(EarZhao190921) There are two commonly used artificial organs in otology, one is the artificial hearing bone and the other is the cochlear implant.
Compared to the cochlear implant, the artificial hearing bone has a simpler structure and is made to mimic the human hearing bone, which can partially or completely replace the damaged autologous hearing bone to make up for the loss of the middle ear's sound transmission function. Artificial auditory ossicles are suitable for patients with damaged auditory ossicles but normal inner ear function.
A cochlear implant is a complex electronic device that is surgically implanted in the inner ear and converts sound from the outside world into electrical signals that are transmitted directly to the auditory nerve. Cochlear implants are suitable for patients who have damaged cochlear function but still have function in the auditory nerve.
The two types of cochlear implants mentioned earlier are relatively mature, and the main constraints on their development are the limited number of doctors skilled in their operation and their high price. In addition, the auditory brainstem implant is a further technology than the cochlear implant, which can connect the hearing aid device directly to the auditory center of the brainstem, and has already been realized in China is the success of the human operation, but still need to accumulate experience.
At present, the heart, kidneys, liver can be utilized " artificial organs ", but are used as a temporary means of life preservation, in order to wait for access to the matching of suitable donor organs, if you want to ensure that the patient has a high quality of life, it is best to use human organs.
The human body appears to be a whole, but in fact modern human medical technology has been able to ensure that the human body in the absence of most of the organs can still survive for a period of time, only to rely on peripheral equipment to replace the original function of the human body, which will seriously affect the patient's quality of life. Some organs in the human body in the early development of more important, in adulthood, functionality is reduced, such as the gallbladder, spleen and other organs, the former is mainly to store bile, but bile directly into the intestinal tract can also be, the latter in the human juvenile blood, immunity, etc., there are also some of the adult retained, but the important function of blood and other important functions is to rely on the bone marrow in the flat bone, these organs, if there are recurring attacks of the disease, the treatment of removal of the important means, so in some diseases, the body can still survive for a period of time. In some diseases, it is usually a direct removal, and the stomach, intestines, liver, after the removal of some or even most of the organs, people can rely on the residual organs to compensate for the impact on the human body has a greater or lesser.
Artificial organs or tissues now have a variety of human function is relatively not very important tissues such as the femoral head, meniscus, etc. can be directly replaced with artificial materials made of substitutes, as well as the use of biomaterials such as pig cornea or heart valves to create artificial corneas or valves, the transplantation of the human body after the occurrence of immune rejection of a much lower incidence, but also can be quite a good alternative to the original tissue function, use of a decade or so, not to say that the original tissue, but also the use of the cornea or valve, and the use of artificial materials. The function of the original tissue can be replaced quite well, and it is not a problem to use it for ten years or so, which has been widely used in the clinic, and the substitutability of this kind of tissues is relatively high.
Artificial organ research has begun in the 1950s, there is no real alternative to the original organs of the human body of artificial organs, artificial heart is a pump, instead of the heart to promote the circulation of blood in the body; liver and kidneys in the body's main role in metabolism, so that the environment within the body to maintain stability, artificial kidneys, artificial livers, artificial kidney more than the use of peripheral equipment to remove the metabolic wastes in the blood, the original organ of the blood, the blood of the body's metabolism, the blood of the body's metabolism, the blood of the body's metabolic wastes, the blood of the body's metabolic wastes. Metabolic waste in the blood, the original organs of the endocrine function, you can rely on the organ residual tissue fluid can rely on the injection or input of drugs, that is, hemodialysis, dialysis equipment is bulky and bulky and more expensive, can only go to the hospital on a regular basis to do. The main role of this type of artificial organs is to replace part of the function of the body's original organs, for patients with certain diseases to fight for a long enough time to wait for the matching of the right organ, the application of these devices, although it can save lives, but will make the patient's quality of life seriously affected.
In the long run, it seems likely that artificial organs made from biological material will have a wider application, with the promise of completely replacing the body's original organs. At present, part of the purpose of stem cell research is to use the multiple differentiation ability of stem cells to cultivate human tissues or organs to achieve the purpose of treating diseases, and there is still a long way to go.
Nowadays, medicine has made tremendous progress, and many diseases that we simply could not treat before are now able to be treated with artificial organs.
1. The most used, widely applied, and technologically mature is the artificial joint
The emergence of artificial joints has brought good news to many patients with hip necrosis. In the past, many people, because of femoral head necrosis, disabled in bed, now have artificial hip joints, so that they can walk again.
2. Artificial heart
Artificial heart, solves the problem of insufficient donor for heart transplant. The heart is a non-stop pump that pumps blood to every organ in the body. However, the heart is also a very complex organ. Our country has made great progress in the artificial heart, ranking in the world's advanced position.
3. Artificial arm
This is the black technology, through the implantation of sensors into the brain, through the brain electrical activity, control of mechanical arm. This has been a boon for paralyzed patients. Now this technology has not been fully rolled out, however, in experiments, the robotic arm has been able to operate the mouse and complete very fine activities.
4. Artificial pancreas
Equivalent to the implantation of the body of an insulin pump, able to more human blood glucose, automatically regulate the amount of insulin injections, so as to control the body's blood glucose
In the past, due to the social unrest, wars, diseases, and other factors, resulting in the damage to people's body organs, coupled with the backwardness of the level of technology and medical care, resulting in the people's disease, organ damage can not be well treated. The organ damage can't get good treatment. However, since the new century, with the continuous development of science and technology, people's medical level of progress, those troubled people's diseases and organ damage can be well treated. This has to mention artificial organs.
Artificial organs are made by scientists through the simulation of the structure and function of human organs, the use of special artificial materials made of artificial organs to replace the human body to work on the damaged organs. In fact, there are now many artificial organs, we introduce a few more common artificial organs.
1. Dentures
Dentures are the most common artificial organs, most of the middle-aged and elderly more or less inlaid with a few dentures. As age increases, some organs of the human body will deteriorate with age, and teeth will gradually fall off, chewing food will be affected. Dentures are then necessary. Dentures are generally made of resin, ceramic, and metal.
2. Prosthetics
Prosthetics are also known as prosthetic legs and arms. Due to accidents caused by different factors, people can't recover from limb injuries and become disabled. The prosthetic limbs are fitted with a pneumatic device, hydraulic device or spring device to assist the disabled person to carry out activities. Nowadays, prosthetic limbs are usually made of titanium alloy or carbon fiber.
3. Hearing aids
Hearing aids are used to help people with hearing impairments to amplify sound to obtain sound. It is installed in the ear, just like our common headphones. It is from the sound vibration signal into an electrical signal, through the amplifier to amplify the sound and then transmitted to the human ear.
In fact, there are many artificial organs, now it seems that in addition to the brain, all human organs can be replaced by artificial organs. Just some artificial organs, such as the artificial heart, artificial liver in the transplantation of technology is not yet mature, is still in the continuous attempt. With the development of technology, the human body may be more mechanized.
In addition to the cranium of the temporary or God to take over, the other are in the breakthrough, including internal organs, blood vessels, bones, but the mature can reach the human biological performance should not be, even if the technology is relatively mature dental implants results in better performance than God made.
There are three types of artificial organs, mechanical artificial organs, semi-mechanical artificial organs, and biological artificial organs.
Currently, most parts of the body, such as the heart, lungs, skin, kidneys, liver and so on, can be replaced by artificial organs. But only the artificial heart can be installed into the body for a long time instead of the disease.
In the human organ disease, the need for a new organ to replace, this time can be transplanted living organs, but living organs from rare sources, prone to rejection, modern medicine found that living organ transplants may cause harm to the human body. And artificial organs alleviate this situation to a large extent.
A mechanical artificial organ is an organ that is completely imitated with a polymer material that is not biologically active, with the help of a battery to power the organ. Currently, Japanese scientists have developed artificial skin and artificial blood vessels using nanotechnology.
Semi-mechanical, semi-biological artificial organs are a combination of electronics and biotechnology. In Germany, there have been eight patients with liver failure to receive an artificial liver transplant, this artificial liver will be human living tissue, artificial tissue, chips and micro-motors wonderfully combined together. It is expected that this bionic organ will be widely used in the next decade.
Biological artificial organs is the use of animal cells or tissues, "manufacturing" a number of biologically active organs or tissues. Biological artificial organs can be divided into allogeneic artificial organs and autologous artificial organs. For example, in pigs, rats, dogs, etc. to cultivate human organs in the body of the test has been successful; and autologous artificial organs is the use of the patient's own cells or tissues to cultivate human organs.
The first two types of artificial organs and allogeneic artificial organs, after transplantation, will make the patient rejection, so the scientists' ultimate goal is that patients are able to use autologous artificial organs.