●War begins when you want it to, but it doesn't end when you're happy with it (Machiavelli)
●Anyone, including cowards, can start a war, but it is the consent of the victor that puts an end to it (Sallust)
Quotable quotes:
War is made of Burr as well as of gold (Ovid)
War seems to mean blood and iron. (Ovid)
War seems to mean blood and iron (Quintilian)
The prerequisites of war are: belligerence as the only virtue, and peacemaking as the only disgrace ---- (George Bernard Shaw)
Where there is a country, there is war (Burke)
Story: Floor: 1
[Idea Analysis]
Here is the war The Chinese idiom "退避三舍" alludes to the source
Some modern war stories are provided inside the answer
After Duke Wen of Jin assumed the throne, he reorganized his internal affairs, developed production, and gradually made the state of Jin strong. He also wanted to be a hegemon of the Central Plains like Duke Huan of Qi.
At this time, King Xiang of the Zhou Dynasty sent his men to ask for help. King Xiang had a half-brother named Tai Shu Dai, who united some ministers and borrowed troops from Di to seize the throne. King Xiang fled to Zheng with dozens of attendants. He issued an order asking the vassals to escort him back to Luoyi. Some of the lords sent people to console the son of heaven, and some sent food, but no one was willing to send troops to fight the Di people.
Some people said to King Xiang, "Among the vassals, only Qin and Jin have the power to repel the Di, and I am afraid that the others are useless." Only then did King Xiang send a messenger to ask Duke Wen of Jin to escort him back to his court.
At once Duke Wen of Jin sent his troops eastward to fight over the Di, defeated the Di, killed Tai Shu Belt and his gang, and escorted the Son of Heaven back to the capital.
After two years, another Duke Cheng of Song, son of Duke Xiang of Song, came to ask for help, saying that the state of Chu had sent a general, Cheng Deshen, to lead the troops of the five kingdoms of Chu, Chen, Cai, Zheng, and Xu to attack the state of Song. The ministers said, "Chu has always bullied the lords of the Central Plains, and it is high time for the Lord to help the countries in trouble and establish hegemony."
Duke Wen of Jin had long seen that to become the hegemon of the Central Plains, he had to defeat Chu. So he enlarged his ranks, built three armies, and marched off to the rescue of Song.
In 632 B.C.E., Jin's army defeated Cao and Wei, two small states that had submitted to Chu, and took the rulers of both states prisoner.
King Cheng of Chu did not want to fight with Duke Wen of Jin, and when he heard that Jin had sent troops, he immediately sent an order to Cheng Dechen to retreat. But Cheng Dechen thought that Song could be taken down sooner or later and refused to give up halfway. He sent his generals to say to King Cheng of Chu, "Though I dare not say that I will win the battle, I will still fight to the death."
King Cheng of Chu was so upset that he sent only a small number of troops under Cheng Dechen's command.
Cheng Dechen first sent men to inform the Jin army to release the rulers of Wei and Cao. Instead, Duke Wen of Jin secretly informed the two kingdoms that he promised to restore them to their throne, but asked them to break off diplomatic relations with Chu first. Cao and Wei really did what Duke Wen of Jin wanted them to do.
Cheng Dechen wanted to save these two countries, but they came to cut off diplomatic relations with Chu first. He was so angry that his feet jumped up and down. He yelled, "This is clearly what Chong Er, the old thief, forced them to do." He immediately ordered and urged his whole army to rush to the place where the Jin army was stationed.
As soon as the Chu army marched in, Duke Wen of Jin immediately ordered a retreat to the rear. Some of the generals in the Jin army could not think of anything else, saying, "Our commander-in-chief is the king of the country, and the other army is led by a minister, how can a king let a minister do that?"
Fox Yan explained: "The first thing to do in war is to have a reason, and the reason is strong. When the king of Chu once helped my lord, my lord promised in front of the king of Chu: If the two countries are at war, Jin is willing to retreat three times. Today, we are retreating in order to fulfill this promise. If we break our promise to Chu, then we are at a disadvantage. After we retreat, if they don't stop and press forward, then they have lost their reasoning, and it's not too late for us to fight them again."
The Jin army retreated ninety miles in one breath to Chengpu (southwest of present-day Jancheng in Shandong) before stopping and setting up their position.
Some of the generals of Chu wanted to stop their attack when they saw the Jin army retreating. However, Cheng Dechen refused to do so, and chased them step by step to Cheng Pu, facing the Jin army from a distance.
Cheng Dechen also sent a letter of war to Duke Wen of Jin, which was very arrogantly worded. Duke Wen of Jin also sent a man to reply, saying, "We have never dared to forget your country's favor, so we have retreated to this place. Now since you refuse to understand, we will have to compete on the battlefield."
The battle began. As soon as they were engaged, the general of Jin used two large banners and commanded his army to retreat backward in defeat. They were still dragging branches from the trees they had cut down behind their chariots, and as the chariots retreated, a cloud of dust rose up from the ground, making them appear to be in a great panic.
Cheng Dechen was always proud and arrogant, and did not take the Jin people seriously. He chased after them and was ambushed by the Jin army. The Jin army's elite center army rushed forward and cut off Cheng Dechen's army. The Jin army, which pretended to be defeated, came back and attacked the Chu army from front to back, killing them in pieces.
Duke Wen of Jin quickly ordered his men to drive the Chu army away and not to pursue them any further. Cheng Dechen was halfway back with his defeated army and, feeling that he could not explain himself to King Cheng of Chu, he committed suicide.
The Jin army occupied the Chu camp. They ate the food abandoned by the Chu army for three days before returning home in triumph.
News of Jin's defeat of Chu reached Luoyi, the capital of Zhou, and King Xiang and his ministers thought that Duke Wen of Jin had done a great service. King Xiang of Zhou even went to Trampling Earth (践土) (present-day Yuanyang, southwest of Henan Province, where Trampling is pronounced as jiàn) in person to console the Jin army. Duke Wen of Jin took this opportunity to build a new palace for the Son of Heaven in Tramples Land, and invited the vassals of various countries to hold an assembly and make a treaty. In this way, Duke Wen of Jin became the overlord of the Central Plains.
[Solution process]
"More Stories of Air Force One"
The United States is a superpower on earth, and it likes to use its economic, technological and military power to prove its super status in today's world. Because of the wealth, the U.S. President wherever he goes, as long as the use of "Air Force One" special aircraft, he has to raise a large number of people, talk about the grandeur and style. This kind of big money move to the western countries of the head of the brain can not be expected.
In late June and early July 1998, President Clinton paid a seven-day visit to China and Hong Kong. Clinton's entourage was vast, with as many as 1,200 officials and staff. In addition to First Lady Hillary, First Daughter Chelsea and her maternal grandmother, the entourage included six members of Congress, five Cabinet officials, senior officials such as the White House Chief of Staff, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the President's Press Secretary, as well as five stenographers, the First Lady's hair stylist, a doctor, and Secret Service personnel. No fewer than 400 U.S. journalists also flew to China from the mainland to cover the event.
"White House in flight" Clinton and his entourage and their traveling clothes need to use two Boeing 747 "Air Force One" special aircraft and several other passenger planes and transport planes to China. The White House shipped to China 60 tons of communications equipment, 10 bulletproof cars, at least two black security communications vehicles with the presidential motorcade, enough distilled water. The U.S. had wanted to move the entire White House to China, including the helicopter Clinton used to tour the Great Wall and visit Suzhou. For safety reasons, and because there was no such precedent in China, Clinton's helicopter was not put to use in China. Due to time constraints, he had to abandon his plan to visit Suzhou from Shanghai.
The U.S. "Air Force One" aircraft is known as the "White House in flight" or "White House in the air", where the White House facilities, "Air Force One", "Air Force One", "Air Force One", "Air Force One", "Air Force One", "Air Force One", "Air Force One", "Air Force One" and "Air Force One". "Air Force One" on almost all have. The current use of the two Boeing 747-200B "Air Force One" aircraft is President Reagan ordered by Boeing to manufacture, they were delivered in 199
1 years, at a cost of 4.1 billion U.S. dollars. After President Bush took over the two planes, he downgraded the two outdated Air Force One planes to Air Force Two planes for Vice President Quayle's use.
The newest "Air Force One" aircraft, numbered VC-25A, has a range of more than 10,000 kilometers and can be refueled in the air when needed. The plane's first-class cabin is equipped with an office for the president, a bedroom with a dresser, a toilet and a shower. The airplane also has a conference room, computer workstations, as well as medical facilities and six lavatories. With 85 simultaneous telephones on board, members of the delegation will be able to keep in touch with the White House and government departments at all times. The plane can carry 70 passengers, including the president, three pilots and more than 20 crew members.
"Air Force One" special aircraft is in fact two mandarin ducks aircraft, as long as the president of the main body to fly to where, the backup aircraft will follow where. If the host mechanical failure, the president can always switch to the spare plane. When the President of the United States visits abroad, there is at least 1 National Intelligence Agency communications aircraft accompanied by the purpose is to monitor the possible incoming missile airwaves. In addition, there are two presidential helicopters, a number of "Hercules" military transport aircraft, as well as 10 bulletproof cars accompany. The Lincoln premium bulletproof cars cost more than half a million dollars each.
Large U.S. presidential delegation to visit, to some weak economic strength of the developing countries of the reception of the work has brought a lot of trouble. 1994 November, President Clinton to participate in the second Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation informal meeting of leaders in Jakarta, Jakarta, Halim Domestic Airport can only park President Clinton's plane and helicopters as well as a few "Hercules" transport aircraft, and several other U.S. aircraft had to be parked in Singapore, Hong Kong and Guam on standby during free time.
In March 1998, President Clinton traveled to six African countries. It was the first time in more than 20 years that a U.S. president had visited this long-neglected region of the U.S., and the U.S. attached great importance to it from top to bottom. The business community sent a lot of representatives to visit with the delegation, hoping to use Clinton's visit to open the door for U.S. investment in Africa. Accra, the capital of Ghana, does not have modern hotels and other facilities, and it was quite difficult to receive President Clinton's 1,000 entourage. The U.S. personnel therefore had to be in Ghana in a slapdash manner, the same day to the same day to leave, can not stay overnight there.
"Air Force One" is impervious to attack, considering that the United States has too many enemies in the world, the President of the United States may be the primary target of international terrorism, the United States "Air Force One" special aircraft, in addition to those basic facilities at the beginning of this article, there are the world's most advanced anti-missile defense system. There is also the world's most advanced anti-missile system. Air defense personnel sitting in front of the workstation equipped with a variety of electronic displays and screens, can monitor all the space around the aircraft. Once a missile attack is detected, they immediately activate several electronic jamming systems to induce the missile to change direction, thus ensuring the safety of "Air Force One".
When President Reagan ordered the Boeing 747 "Air Force One," the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union had not yet ended, and the world was at risk of nuclear war. Boeing therefore in the design of "Air Force One" special aircraft, the fuselage was "reinforced". Ordinary Boeing 747 passenger aircraft have 147,828 meters of wires, while "Air Force One" on the wire as long as 365,700 meters. These facilities would protect against an electromagnetic pulse in the event of a possible nuclear war. In addition, when "Air Force One" landed on the runway and taxied, the President and members of the delegation could observe the welcoming crowds at the airport through satellite television. Once the plane is parked, it can serve as a communications command center for the president and his delegation.
What are the total annual flight and maintenance expenses*** for Air Force One? We have not noticed any reports on this in recent years, but Williams, the U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Relations, disclosed in 1992 that in the fiscal year of 1991 (until the end of September each year), the two "Air Force One" aircraft flew 800 hours, and the cost of fuel, crew costs and ground maintenance and repair costs amounted to 3,350 dollars. and ground maintenance and repair costs of $ 33.5 million, an average cost of $ 42,000 per hour, the annual cost of $ 185 million.
The U.S. president's annual travel budget is only $7.5 million, not enough for a driver's annual salary, how can the president afford such a large expenditure? In fact, the U.S. President by "Air Force One" travel costs are borne by the Pentagon, the expenses are not small. The U.S. President in the use of special aircraft, party and government separation, if for party business and canvassing by "Air Force One" special aircraft in the domestic visit, all expenses borne by their own political parties, otherwise it will be the opposition party to seize the handle to attack.
Because of the fear of kidnapping by terrorists, the president's family and the White House senior officials sometimes use "Air Force One" aircraft or presidential helicopters for personal matters, this kind of thing as long as the U.S. news media to find out after the poke out, the relevant personnel will be unable to eat, some had to pay for their own money afterward, and some were relieved of their duties. position. This sort of thing happened during Clinton's term. When President Clinton's daughter Chelsea went to Stanford University on the West Coast on Sept. 19, 1997, the Clintons found an opportunity to drop her off on a business trip, which was justified, and Americans had no complaints about this public-private balance.
"Air Force One" anecdotes
The "Air Force One" is a long story. It's certainly an honor to be a crew member on Air Force One, but it's very hard work. Some crew members said that some of the president's high requirements, some of the first lady is very picky not good service, as long as they open their mouths, you have to do it right away, otherwise they will give you a look. These crew members lamented that serving the president would make them grow old faster.
On one occasion, President Johnson, en route to Texas, suddenly had to drink DIETROOT beer. "Air Force One" special plane there were more than 10 cans of such beer. The crew saw that the President liked to drink this kind of alcohol, they also followed the drink. After a while, Johnson still want to drink, but all the beer on the plane was drunk. Johnson growled and cursed, and he ordered the crew chief to purchase 8,700 cases of DIETROOT beer to be stored on the plane. The chief steward later bought only eight cases of the beer to put on the plane, but Johnson never mentioned drinking it again.
President Johnson not only liked to drink, but also had a lot of foul language. According to U.S. best-selling author Ronald Kessler in the "White House Insider" book revealed: once Johnson boarded the "Air Force One", in the cabin entrance looked down at the crowd still in the send-off, he said with a smile: you dumb son of a bitch, I pissed to let you look at themselves.
Johnson, who hails from the South, had a habit of stripping down to his shorts and socks as soon as he got on a plane in the summer, regardless of whether there were women in the area. On one occasion, the crew found him naked sitting with his daughter, first lady Leddy Bird, next to his female secretary. As a result, Kessler said, the flight attendants called President Johnson "BULLNUTS" behind his back.
President Nixon's administration, the White House purchased a new Boeing 707 as "Air Force One" special aircraft. Haldeman, the White House chief of staff, asked for more carpeting, seating, and small rooms on the plane. He put himself and other key advisers next to President Nixon, and first lady Pat's room in the rear cabin. When Pat returned from California to Washington for her first ride on the new Air Force One, she vented her frustration with a sarcastic remark: It's a nice airplane, but I'll never fly on it again.
The first lady's words reached the ears of Chief of Staff Haldeman, who felt very uneasy because he put himself between the president and the first lady as the villain. He immediately went to the plane and inspected it and realized that it would indeed be inconvenient if First Lady Pat had to greet her husband. The First Lady, of course, was not happy to be treated with such neglect. Holderman immediately asked Boeing to re-model the interior and arrange Pat's small room in the front cabin as well. The modifications cost a whopping $2 million, paid for, of course, by the Department of Defense.
"Air Force One" has its faults
The pilots who fly Air Force One are among the best in the United States, and they are skilled, experienced and resilient. But ride "Air Force One" can not be said to be 100% safe and secure. late February 1998, President Clinton to visit the Midwest, "Air Force One" aircraft in the landing because of rain runway slippery, the plane out of the runway into the mud puddle can not move! President Clinton had to switch to a spare Air Force One that day.
May 15, 1999, when President Clinton took the "Air Force One" at Los Angeles International Airport landed to 3,000 meters, the cabin's automatic warning system suddenly alarms, the atmosphere in the cabin suddenly tense. Pilot found more than 300 meters from the aircraft below a small flight in the opposite direction. The pilot immediately pulled the plane upward, sending many standing passengers tumbling into their seats and leaving the cabin littered with cups and plates.
In a scary twist, Air Force One was also the subject of a bomb scare when, on Nov. 20, 1999, President Clinton flew Air Force One to Italy after an adventurous 22-hour visit to Greece. After the plane took to the skies, the crew received a bomb threat, claiming there was a bomb on board. The White House Secret Service immediately conducted a security check of the hand luggage of all passengers on board, and people turned pale and their hearts jumped out of their throats at the horrific news. The inspection turned out to be a false alarm.
A new century has dawned, and by the day the new U.S. president is sworn in on Jan. 20, 2001, the outgoing President Clinton will bid farewell to the White House. If he decides to fly to his new home in New York in a special plane, the plane will still be the same, but it will no longer be called "Air Force One", but will be temporarily renamed "Special Mission 28000".
The outgoing president took his last ride on the plane, and the atmosphere on board was very different from that of the past. Those who are usually accustomed to give orders to the officials, at this moment looking at the White House, close to see their own loyalty to serve for several years master, all tearful, mixed feelings, especially complex emotions.
Top Ten Classic Battles of the Twentieth Century
The twentieth century is the most important milestone in the history of the development of warfare. In the coordinates of the history of war, mankind has gone from mechanized war to high-tech war and information war. As an important part of the war battle, also from the land, sea to the sky, space, from the tangible battlefield to the invisible space. Uncountable battles, air battles, sea battles, landing battles and so on constitute the main content of battles in the era of mechanized war, thousands of aircraft bombing, hundreds of ships gathering, thousands of tanks, millions of people in the army killed to become its typical picture. The word "big" can be said to be the most fundamental characteristic of the battles in this era. 60s and 70s after the rise of the new technological revolution, the war towards the direction of informationization. Although near the end of the century, the war is still in the transition period from mechanization to informationization, but in the Gulf War, Kosovo War and other high-tech wars, still shows the land, sea, air, space, electricity, all-dimensional three-dimensional combat battle characteristics of the era of information technology and high efficiency, low consumption, precision, sensitivity, instant and other characteristics of the battle. With the increasingly complete means of communication, command, control, and combat, some tactical and battle behavior can often achieve strategic objectives, and the boundaries between strategy, battle, and tactics are more difficult to distinguish, and the outline of the battle level in the war is becoming increasingly blurred. Even so, in the 20th century, there are still many battles like a little star in the night sky, glittering.
These are just a few!