Diamond is the hardest super abrasive and wear-resistant interface in the processing industry, the most effective heat dissipation material in the electronics industry, the best wafer in semiconductor, the highest-frequency filter in communication components, the most facsimile vibration membrane in audio, the most light-transmitting radar cover in flying objects, the most anti-scratch film in eyeglasses lenses, and the most stable corrosion-resistant layer in machine parts. Diamond has so many advantages is not any other material, undoubtedly become people's favorite, the most useful engineering materials and functional materials. Superhard materials [mainly refers to diamond, also contains cubic boron nitride] with the diversification of the development of synthetic technology, its application in modern science and technology and modern industry in the application of the opportunity to choose a wider and wider range of economic benefits to the country's contribution to the rapid growth of more and more, the role of the traditional industry to enhance the level of technology more and more to show the king of its style, the development of such an excellent material will be brilliant, beautiful future!
CVD method can produce both conventional diamond film and nano-diamond film, CVD diamond film and static high-pressure high-catalyst method of monocrystalline diamond, as well as good mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical and other properties, has been widely used in various fields, will become the mainstream of the future development of diamond materials, not only to bring huge economic benefits, more importantly, the full range of diamond materials will be used for the development of diamond materials, and will be used for the development of the future development of diamond materials. It will not only bring great economic benefits, but also, more importantly, bring the all-round characteristics of diamond materials to the extreme. Nano-diamond film will become a hot spot of CVD diamond research.
Graphite products maintain the original chemical properties of flake graphite, i.e. acid resistance, corrosion resistance and physical properties, i.e. high temperature resistance of 3000℃, low temperature resistance of -204℃, its compressive strength is greater than 800kg/Cm2, and oxidation resistance, weight loss of 1% in 450℃ air, rebound rate of 15-50% (density 1.1-1.5). It also has strong self-lubricating properties. Therefore graphite products have been widely used in metallurgy, chemical industry, petrochemical industry, high energy physics, aerospace, electronics and other aspects.
Using the characteristics of graphite, people have been according to the needs of the project and dexterity made of different types of products: such as high purity graphite products, flexible graphite products, composite graphite products and so on. In order to improve the use of performance will also graphite and fiber (including synthetic fibers), metal wire, metal mesh, metal processing plate made of composite graphite products together, and greatly increase its strength and elasticity. Composite graphite products are mainly with resins, synthetic rubber, plastics (PTFE materials, ethylene, propylene, etc.) cold pressed or heat bonded two kinds of liquid graphite products (i.e., graphite milk, etc.) and semi-liquid graphite products (i.e., graphite lubricating grease, etc.). Graphite products in a wide range of fields to play its sealing, temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, thermal insulation, pressure, wear, oxidation and other important role, has attracted the general attention of experts at home and abroad. Of course, graphite products are also quietly into the modern office supplies, such as an archive supplies factory in Jiangxi, the use of graphite expansion processed into a certain adsorption of pharmaceutical capacity can be maintained for a year without losing the medicinal properties of the anti-insect discs. There are graphite lubrication belt produced by Beishu graphite mine, for the domestic wood processing industry to solve the urgent problem of sanding machine (mostly imported sanding machine) accessories, to fill the gaps of similar products in the country. In short, graphite products have been increasingly utilized by various industrial sectors, graphite products market is far and wide.
The most important use of artificial graphite is the manufacture of electrodes in electric arc steel furnace. Artificial graphite electrodes are also used in the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of table salt to produce chlorine and sodium hydroxide. Graphite does not react with acids, alkalis, organic solvents or inorganic solvents, a characteristic that makes it widely used in equipment for various processes in the food, chemical and petroleum industries. Graphite is also used in nuclear reactors.
If certain man-made fibers are mixed with plastic resins and heated under pressure, they can become carbon fibers. The carbon in these fibers is in the form of graphite. Carbon fibers are less dense than steel, but stronger and harder than steel. They are used in radio bulkheads and folding wings, as well as in weather and communications satellites. In sporting goods, carbon fiber is used to make golf clubs, tennis rackets, fishing rods and bicycle trestles.
Carbon Black-Applications
Mainly used as a reinforcing agent and filler for rubber, its consumption is about half of the rubber consumption, rubber carbon black accounted for 94% of the total amount of carbon black, of which about 60% is used in tire manufacturing. In addition, it is also used as a coloring agent for inks, coatings and plastics, and as a UV shielding agent for plastic products. It is also an important additive in many other products, such as electrodes, dry cells, resistors, explosives, cosmetics and polishing creams.
Furnace black is mainly used in rubber products, the finer the particle size of carbon black, the more superior its reinforcing properties; the higher the degree of carbon black structure, the higher its fixed tensile stress and modulus. Fine particle size reinforcing varieties are mainly used in tire tread, giving tires excellent wear resistance. Other parts of the tire, such as sidewalls, cord fabric layer, belt bundle cushion layer and inner liner, the rubber is required to resist flex cracking, ozone oxidation, with good resilience and low heat generation performance, generally use the coarser particle size of the semi-reinforcement type (specific surface area of less than 40m2/g) furnace black.
The pigmentation of slot black is widely used in inks, coatings and plastics. Ink, especially news inks mainly used in pigment slot black. In the coating manufacturing process, high pigment slot black gives excellent blackness and gloss to high-grade automobile top coat, and medium pigment slot black is used in general industrial coatings. In addition, the medium pigment channel black is also commonly used as a polyolefin UV shielding agent, used to improve the weather resistance of plastic products. Rubber groove black is mainly used for tires, especially off-road and engineering tires tread rubber, which gives the tread high strength and good wear resistance.
Thermocracking black is mainly used for rubber products. Because of the coarse particle size and poor reinforcing properties, only for the maximum filler incremental occasions, such as for the manufacture of rubber mats, hoses, sponge products, seals, tire liners, bead rubber, and insulation products and so on.
Activated carbon is a kind of porous carbide, which is the product of incomplete combustion of wood, coal, fruit shells and other wood materials. Wood, wood chips, coal, fruit kernels, fruit shells and other wood materials are placed in the carbonization equipment heated to the appropriate temperature for thermal decomposition, in the process of thermal decomposition they will undergo a series of complex chemical reactions, the structure of the change, become a sparse and porous black material ------ activated carbon.
Activated carbon, true to its name, is a full of adsorption activity of the carbide, its composition in addition to charcoal, but also contains a small amount of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen elements, in the microscope can be seen within the surface of the irregular hexagonal pores are full of, like a black sponge. In fact, the pores of activated carbon are much smaller than sponges and much denser, the pore radius of activated carbon can reach 150 nanometers at the smallest and 20,000 nanometers at the largest, while one nanometer is only one billionth of a meter, one ten thousandth of the thickness of a hairline, which means that the pores of activated carbon are only one hundredth of the thickness of a hairline on average. This is precisely the reason why activated carbon has a strong adsorption effect.
In addition to physical adsorption, activated carbon also has the function of chemical adsorption, activated carbon pores can produce a strong gravitational force will be absorbed into the water and air, and activated carbon pores in the carbon, oxygen and other elements can be with the water and the air in the material to produce a chemical reaction, will be adsorbed to the surface of the pores, in this way, the vast majority of the water and air impurities in the harmful substances by the activated carbon imprisonment! The water and air become clean and hygienic again.
Scientific tests show that activated carbon has a huge surface area because it is full of countless, interconnected pores, and if all the pores in a gram of activated carbon are extended, its surface area can reach 1,000 square meters, which is much larger than people's imagination. The huge surface area means that the activated carbon can fully contact with all kinds of gases and liquids, and maximize the capture of adsorbed substances, and thus its purification function can be matched by no one.
Activated carbon's peculiar performance makes it widely used in air purification, drinking water purification, sewage treatment and waste gas treatment, and even in food processing and industrial production, also active in its figure.
We often drink pure water, in fact, pure water comes from the purification of activated carbon, water through the activated carbon filtration, impurities are left in it, out of the clean and delicious pure water. The previous stage of the Songhua River water pollution accident, activated carbon has played an extremely important role, it effectively adsorbs harmful chemicals, for people to bring completely safe drinking water. Similarly, activated charcoal can still play a significant role in wastewater treatment, and their purification efficiency is very high. And people also found that the activated carbon in the fish tank, can ensure that the water is clean, so that the fish more healthy.
Nowadays, more and more families are coming across activated charcoal and using it in their lives.
In addition to directly placing the packaged activated carbon in the house to adsorb harmful gases, some factories also put activated carbon into the air conditioner, and some cities install the activated carbon into the exhaust system of the automobile engine, and use the activated carbon to adsorb the automobile exhaust, which effectively purifies the air pollution.
In addition, the porous nature of activated carbon makes it possible to adsorb part of the electromagnetic radiation, and people make it into a cell phone chain, mouse pads, etc., to reduce the electromagnetic wave damage to the body.
In 1991, Hebard (Hebard) and other first proposed potassium-doped C60 with superconductivity, superconductivity onset temperature of 18 K, breaking the organic superconductor (Et) 2Cu [N (CN) 2] Cl superconductivity onset temperature of 12.8 K record. Soon prepared a superconductor Rb3C60, superconductivity onset temperature of 29 K. Table 6-1 lists the synthesized various C60-doped superconductors and superconductivity onset temperature, indicating that C60-doped superconductors have entered the ranks of high-temperature superconductors. China's research in this area is also very successful, Peking University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics, successfully synthesized K3C60 and Rb3C60 superconductors, superconductivity onset temperature of 8 K and 28 K. Some scientific workers predict that if doped with C240 and doped with C540, there is a possibility of synthesizing superconductors with higher superconductivity onset temperature.
Besides the field of superconductivity, C60 has a wide range of applications in the following areas.
①Storage of gases
Using the unique molecular structure of C60, it can be used as a more effective and new type of hydrogen-absorbing material than metals and their alloys. There are 30 carbon-carbon double bonds in each C60 molecule, so hydrogen can be absorbed by opening the double bonds in the C60 molecule. Stable hydrides of C60 are now known as C60H24, C60H36 and C60H48.
Under controlled temperature and pressure, C60 hydrides can be made simply from C60 and hydrogen, which is very stable at room temperature, and at 80 ℃ to 215 ℃, C60 hydrides will release hydrogen, leaving pure C60, which can be 100% recovered and used to re-prepare C60 hydride. Storing hydrogen with C60 has the advantage of being less expensive than storing hydrogen with metals or their alloys, and C60 is lighter than metals and their alloys, so for the same mass of material, C60 stores more hydrogen than metals or their alloys.
C60 can not only store hydrogen, can also be used to store oxygen. Compared with high-pressure cylinder oxygen storage, the pressure of high-pressure cylinder is 3.9 × 106 Pa, belonging to the high-pressure oxygen storage method, while C60 oxygen storage pressure is only 2.3 × 105 Pa, belonging to the low-pressure oxygen storage method. The use of C60 to store large quantities of oxygen at low pressure will have many uses in the medical sector, the military sector and even the commercial sector.
② sensory function of the sensor
As a result of C60 film as a substrate material can be made into a finger-like combination of capacitors, it is made of chemical sensors than the traditional sensor size is small, simple, renewable and low-priced and other advantages, may become an attractive product candidate in the sensor.
③ Enhancement of metal
To improve the strength of metal materials can be through alloying, plastic deformation and heat treatment, one of the ways to strengthen is through geometric interactions, such as coke in the carbon dispersed in the metal, carbon and metal in the lattice of mutual exchange of positions can cause plastic deformation of the metal, the formation of carbide particles of carbon and metal, are able to make the metal enhancement.
In the enhancement of metal materials, the role of C60 will be better than the carbon in the coke, this is because C60 is smaller than the carbon particles, more active, C60 and the role of the metal to produce carbide dispersion of the particle size of 0.7 nm, while the role of carbon and the role of the metal to produce the carbide dispersion of the particle size of 2 μm ~ 5 μm, there is a big difference in the role of the enhancement of the metal.
④New catalysts
After the discovery of C60, chemists began to explore the possibility of using C60 for catalysts.C60 has an olefinic electronic structure, and can form a series of complexes with transition metals (such as platinum metals and nickel). For example, C60 can be combined with platinum and osmium to form coordination compounds such as ｛[(C2H5)3P]2Pt｝C60 and C60OsO4-(tetra-tert-butylpyridine), which have the potential to be highly efficient catalysts.
Researchers at Toyohashi University of Science and Technology in Japan synthesized C60Pd6, a highly catalytically active compound of palladium with C60, and researchers at Wuhan University in China synthesized Pt(PPh3)2C60 (PPh3 is triphenylphosphine), which is highly catalytically active for the silylhydrogen addition reaction.
⑤ Optical applications
C60 with its unique microstructure has special optical properties, and one of the optical properties of interest is photo-restriction, which means that C60 degrades the transmission properties of optical materials when the intensity of incident light is increased.
Optical limiting properties are important for eye protection. Based on the optical limiting properties of C60, light limiting products can be developed that only allow light below the sensitization threshold (i.e., below the threshold of danger to the eye) to pass through, which serves to protect the human eye from bright light damage.
6 Cancer cell killing effect
C60 has a high yield of single-line oxygen after light excitation, and single-line oxygen has an important relationship with the physiological and biochemical functions of biological organisms, tissue damage, tumors, and photochemical treatment technology.
When the excitation light intensity of C60 reaches 4,000 lx, the cancer cells are close to 100% dead by the action of single-line oxygen, and thus can effectively destroy the plasma membrane of the cancer cells and intracellular mitochondrial mesenchymal reticulum and the nuclear membrane and other important cancer cell structures, which leads to the damage and even death of the cancer cells.
Other studies have pointed out that antibodies to tumor cells can be attached to C60 molecules, and then the antibody-carrying C60 molecules can be directed to tumors, which can also achieve the purpose of killing tumor cells.
⑦Other Medical Functions
Derivatives of C60 have the function of inhibiting the activity of human immunodeficiency protease. Human immunodeficiency protease is a virus that causes AIDS, so it is possible that derivatives of C60 could play a role in research to combat AIDS.
C60 is also suitable for use as a free radical scavenger and water-soluble antioxidant in biological systems. Free radicals are harmful substances that lead to certain diseases and even tumors, and C60 is expected to reduce the concentration of free radicals in the blood of diseased people, and also inhibit the growth of malformed and diseased cells.
Carbon monomer is really too much for our production and life, too important.