A specific summary of the knowledge points of geography in the first year of high school
Unit 1: Cosmic Environment
1. Analysis of exam content:
Human’s understanding of the universe The understanding of the universe is constantly deepening
The universe is material and moving
The existence forms of matter in the universe: celestial bodies (for example: stars, etc.; and gas and dust in interstellar space )
The mutual attraction and rotation of celestial bodies form: celestial body system
The levels of celestial body system: Earth-moon system - solar system - Milky Way - total galaxy
< p>Extragalactic Galaxy - General GalaxyThe Earth is an ordinary but special planet in the solar system, the cosmic environment of the Earth, and the reason for the existence of life on the Earth
Solar System Map: Nine Major Classification of planets according to structural characteristics and their respective members (generality of the Earth)
Location of the asteroid belt
Comets
Central celestial body: Sun (the most massive )
The reason for the existence of life on earth (the special nature of the earth)
The reason for the cosmic environment: the nine planets go their own way without interfering with each other; the sun's illumination is stable
The reasons for the earth itself: suitable distance between the sun and the earth; suitable volume and mass
The energy source of the sun and its significant impact on the earth
Source: the center of the sun Nuclear fusion
Impact: It is the main driving force for water, atmosphere and biological cycles in nature; energy for production and life (solar energy and fossil fuels)
The impact of sunspots and flares on the earth< /p>
Solar Atmosphere Stratification Types of Solar Activity Comparison of Solar Activity’s Impact on the Earth
The number and size of photospheric sunspots are a sign of the intensity of solar activity. On climate: the correlation between precipitation and sunspot number Interfering with the ionosphere, affecting short-wave communications, interfering with the Earth's magnetic field, and causing magnetic storms
Chromospheric flares are the most intense solar activity display; but the two often appear together, with an activity cycle of 11 years
The direction and period of the Earth's rotation
Rotation direction: from east to west; counterclockwise at the North Pole; clockwise at the South Pole
Period: 1 sidereal day
Day and night replacement The reason for local time - Phenomenon 1 and 2 caused by the rotation of the earth
Replacement of day and night
The meaning and position of the twilight line
The concept of the height of the sun : What are the heights of the sun in the day and night hemispheres? The height of the sun on the dusk line = 0
The period and significance of day and night replacement: 1 solar day (24 hours)
The time is different in different longitudes
Since Rotation from west to east: local time is earlier in the east and later in the west; local time difference is 1 hour for every 15 longitudes
The influence of geostrophic deflection force on horizontally moving objects on the surface of the earth - the third phenomenon caused by the rotation of the earth
< p>The southern hemisphere is deflected to the left; the northern hemisphere is deflected to the right; it is not deflected at the equatorInfluence: wind direction; ocean currents; erosion and sediment accumulation on both sides of the river
The direction, orbit, period, Yellow-red intersection angle
Revolution direction: the same as rotation
Revolution orbit: an ellipse approximately a perfect circle; the positions and approximate dates of perihelion and aphelion
Period : 1 sidereal year
Changes in speed: fastest at perihelion; slowest at aphelion
Yellow-red intersection angle (reflecting the relationship between rotation and revolution)
Pay attention to the three-dimensional and plan views of the intersection of yellow and red:
Understand the important points, lines, surfaces, angles and their relationships on the diagram, and be able to draw and describe them
The earth's axis, the morning and evening lines , Equatorial plane, ecliptic plane, Tropic of Cancer, Arctic and Southern Circles, direct sunlight (points)
The relationship between the equatorial angle and the orbital inclination of the earth's axis
The influence of the ecliptic angle: The movement of the direct sun point on the earth's surface - the change in the time distribution of surface solar radiation
Clear the movement rules and cycles of the direct sun point: - with one tropical year as a cycle, it returns in the north and south
Moving back and forth between lines (one direct shot on the line; two direct shots between the lines)
What changes in the yellow-red intersection angle will lead to changes in the scope of the five belts?
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"Divided into Two Solstice Chart"
The position of the earth and the corresponding dates and solar terms, the direction of revolution, the direction of the earth's axis, the approximate position of perihelion and aphelion, and changes in revolution speed
10. The formation of four seasons and five belts
Geographical phenomena caused by the Earth’s revolution
Annual changes in the altitude angle of the sun at noon:
Distribution rules at different latitudes on the same day : decreases from the latitude of the direct point to the north and south (divided into two solstices)
Changes in different seasons at the same latitude: larger near and smaller at far (around June 22? Around December 22?)
Annual changes in the length of day and night:
The day in the hemisphere where the direct point is located is longer than the night. The higher the latitude, the longer the day is.
The day is getting longer in the hemisphere to which the direct point is moving
Around June 22, Northern Hemisphere? ——The longest day and shortest night at each latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. There are polar days in and around the Arctic Circle.
Around December 22, in the Northern Hemisphere? ——The days are the shortest and the nights are the longest at each latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. There are polar nights in the Arctic Circle and below
Spring and Autumn Equinoxes? ——Day and night are equal around the world
The equator? ——The equinox of day and night throughout the year
The division of four seasons: (obvious in mid-latitudes)
The seasonal changes in the height of the sun at noon and the length of day and night—the time when the sun is highest and the day is the longest is astronomical Summer
The time when the sun is lowest and the day is the shortest is astronomical winter
Spring and Autumn are the transitions
Three seasons; 24 solar terms
Division of the five belts:
The latitudinal distribution of day and night length and solar height - the amount of solar radiation decreases from low latitudes to high latitudes - the formation of the five belts
The boundaries of the five belts and their respective phenomenon; the five zones are the basis for climate division and natural zone division
11. The significance and current situation of space exploration
Understand the earth’s space environment; develop space resources (space resources and characteristics, Solar resources, mineral resources)
2. Exam question analysis
The content of this unit accounts for about 10% of the 100 points in the HKCEE;
Ranked first among the comprehensive questions in the HKCEE The questions are from this unit;
1. Please refer to the examples of test questions in the "Instructions for the National College Entrance Examination" to practice:
Appendix 1, question type examples, P10, 3, 1; Appendix 2, P29, 1 in Volume II, 1 in Volume II in Appendix 3 P53
2. Basic points to be mastered regarding the comprehensive questions in this unit:
Be able to draw the twilight line and night hemisphere , Tropic of Cancer, Arctic and Antarctic Circles, ecliptic plane, equatorial plane
Rotation and revolution direction
Date and solar term
The position of the direct point on that day, the day The latitudinal distribution pattern of global noon solar height
The noon solar height status at each point in the figure
The length of day and night at each point in the figure and its future changes
Comparison of day length at each point in the figure, how many hours are the day length at the polar circle and the equator
Changes in revolution speed
Knowledge points that can be related:
When will Beijing raise the flag at 6 a.m.? (B, D)
Which stage does the silhouette of people in Beijing gradually grow? (from A to C)
When the earth moves to point A (or point C):
What are the climate characteristics of the Mediterranean region? (Dry and hot-summer/warm and humid-winter) because it is controlled by (subtropical high/westerly wind)
The savanna in northern Africa presents a (green/yellow) landscape, because it is controlled by (equatorial low pressure/ Trade wind) control
The climate characteristics of Beijing at this time are (high temperature and rainy/cold and dry), mainly due to the influence of (southeast monsoon/northwest monsoon)
On the Eurasian continent (Asia Low pressure/Asian high pressure) is strong
East Asia blows (southeast wind/northwest wind), the reason is (the thermal difference between sea and land)
South Asia blows (southwest wind/northeast wind), the reason is (The southeast monsoon moves northward across the equator and deflects to the right to form the southwest monsoon or the seasonal movement of the pressure belt wind belt/The reason why the northeasterly wind blows in winter is the thermal difference between the sea and the land)
The circulation of the North Indian Ocean is (clockwise-sea water flows eastward —Because the southwest wind blows/counterclockwise—The seawater flows westward—Because the northeast wind blows)
When the earth rotates to point (A/C), the salinity of the sea near the mouth of the Yangtze River is the lowest (lowest/highest) )
When the earth moves to D
In the process of getting to A: The Pearl River and the Yangtze River are in flood season (because of the rainwater supply in the rainy season)
In the process of getting from A to B: The Yellow River (the rainy season has arrived) and the Tarim River are in the flood season (the glacier melts the most in summer) < /p>
Unit 2 Atmospheric Environment
1. Analysis of exam content
1. The composition of the atmosphere and its main components such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone and solid impurities The role of components
The composition of the lower atmosphere: a stable proportion of dry and clean air (mainly oxygen and nitrogen), unstable water vapor, and solid impurities
Nitrogen--the basic component of living organisms< /p>
Oxygen--a necessary substance for life activities
Carbon dioxide--raw material for photosynthesis; insulation effect
Ozone--a protective umbrella for life on earth, absorbing ultraviolet rays
Water vapor and solid impurities - forming clouds and causing rain; impurities: condensation nuclei
2. Vertical stratification of the atmosphere and the impact of each layer on human activities
Atmospheric stratification Temperature changes with altitude and other characteristics of airflow conditions are related to humans
The higher the troposphere, the lower the convection. Convection accounts for 3/4 of the atmospheric mass; water vapor and dust; weather phenomena that are inconsistent with the height of each latitude layer
Advection The higher the layer, the higher the advection and high-altitude flight; the existence of the ozone layer
The existence of the ionosphere in the upper atmosphere (radio communication; solar activity interferes with short-wave communication
3. The heating process of the atmosphere
< p>(1) Fundamental energy source: solar radiation (wavelength range of various types of radiation and properties of solar radiation-short wave radiation)(2) Heating process of the atmosphere (thermal effect of the atmosphere)-- The sun heats the earth, and the earth heats the atmosphere
The weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation: three forms and their respective phenomena (illustrated with examples)
The main reason for the weakening: the sun Altitude angle (weakened differently at each latitude)
The insulation effect of the atmosphere on the ground:
Understand ground radiation (infrared long-wave radiation); atmospheric radiation (infrared long-wave radiation)
< p>The process of thermal insulation: the atmosphere strongly absorbs long-wave radiation from the ground; the reverse radiation of the atmosphere returns heat to the ground (illustrations and examples - such as frost appearance time; comparison of daily temperature differences)The thermal insulation effect The significance of: reducing the diurnal temperature range; ensuring the earth's suitable temperature; maintaining global heat balance
4. Causes of vertical and horizontal atmospheric movement
(1) Fundamentals of atmospheric movement Reason: Uneven heat and cold (between various latitudes; between sea and land)
(2) Atmospheric movement form:
The simplest form: thermodynamic circulation (diagram and explanation); Examples: suburban wind; sea and land breeze; main reason for monsoon
Thermal circulation decomposition: uneven cold and heat cause vertical movement of the atmosphere
Horizontal air pressure difference
The horizontal air flow is caused by High pressure flows to low pressure
Horizontal movement of the atmosphere (wind):
The fundamental cause of wind: uneven cold and heat
The direct cause of wind: horizontal pressure difference (or horizontal pressure gradient force)
Three forces that affect wind: horizontal pressure gradient force; geostrophic deflection force; surface friction force
Determination of wind direction: 1 force wind (theoretical Wind)--perpendicular to the isobars, high pressure points to low pressure. 2-force wind (high-altitude wind)--parallel to the isobars, deflecting to the right in the north, deflecting to the left in the south. 3-force wind (actual surface wind)--obliquely crossing, etc. Pressure line, north to the right, south to the left
Pay attention to how the wind direction is drawn at a certain point in the actual surface pressure field in the northern hemisphere
5. The relationship between the three-circle circulation and the pressure belt and wind belt Formation
(1) No rotation, uniform surface - single-circle circulation (thermal circulation)
(2) Rotation, uniform surface - three-circle circulation
(3) The composition of three circulations: 0-30 low-latitude circulation; 30-60 mid-latitude circulation; 60-90 high-latitude circulation
The surface forms 7 pressures and 6 winds: an ideal model of zonal distribution (Zone)
The dry and wet conditions of each pressure zone (low pressure wet; high pressure dry)
The wind direction and dry and wet conditions of each wind zone (trade winds are generally drier; westerly winds are drier Wet)
Polar front: around 60 degrees, formed by the meeting of prevailing westerly winds and polar easterly winds
The pressure belt and wind belt follow the seasonal north and south of the direct sun point
Move as you move
(4) The impact of sea and land distribution on pressure zones and wind belts: actual surface conditions (blocky)
The most important impact: the thermal difference between sea and land
Performance (Atmospheric Activity Center):
Northern Hemisphere July (summer): Eurasian continent-Asia low pressure; Pacific high pressure
Northern hemisphere January (winter): Eurasian continent -High pressure in Asia; low pressure in the Pacific
(5) Monsoon circulation (pay attention to the diagram)
Conceptual understanding: It is an integral part of the global atmospheric circulation; the East Asian monsoon is the most typical
The cause of the monsoon:
The main cause - the thermal difference between the sea and the land (can explain the winter and summer monsoon in East Asia; the winter monsoon in South Asia)
The cause of the South Asian summer monsoon - the southeastern part of the Southern Hemisphere The trade wind moves northward across the equator and turns to the right to become a southwesterly wind (or in summary: the seasonal movement of pressure belts and wind belts)
The influence of monsoon: the main characteristics of monsoon: rain and heat in the same period; precipitation season It changes greatly and is prone to droughts and floods
The two monsoon climates in East Asia and their respective distribution areas (bounded by the Qinhuai line); their respective climate characteristics
--Temperate monsoon climate: north of Qinhuai Monsoon area; winters are dry and cold; summers are hot and humid
--Subtropical monsoon climate: monsoon area south of Qinhuai; winters are mild and rainy; summers are hot and humid
--The two monsoon climates in East Asia have the same wind direction in winter and summer , the same cause
--Pay attention to the distribution of air-polluting enterprises in the urban industrial layout in the monsoon area. The tropical monsoon climate in South Asia:
--High temperature throughout the year, dry season (controlled by the northeast monsoon) and rainy season (Controlled by the southwest monsoon) The alternating monsoon area is the main distribution area of ??rice cultivation in the world
--the monsoon climate zone in East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia and the tropical rainforest climate zone in Southeast Asia
6. The relationship between atmospheric circulation and water and heat transport - a summary of the role of atmospheric circulation
(1) Global atmospheric circulation:
Promotes water flow between high and low latitudes, and between sea and land The exchange of heat and water vapor;
Adjusts the global water and heat distribution;
Is an important factor in weather changes and climate formation in various places
(2) Several Causes of such important climate:
Mediterranean climate:
The west coast of the continent between 30 and 40 degrees north and south latitude; winter is controlled by the westerly wind, warm and humid; summer is controlled by the subtropical high, dry and hot
Savannah climate:
Between 10-20 degrees north and south latitude; high temperature all year round, controlled by equatorial low pressure in the rainy season, and controlled by trade winds in the dry season
Temperate Ocean Sexual climate:
The west coast of the continent between 40 and 60 degrees north and south latitude; controlled by westerly winds throughout the year, the climate is warm and humid
Tropical rain forest climate:
Near the equator; Humid and hot all year round, controlled by equatorial low pressure all year round
Three monsoon climates: (see above analysis)
7. Characteristics of fronts, low pressure, high pressure and other weather systems
Front system
Front type icon symbols represent examples of weather and precipitation positions before the weather passes through the border
Cold front warm air mass control: sunny; low pressure, cloudy, rainy, windy, Cold wave in winter after cooling front; heavy rain in northern my country in summer
Warm front and cold air mass control: sunny; high pressure and continuous precipitation in front of front
Low pressure (cyclone) and high pressure (anticyclone) system
Air pressure: high and low pressure
Air flow: cyclone and anticyclone
Picture: able to judge; able to draw wind direction
Central air pressure horizontal air flow direction Examples of weather conditions in the center of the vertical airflow direction Other influences
Cyclones are low in the north and in the direction of the south, upward and cloudy and rainy. The Asian low pressure forms a front along the trough line
Anticyclone is high in the north and in the direction of the north and upward, and the Asian high pressure is sunny
>Frontal Cyclone (Important! )
Requirements: Identification of each weather system on the map;
The control of weather systems and the weather phenomena that occur in different locations
8. Geographical location , atmospheric circulation, terrain and other factors on climate
8-1 Analysis of climate factors
Geographic location
A Latitude position: determines solar radiation - climate The most basic reason for the difference
Because - determines heat or temperature
B sea and land location:
For example, temperate oceanic climate and temperate continental climate; oceanic climate has small temperature difference and high humidity; continental climate is vice versa< /p>
The formation of monsoon climate on the east coast of the continent is due to the difference in thermal properties between sea and land
Atmospheric circulation (pressure zone and wind zone)
Features: dual nature-each Latitude, water and heat exchange between sea and land; directly controls the climate characteristics of a certain place (water and heat conditions)
The underlying surface (surface conditions); the nearest direct heat source and water source of the ground atmosphere
Others Factors affecting climate: human activities, ocean currents (cold currents cool and dehumidify; warm currents increase temperature and humidification)
8-2 Climate types
Climate characteristics (can judge temperature and precipitation charts; can Description)
Climate elements: temperature, precipitation
The zone is determined by temperature - the monthly average temperature is above 15 degrees, which is a tropical climate
The lowest monthly average temperature Between 0 and 15 degrees, it is a subtropical climate.
The lowest monthly average temperature is below 0, which is a temperate climate (except temperate oceanic climate).
Based on water - tropical climate is divided into four Species:
Tropical rainforest climate: rainy all year round;
Tropical desert climate: dry year round;
Tropical monsoon climate: two seasons of dry and rainy
Savannah climate: two seasons of dry and rainy
——Subtropical climate is divided into two types:
Subtropical monsoon climate: rain and heat in the same period
Subtropical Mediterranean climate : Rain in winter and dry in summer
——Temperate climate is divided into three types:
Temperate monsoon climate: rain and heat in the same period
Temperate continental climate: little rain throughout the year< /p>
Temperate maritime climate: humid all year round
Climate causes
Monsoon climate causes: three monsoon climates
Alternating pressure zones and wind zones control the climate :
Mediterranean climate (subtropical high and westerly winds); savanna climate (trade winds and equatorial low pressure)
Single pressure zone and wind zone control climate:
Tropical Rainforest climate (equatorial low pressure); temperate maritime climate (westerly)
Climate distribution
Climate on the east coast of the continent: three monsoon climates
Climate on the west coast of the continent: Mediterranean Climate, temperate oceanic climate
Internal continental climate: temperate continental climate
9. Causes and harms of the global greenhouse effect, destruction of the ozone layer, acid rain and other phenomena
Causes of phenomena and countermeasures against pollutant hazards
Greenhouse effect, burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, especially destruction of tropical forests, rising carbon dioxide sea levels (cause?) poses a direct threat to coastal lowlands, causing precipitation and drought in various regions Changes in wet conditions will lead to changes in the economic structure of countries around the world (specific manifestations? ) Improve energy utilization and use new energy; strive to strengthen international cooperation; plant trees and afforestation
The destruction of the ozone layer and the use of ozone-depleting substances such as refrigeration equipment, chlorofluorocarbons and other solar ultraviolet radiation, increase: directly harmful to human health; Causes damage to the ecological environment and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery Global cooperation to reduce emissions of ozone-depleting substances; actively develop new refrigeration systems
Acid rain burns fossil fuels (mainly coal); vehicle exhaust emits sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides Acidic gases such as water acidify, affecting the growth and even death of fish; acidifying soil, endangering the growth of forests and crops; corroding buildings and cultural relics and endangering human health. The most fundamental way is to reduce the emissions of man-made sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides - study coal Comprehensive development and utilization of medium-sulfur resources (such as clean coal technology; clean combustion technology; waste gas reuse) burning low-sulfur coal or other clean energy
Unit 3 Land and Marine Environment
Main rock-forming minerals and three major types of rocks
Chemical elements - minerals - minerals
Rock-forming minerals - rocks
Main rock-forming minerals : Quartz, mica, feldspar, calcite, etc.
Divided into three major categories of rocks according to their origin:
Igneous rocks:
Divided into intrusive rocks (such as granite ——Feldspar, quartz, mica) and extrusive rocks (such as basalt)
Granite is an excellent building material and decoration
Decorative materials
Sedimentary rocks: formed by external forces; such as limestone; forming rock layers (often containing fossils)
Limestone is an important raw material for burning lime and making cement
Metamorphic rocks: such as marble (mainly composed of calcite, is an excellent building material and decorative material)
The main content of the plate tectonics theory, and the impact of plate movement on the earth's surface
Content :
The Earth’s lithosphere is divided into 6 major plates by some fracture structures (such as ocean ridges, trenches, etc.) P97 Figure 4-11
The plates are constantly moving, and the interior of the plates is relatively stable;
The crustal movement is active at the junction of the plates (the Pacific Rim Volcanic and Seismic Zone and the Mediterranean-Himalayan Zone)
The impact of plate movement on the surface - forming the distribution of sea and land, and the pattern of landforms
Plate rupture boundary (growth boundary): forms rift valleys and oceans, such as the East African Rift Valley and the Atlantic Ocean
Plate compression boundary (death boundary): often forms mountains
Continents Squeeze of plates and oceanic plates - ocean trenches; island arcs, coastal mountains
Squeeze of continental plates - huge mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas, which are the Eurasian and Indian plates
Oceanic plates Extrusion formation
The composition and process of the earth's crust material cycle and its impact on the earth's surface
(1) The earth's crust material cycle - one of the four major cycles in nature (the others are atmospheric circulation, Water cycle, biological cycle)
Illustration of its composition and process:
External force (erosion, transportation, sedimentation, consolidation diagenesis)
Sedimentary rock magma rock ( Extrusive rocks and intrusive rocks)
Metamorphic rock magma
Melting
(2) Impact of crustal material cycle on the surface
Summary :
The constant interaction between internal and external forces, the energy transformation and material exchange between the earth and the outside, especially the surface material cycle in which the atmosphere, water, and biological world are directly involved and play an important role, have a profound impact on the surface morphology. The formation of surface rocks, changes in landforms, and the development of soil layers are closely related to this.
Specific manifestations:
Geological processes: those that cause changes in the morphology of the earth's crust and its surface (in the long run, internal forces will dominate)
Main sources of classification of geological processes The main manifestations of the results are other forms
The internal force of the earth can make the surface uneven, earthquakes, volcanic crustal movement (mainly horizontal movement and vertical movement), magma activity, metamorphism
The external force of the sun Radiation makes the surface flattened by weathering, erosion, transportation, sedimentation, and consolidation into rocks (the diagrams of the effects of wind and flowing water require identification: P99-P100) Water erosion landforms (water flow widens and deepens ravines; waterfalls, canyons, and loess plateaus) Surface ravines are vertical and horizontal) aqueous landforms (alluvial fans in the foothills, alluvial plains in the middle and lower reaches of rivers and estuary deltas) wind erosion landforms (wind erosion ravines, wind erosion mushrooms, Gobi) aeolian landforms (sand dunes, loess plateau)
Among them the earth's crust The result of movement - geological structure
Basic form of geological structure, landform expression and human production relationship
Fold anticline and syncline (required to judge based on tilt shape) anticline forms a mountain; The terrain inversion and origin of the oblique valley: anticline forms a valley, and a syncline forms a mountain. Top of the anticline: oil and gas. Anticline is suitable for building underground tunnels. Synclinal groove part: water
The fault is along the rock blocks on both sides of the fault surface. Dislocation of the Great Rift Valley of East Africa and the Great Escarpment on the North Slope of Mount Huashan; ascending rock blocks: Huashan Mountain, Mount Lushan, and Mount Tai. Descending rock blocks: Weihe Plain and Fen River Valley. Ground engineering construction should be reinforced or avoided when encountering faults
Types of land water bodies and Their interrelationship
Types of land water bodies
Classification notes
Spatial distribution Surface water: river water, lake water, glacier water, etc. Groundwater: phreatic, confined water ( Figure 4.21 (You need to be able to judge) Glaciers are the main body of fresh water on the earth, distributed in the poles and high mountain areas, with little direct use; groundwater is the second main body of fresh water, but it is mainly deep groundwater, which is difficult to develop; dynamic water is the focus of people's development and utilization , among which river water is the most important
Water cycle static water: glacier water, inland lakes, deep groundwater, etc. Dynamic water: surface water, shallow groundwater
Easy to use: River water, freshwater lake water, shallow groundwater and others
Interrelationships between land water bodies (taking rivers as an example)
Among them, atmospheric precipitation is the most important supply of land water
Note: The two pictures on textbook P103 need to be able to identify what kind of supplies each is.
Distribution of factors affecting supply type and flood season time in my country
Rainy season (summer and autumn in my country) Rainfall in eastern monsoon area
Glacial melt water summer temperature (interrupted in winter) flow) Northwest China
There is a complementary relationship between rivers, lakes, and groundwater (depending on whether the water level is higher); natural water resources are constantly moving, renewing, and reciprocally transforming. Lake water and reservoirs can regulate the seasonal and seasonal flow of river runoff. Interannual changes (such as Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in my country)
Seawater temperature and salinity and their relationship with the environment
Distribution rules of seawater temperature:
p>
A Changes in the Northern Hemisphere ocean heat budget with latitude - P70 Figure 3-3
(In the figure, the heat budget factors, the temperature zones distributed in the surplus area and the deficit area, and the The latitude of the turning point)
Latitudinal distribution of B surface sea temperature - P71 Figure 3-5
Decreases from low latitudes to high latitudes (the reason is that the heat budget changes with latitude Change results)
C vertical sea temperature changes - P70 Figure 3-4
Decreases with increasing depth (note the trend of the curve in the figure); deep seawater below 1000 meters remains Low temperature state
Seawater salinity
A The mass fraction of salt substances in seawater; the average salinity of the world's oceans is 3.5%
B The latitude of surface salinity Distribution pattern - P71 Figure 3-5
It decreases from the subtropical sea areas of the northern and southern hemispheres to the high and low latitudes on both sides
Cause: The equator is slightly lower - it is rainy at the equator, with more precipitation than evaporation;
The highest in the subtropical zone - controlled by the subtropical high, evaporation is much more than precipitation
It decreases towards high latitudes - the temperature decreases, evaporation is weak, and precipitation is more than evaporation
C Factors affecting salinity
Comparison of precipitation and evaporation: open sea and ocean; main factors affecting salinity from low latitudes to high latitudes
Freshwater injection: nearshore (estuary )
D The Red Sea has the highest salinity - subtropical zone; little freshwater injection
The Baltic Sea has the lowest salinity - a large amount of freshwater injection; more precipitation than evaporation;
Yangtze River The salinity in the mouth of the sea is low in summer and high in winter - summer is the flood season of the Yangtze River
The main forms of seawater movement
There are mainly three types of waves, tides and ocean currents
Wave : Wind waves, tsunamis, etc.
Tides: The periodic rise and fall of seawater under the gravity of the sun and the moon
Ocean currents: The movement of relatively stable and large-scale seawater throughout the year
The causes and geographical significance of ocean currents
The causes of ocean currents
A Atmospheric movement and near-surface wind belt-the main driving force;
For example, wind and sea currents:
The north and south equatorial warm currents formed by trade winds; westerly drifts; the North Indian Ocean monsoon circulation reverses in winter and runs smoothly in summer
B Uneven density of sea water - the reason for local ocean currents
Such as density Current: Surface current between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean
C compensation effect
For example, compensatory current: upwelling in Peruvian fishing grounds
Geographic significance of ocean currents
A Self-purification and diffusion of pollutants
B Heat transport and exchange between high and low latitudes, regulating global heat distribution
Longitudinal cold currents cool and dehumidify; warm currents increase temperature Humidification (you must be able to judge the cold and warm currents based on the seawater isotherm - example P90 Figure 3-33)
(For example, the impact of the North Atlantic warm current on the maritime climate of Western Europe;
The west coast of Australia and Caused by the desert on the Pacific coast of Peru)
C formed a large fishing ground
The intersection of cold and warm currents: such as the Newfoundland fishery and Japan’s Hokkaido fishery (the intersection of the Thousand Islands cold current and the Japanese warm current)
Upwelling: Peruvian fisheries
D Navigation
Main environmental problems in the ocean and main measures to protect the marine environment
Main sources of environmental problems Protecting the marine environment The main measures
The main sources of marine pollution are industrial pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and petroleum. Oil pollution: the main sources are coastal industrial production and shipping ships; the current focus of pollution control is oil leaks 1. "United Nations Ocean Convention on the Law of the People's Republic of China: Protecting the Rights and Interests of Territorial Seas and Exclusive Economic Zones2, Preventing and Controlling Pollution3
, Sustainable fishery production; protection of marine biological resources and marine ecological environment 4. Coastal engineering construction must be scientifically demonstrated, rationally planned and implemented
Marine ecological damage 1. Marine pollution 2. Human production activities: Reclamation of the sea for land reclamation, overfishing, etc. 3. Changes in the natural environment: global warming and sea level rise
The main links of the natural water cycle and its impact on the earth's surface
The water cycle is one of the four major components of nature. Cycle One
(1) The light blue arrows in the picture represent the six links of the great cycle between sea and land;
The meaning: land water is replenished and renewed, and water resources are regenerated.
(2) The gray and dark arrows in the figure represent the respective water cycles on land and ocean respectively
Among them, the amount of water supplied to land water bodies by the land cycle is very small
The impact of the water cycle on the earth's surface
A constantly renews fresh water resources and maintains the dynamic balance of global water. It is one of the most active material cycles
B absorbs solar radiation energy on the surface , transformation, transmission and regulation, thereby realizing material migration and energy exchange between the various layers of the earth's surface and between land and ocean
C affects global climate and ecology
D shapes the earth's surface Forms, such as water erosion landforms, water accumulation landforms, etc.
10. The role of organisms in the formation and development of the geographical environment, and the indicator role of organisms on the environment
The role of organisms on the geographical environment The effect is ultimately due to the photosynthesis of green plants
Photosynthesis: inorganic matter organic matter; solar energy bioenergy (or chemical energy)
Biological cycle: green plants synthesize organic matter animals
Environmental microbial decomposition
(The pink arrow indicates the flow of organic matter; the black arrow indicates the flow of inorganic matter)
The role of organisms in the geographical environment:
Promote the migration and movement of natural substances and chemical elements, and the flow and transformation of energy, thereby connecting the organic and inorganic worlds in the geographical environment.
Reforming the three major spheres, the earth's appearance has undergone fundamental changes, forming a geographical environment suitable for human survival
Changes in the composition of the atmosphere;
Land and water Changes in composition; green plants participate in the water cycle, improving land moisture conditions
The emergence of organisms accelerated rock weathering and promoted soil formation; sedimentary rocks are mostly formed with the participation of organisms
< p>Environmental benefits (varies by location):A purifies the air, regulates the climate, conserves water sources, conserves water and soil, prevents wind and fixes sand, thereby improving ecological conditions, protecting farmland and pastures, and ensuring stable and high yields in agriculture and animal husbandry. ;
B Urban green space has the functions of smoking dust removal, filtering air, reducing noise and beautifying the environment
The indicator effect of organisms on the environment
The impact of plant growth on the environment ( Among them, the influence of light, heat, and water on the climate is prominent), and it is highly dependent on the environment and adapts to the environment, so it has an obvious indication effect on the environment
Camel thorn - arid environment; lotus - water-wet environment;
"Jujube sprouts and cotton is planted" - the plant's indication of climate;
Petunia leaf damage - an indication of sulfur dioxide pollution