce the chance of wound infection. Then disinfect the area around the wound with iodine once, rub it with alcohol twice, and bandage it with sterilized gauze. If there is a splinter in the wound, after disinfecting the area around the wound, the splinter can be removed completely with forceps sterilized by burning or rubbing with alcohol. If the exposed part of the splinter is very short and the tweezers can't hold it, a sterilized needle can be used to pick open the outer skin of the wound, expand the wound appropriately, so that the splinter can be exposed as much as possible, and then the splinter can be gently pulled out with tweezers, and then the wound can be sterilized and bandaged with clean gauze, in order to prevent the wound from becoming inflamed, it is best to take 2 tablets of Synthroid twice a day for 3-5 days. If the thorns into the nails, you should go to the hospital, by the physician first cut the nails into a V-shaped and then pull out the thorns.

Remember! For deep splinter wounds, get a tetanus antitoxin (TAT) injection in the hospital as a precaution.

XIX, foreign objects in the eyes

Dust, coal, grain, metal shavings and other foreign objects squinting in the eyes, suddenly the eyes can not open, tears, pain, fear of light, a sense of foreign body, very difficult, in a hurry, rubbing the hands of extrusion, trying to rub out the foreign body. In fact, this practice should not be. Because the foreign body in the eye after rubbing may damage the fragile and sensitive cornea, resulting in corneal ulcers, infections, affecting vision. Rubbing will also make the eye congestion, conjunctival edema. At the same time, there are many bacteria on the hands, rubbing the eyes will bring bacteria into the eyes, causing inflammation.

Twenty, nail frustration

1, the nails were squeezed off, the most important thing is to prevent bacterial infection. Emergency treatment, the road first squeeze off the finger nail, with gauze, bandage fixed, and then cold bag cold compress. Then elevate the injured limb and go to the hospital immediately.

2, nail crack bleeding, available honey to half of warm water, stir, wipe several times a day, can gradually cure. If the nail rupture is a ball player, during the treatment period, if you need to continue to play, before playing, be sure to use the rubber bandage to the end of the finger package 2-3 layers, to protect, and remove it immediately after playing, so as not to cause infection.

3, if due to trauma caused by bleeding under the nail bed, the blood did not flow out, so that the root of the nail bed bulge, the pain is unbearable can not sleep, can be near the root of the nail with a red-hot sewing needle a small hole, the blood will be discharged, disinfected and then pressurized bandage nails.

Twenty-one, cardiac arrest

Cardiac arrest suggests that the heart suddenly stops beating, the aortic pulsation and the disappearance of heart sounds, vital organs such as the brain severe ischemia, hypoxia, resulting in the termination of life. This unexpected and sudden death is also known as sudden death in medicine.

The most common cause of cardiac arrest is ventricular fibrillation. If the patient does not respond to the call, the pressure on the supraorbital and infraorbital unresponsive, you can determine that the patient has been in a coma. Then pay attention to observe the patient's chest and abdomen with or without undulation breathing movement. If you touch the carotid artery and femoral artery without pulsation, the precordial area can not hear the heartbeat, can be determined that the disease has a cardiac arrest.

First aid measures

The cardiac arrest rescue must scramble, do not wait for the ambulance to arrive and then sent to the hospital for treatment. The following first aid measures should be taken immediately to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

1, percussion of the precordial area: one hand rests on the back of the patient's neck upward, the other hand presses the patient's forehead backward and slightly pushed, so that the lower jaw upward, the head tilted back, is conducive to ventilation. Use the fleshy part of the bottom of the fist, above the middle part of the sternum, 20-30 centimeters away from the chest wall, suddenly and quickly pounding once. If there is no response, do chest heart compressions immediately. Let the patient's back cushion a hard board, and do mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration at the same time. Observe the patient's pupils, if the pupils shrink (is the most sensitive, the most meaningful signs of life), face, mouth and lips turn red, indicating that the rescue is effective.

2, acupuncture Renzhong point or the heart of the hand Laogong point, foot heart Yongquan point, play a role in resuscitation.

3, quickly pull out the pharyngeal vomit, so as not to block the airway or backflow into the lungs, causing asphyxia and aspiration pneumonia.

4. Apply ice packs to the head to cool down the temperature.

5. Rush to the hospital for treatment.

Twenty-two, alcohol poisoning

Alcohol poisoning is due to excessive intake of ethanol-containing (alcoholic) beverages caused by the central nervous system after the inhibition of excitation disorder. Generally, it can be self-cured, and very few serious cases can die of respiratory and circulatory failure.

Endangered state coma, frequent convulsions, shallow and slow respiration, slow heart rate, heartbeat weakness, blood pressure drop. Irregular respiration and heartbeat to the point of respiratory and cardiac arrest.

First aid measures:

For mild poisoning, first of all, we should stop him from continuing to drink; secondly, we can find some pears, horseshoes, watermelon and other fruits to give him alcohol; we can also stimulate the throat (such as chopsticks, etc.) to cause vomiting reflexes, the wine and other gastric contents as soon as possible to vomit (for the patients who have been asleep is not suitable for this method), and then we should arrange for him to lie in bed, pay attention to warmth, pay attention to avoiding vomiting, and then we should arrange for him to lie down. Pay attention to keep warm, pay attention to avoid vomit obstruction of the respiratory tract; observation of respiration and pulse, if there is no special, a wake up can be self recovery. If the patient after bed rest, there is a rapid pulse, slow breathing, cold, wet skin, irritability phenomenon, it should be immediately sent to the hospital for treatment.

Severe acute alcohol poisoning, there will be irritability, lethargy, dehydration, convulsions, shock, respiratory weakness and other symptoms, should be sent to the hospital quickly emergency. Note: It is not appropriate to use coffee and strong tea to relieve alcohol.