Integrated prevention and control measures
Schools are a special part of society and a place where susceptible people are concentrated. Infectious diseases in schools, like in society, are obviously seasonal. Respiratory infectious diseases are prevalent in winter and spring, while intestinal infectious diseases predominate in summer and fall. At the same time, the occurrence of infectious diseases in schools has a close relationship with winter and summer vacations. The occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases in schools accompanied by the opening of schools twice after the winter and summer vacations not only coincide with the seasonal prevalence of infectious diseases in the society, but also, more importantly, the mobility and activities of students visiting friends and relatives during the winter and summer vacations may bring infectious diseases from outside the country to the local area, and then bring them into the schools with the opening of the school year. Spread in schools through close contact between students. Understand the seasonal characteristics of infectious diseases in schools, grasp the spring and fall of the second opening of the infectious disease prevention and control work, the management of infectious diseases in schools has a pivotal role.
School measures to prevent infectious diseases include:
(a) publicity and education
1, for different seasons of infectious diseases, the school should carry out a variety of forms of publicity and education on the prevention of infectious disease knowledge, to improve the teachers and staff of public **** hygiene and self-protection ability.
2, the use of parent-teacher conferences, parent schools and other forms of publicity and education to parents to prevent infectious diseases, to obtain the cooperation and support of parents.
(II) Management measures
1. Adhere to the morning inspection system. The school nurse should guide the school's morning inspection, carefully observe and inquire about students' health conditions. Timely fill in the "school students sick leave and illness record form".
2, the school should organize teachers and students to participate in various forms of outdoor sports, to ensure that students one hour of physical exercise time every day, and urge students to go outdoors between classes to breathe fresh air and enhance physical fitness.
3, the schools should create conditions for students to provide enough taps and soap and other hand-washing facilities and equipment, to solve the problem of student hand-washing.
4, schools should take measures to allow students to drink drinking water that meets hygiene requirements.
5, the establishment of a disinfection system, regular ventilation and disinfection of classrooms, dormitories and other places of student activities.
6, the establishment of infectious disease outbreak reporting system, the school must determine 1-3 infectious disease outbreak reporting responsibility.
7, carry out patriotic hygiene campaign, keep the school environment clean, no hygiene dead ends on campus.
8, strict control of all kinds of infectious diseases, isolation time, students suffering from infectious diseases return to school, must provide a physician issued a certificate of non-infectious. Teachers and employees are the same.
(C) the emergency treatment of infectious disease outbreaks.
1. Once the school found a patient with infectious disease to take timely isolation measures, the responsibility of the reporter to promptly report to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Zhijiang City. Do early detection, early reporting, early isolation, early treatment.
2. In the event of a major infectious disease outbreak, mass unexplained diseases, the following measures should be taken:
1) School teachers and students and staff must take the necessary protective measures, issue the necessary protective equipment, and monitor body temperature.
(2) Ventilation and disinfection should be strengthened in all studios where teachers and students live, and in places where crowds are concentrated.
(3) Educate teachers and students to increase the time of outdoor activities, pay attention to the combination of work and rest, and enhance the resistance of the body.
(4) Once the epidemic occurred, the school to implement closed management, strict control of outsiders into the campus.
5 (5) from the infectious disease infected area to return home, if necessary, according to the relevant laws and regulations on their isolation for medical observation.
Knowledge of common school infectious diseases
A Chickenpox
Chickenpox is a common and frequent infectious disease in children, caused by varicella zoster virus, which can produce recurrent and persistent latent infections without clinical symptoms. It is clinically characterized by pruritic blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. It is one of the major infectious diseases of children in developing countries, seriously threatening children's health, and varicella vaccination is an effective measure to prevent this infectious disease.
Epidemiology
This disease occurs in winter and early spring, 90% of children under 10 years of age, the peak is 6 to 9 years old, but can also occur at any age, including neonatal period. Through direct contact, droplet, airborne transmission. The virus disappears after chickenpox crusting, so the infectious period is about 7-8 days from 24 hours before the rash to the crusting of lesions. Incubation period of 11 ~ 21 days, generally about 14 days.
Chickenpox virus through the mouth, nose invasion of the human body, first in the upper respiratory tract proliferation, and then invade the blood, resulting in viremia, causing skin and endothelial damage and disease.
Complications
Chickenpox individual cases of lesions can involve the lungs, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, adrenal glands, pancreas, etc., causing localized congestion, hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration and focal necrosis. Inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, focal necrosis, and fibrous changes can occur in ganglia involved in herpes zoster.
(I) Secondary skin infections: the most common, such as impetigo, cellulitis.
(ii) Thrombocytopenia: often with bleeding from skin and mucous membranes, and in severe cases with internal bleeding, including adrenal hemorrhage, with a poor prognosis.
(3) Varicella pneumonia: uncommon in children, rapid clinical recovery, X-ray changes often last 6 to 12 weeks, occasional deaths have been reported.
(4) Myocarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis, hepatitis, glomerulonephritis, arthritis, and orchitis have been reported in a few cases; laryngeal injury can cause edema, and in severe cases, respiratory distress.
(E) neurological: encephalitis often appears a few days after the rash, presenting cerebellar symptoms, such as **** Chiropractic disorder, nystagmus, tremor, etc. than the emergence of convulsions and coma and other cerebral symptoms of the prognosis for the better. Sequelae such as epilepsy, mental retardation and behavioral disorders are present in 15% of survivors. Other neurologic comorbidities include Gerba syndrome, transverse myelitis, facial nerve paralysis, optic neuritis with transient vision loss, and hypothalamic syndrome, etc. Reye's syndrome occurs in 10% of cases after chickenpox.
Prevention
(a) for the use of high doses of hormones, impaired immune function and malignant disease, in the exposure to chickenpox within 72 hours of varicella can be given chickenpox a herpes zoster immunoglobulin can play a role in top defense. Termination of pregnancy is the best option for susceptible pregnant women who develop chickenpox in early pregnancy.
(2) the use of live attenuated varicella vaccine: few side effects, immediately after exposure to chickenpox can be given to prevent, even if the disease is also very mild, so the use of hormones or malignant disease in children exposed to chickenpox should be injected.
(3) control the source of infection: the patient must be isolated until the rash is all knot idiots. Child care institutions in contact with susceptible persons should be quarantined for 3 weeks.
Two mumps
Mumps is an acute respiratory infection caused by the mumps virus. It occurs mainly in children and adolescents. The main clinical manifestations are fever and pain in the parotid gland. In addition to invading the parotid gland, it can also invade other organs, causing meningitis (about 8%), orchitis (about 6%), ovarian inflammation (about 5%), pancreatitis (about 10%).
Epidemiology
Mumps can occur throughout the year, but mainly in winter and spring. Epidemics can sometimes occur, preferably in crowded places, such as kindergartens, schools, group quarters and military camps. The disease affects mainly children and adolescents, and infants under 1 year of age are less likely to develop the disease because of the presence of maternally acquired antibodies. The majority of patients are children under 14 years of age, but the disease can also occur in adults. There is no gender difference in children, but the disease develops more often in males than females after puberty.
Complications
Mumps is not a terrible disease, but its complications are.
I. Testiculitis: Older children and frail children are prone to complications of testicular inflammation. Often one or both testicles are enlarged and painful. If the treatment is not timely testicular atrophy and cause azoospermia, so no childbearing.
Two, ovarian inflammation: children over 10 years old are prone to ovarian inflammation. Symptoms are small abdominal and lumbosacral pain, generalized weakness, fever is heavier up to 39 ℃ or more. Treatment is not timely, infertility after marriage.
Third, thyroiditis: a small number of children with neck swelling and pain, rapid heartbeat, hyperphagia symptoms.
Fourth, meningoencephalitis: in the parotid gland swelling a week after the appearance of drowsiness, vomiting, headache, neck straightening, fever of 39 ℃ or more, usually no convulsions, head CT examination without significant changes.
There are also very few children with complications of myelitis, myocarditis, mastitis, pancreatitis, auditory neuritis, facial neuritis, olfactory neuritis and so on.
Prevention
1, in the children's collective institutions or crowded places are prone to form an epidemic, and therefore should be less to go to the public **** place.
2, pay attention to indoor ventilation, keep the air fresh, to ensure that children sleep enough.
3, anorexia is easy to treat early to enhance their own immunity.
4, you can take Chinese medicine Banlangen punch, served for three days.
5, in recent years at home and abroad began to use live attenuated vaccine intradermal or subcutaneous injection, or nasal and oral spray, 90% of people can produce antibodies, so it is one of the most reliable preventive measures.
6. Once mumps is detected, it must be isolated immediately to avoid transmission to other students.
Three Measles
Measles is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the measles virus, characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctival congestion, oral mucous membrane rash (Koplik'sspots) and maculopapular rash all over the body, and can often be complicated with pneumonia, which can jeopardize the lives of infants and children.
Epidemiology
Measles is transmitted through the respiratory droplet route, the patient is the only source of infection, measles is highly contagious, the infectious period is generally 5 days before the rash to 5 days after the rash, there is a latent period of the seventh day of the already infectious, but with the end of the latent period to the rash after 1, 2 days of the strongest infectious. If the patient is complicated by pneumonia, the infectiousness can be extended to 10 days after the rash. Indirect infection through clothing, utensils, etc. is rare.
Prevalent in winter and spring, other seasons also have scattered occurrence. People who have not had measles and have not been vaccinated against measles are generally susceptible, especially children aged 6 months to 5 years have the highest incidence (90%). In recent years, the incidence in adults has been increasing. After the disease can obtain lasting immunity, the second attack is rare.
Measles is generally a regional epidemic, in areas without universal vaccination, when the susceptible person accumulates to more than 40%, in the concentration of the population in large cities can occur in a pandemic, about every 2 to 3 years, while the population dispersed in rural areas with poor transportation, border areas, mountainous areas, the interval is longer. Measles is highly contagious, and patients *** living with susceptible people (in the same family or child care institutions) almost 90% can be infected. The season of onset is winter and spring, but it can be seen all year round. There is no difference between men and women. Long-lasting immunity is acquired after the disease, and a second illness is rare.
Complications
(1) Pneumonia: Secondary pneumonia is common at all stages of the disease, but is more common during the rash. Complicated pneumonia when the systemic symptoms are aggravated, the body temperature continues to rise, often complicated by pus thorax, pus pneumothorax, myocarditis, heart failure and circulatory failure. If the course of the disease is prolonged, it can cause bronchiectasis. Severe pneumonia is the main cause of measles death.
(2) laryngitis: measles patients often accompanied by mild laryngitis. Severe laryngitis is mostly combined with bacterial or other viral infections, then there is increased hoarseness. If not treated in time, tracheal intubation or tracheotomy, it can rapidly develop to third-degree laryngeal obstruction and asphyxiation.
(C) myocarditis, cardiac insufficiency: severe measles due to high fever, severe symptoms of poisoning, can affect myocardial function, especially in malnourished children and complications of pneumonia, the virus critical.
(4) encephalitis: measles complicates central nervous system lesions more than other rash diseases, the incidence rate is about 1‰～2‰. Most of the disease is critical, and can be left with tonic paralysis, mental retardation, blindness and other sequelae.
Subacute sclerosing encephalitis: this is a kind of distant complication of measles, belongs to subacute progressive encephalitis, the incidence rate is about 1～4/million. The total course of the disease is about one year or more, which can be as short as half a year and as long as 6-7 years. The final death is due to malnutrition, cachexia and secondary infections.
(E) Other: stomatitis, otitis media, mastoiditis, mostly bacterial secondary infection. Often due to chronic diarrhea, improper care, food taboos and other causes of malnutrition and various vitamin deficiencies. The original tuberculosis foci may spread and deteriorate, and cornual tuberculosis or tuberculous meningitis may occur. Measles is also prone to pertussis, chickenpox and other infections.
Prevention
(A) automatic immunization: susceptible people should be vaccinated with live attenuated measles vaccine. China is currently scheduled for the initial vaccination at 8 months, 4 years old, 6 years old, each reinforced once.
(2) passive immunization: young and weak and sick people such as contact with measles patients, passive immunization within 5 days can be exempted from the onset of the disease, 5 to 9 days to carry out can only reduce the disease. The passive immunity can only be maintained for 3~4 weeks, after 3 weeks and contact with measles patients need to be injected again.
(3) comprehensive preventive measures: the discovery of measles patients should be immediately for the epidemic report, and entertained respiratory isolation to 5 days after the rash, with complications extended to 10 days. Where contact with the patient's susceptible children should be quarantined for 3 weeks, and according to the situation to give automatic immunization or passive immunization, those who receive immunization preparations, should extend the quarantine to 4 weeks. During the period of measles epidemic, should vigorously publicize the patients do not go out, medicine sent to the door, susceptible children do not suffer from the door, collective institutions to strengthen the morning inspection, the suspected should be isolated for observation.
Four influenza
Influenza (referred to as influenza) is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza virus. It is a worldwide infectious disease that mankind has not yet been able to effectively control, and it is also one of the key infectious diseases to be prevented and treated in China. It is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza virus, extremely contagious, fast spreading, prone to large-scale epidemics, and even a worldwide pandemic.
Epidemiology
Influenza is spread by droplet transmission, occurring in winter and spring seasons, often forming local or large-scale epidemics as its main feature. The disease is highly transmissible and is prone to pulmonary infections. Influenza patients are the main source of infection, since the incubation period is infectious. Within 3 days of the onset of the most contagious, lightweight patients in the spread of the significance.
Influenza epidemics are characterized by sudden onset, high morbidity, rapid spread, epidemic process is short, but can recur many times.
Because influenza viruses change so rapidly and are known as "viruses with a thousand faces," influenza is an unchanging disease caused by a constantly mutating virus, and it is a highly contagious and rapidly spreading disease that knows no borders.
Complications
Many people think the flu is a minor illness and ignore it, but it kills countless people every year. If the influenza virus invades the organs, it can lead to serious complications, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, congestive heart failure, gastroenteritis, fainting, hallucinations, etc. The consequences are very serious.
Prevention
Because influenza is a viral infection, there is no specific treatment, so preventive measures are very important. The main preventive measures include:
(a) Maintaining good personal and environmental hygiene.
(2) Wash your hands frequently, use soap or hand sanitizer and wash your hands with running water, and don't wipe your hands with a dirty towel. Hands should be washed immediately after contact with respiratory secretions (e.g. after sneezing).
(3) Cover your nose and mouth with a handkerchief or tissue when you sneeze or cough to avoid contaminating others with droplets. Influenza patients should wear masks at home or when going out to avoid infecting others.
(4) Eat a balanced diet, exercise moderately, get enough rest, and avoid excessive fatigue.
(5) Open the windows several times a day to ventilate the room (in winter, avoid the wind), and keep the indoor air fresh.
(6) During the period of high flu incidence, try not to go to crowded places where the air is dirty; if you have to go, it is better to wear a mask.
(7) Influenza vaccination is recognized worldwide as an effective way to prevent influenza. The immunization of influenza vaccine is more and more highly valued by all countries, and it has been proved that immunoprophylaxis is an important measure and means to reduce the harm of influenza, and influenza vaccination is an effective way to prevent influenza for high-risk groups and susceptible people.
Related Links
☆At present, the world recognized four influenza pandemics: the first 1918-1919 "Spanish flu" (the first place in France, the world is estimated to be about 700 million morbidities, the number of deaths of 21 million, the deaths than the total number of casualties of the First World War is more than the total number of people killed by the First World War, known as the largest pandemic in the history of modern mankind, and the most important pandemic in the world. known as one of the largest epidemics in the modern history of mankind); the second 1957-1958 "Asian influenza" (the first place in the western part of Guizhou, China, the incidence rate is particularly high, resulting in the death of nearly 1 million people around the world, the United States of America, about 69,800 people died in the pandemic); the third 1968-1969 "Hong Kong Influenza" (the first place in Hong Kong, the incidence rate of about 30%, the United States about 33,800 people died in the pandemic); the fourth in 1977, "Russian Influenza" (the first place in the northeastern part of China; the incidence of the disease to the under 20 years old (Primary and secondary school students mainly).
☆☆In order to prevent the occurrence of influenza pandemic in our country, the party and the government attaches great importance to the October 2005, the Ministry of Health issued a special "Influenza Prevention and Control Knowledge", "Ministry of Health to deal with influenza pandemic preparedness plan and emergency response plan (for trial use)", the Department of Health of the Hubei Provincial Department of Health has also issued a "on the prevention and control of key infectious diseases and do a good job in the work of the relief and prevention of the circular". According to the notice, "medical and health institutions at all levels should vaccinate their medical staff against influenza, while encouraging public officials to vaccinate themselves against influenza" and "organize the voluntary vaccination of influenza vaccine".
☆☆ Zhong Nanshan:If the two viruses of influenza and avian influenza mix, and then evolve into a human-to-human virus, it will be a disaster for mankind!
V Viral hepatitis
is an infectious disease caused by a variety of hepatitis viruses, with a strong infectious, complex transmission routes, wide prevalence, higher incidence rate and other characteristics. It can be divided into five types of hepatitis A, B, C, D, E. The hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses are the most common viruses in the world. Among them, the infection rate of hepatitis A and B is higher. Hepatitis B virus carrier rate is 10.09%.
The main manifestations are weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, hepatomegaly and liver function damage, some patients may have jaundice and fever, hidden infection is more common.
China is a hepatitis country, the number of viral hepatitis ranked first in the legal management of infectious diseases, only the chronic hepatitis B virus infected people reached 120 million.
Epidemiology
1, Hepatitis A infectious source of acute patients and infected, highly infectious, through the digestive tract that is fecal-oral infection. It is highly contagious and is transmitted through the digestive tract, i.e., fecal-oral. Hepatitis A patients from the end of incubation to the onset of 10 days after the maximum contagious, jaundice 20 days after the beginning of non-contagious. It occurs mainly in children and adolescents.
2, hepatitis B infectious source of acute and chronic hepatitis patients are virus carriers. The main ways of transmission are medical, wound infection and vertical transmission from mother to child. Acute patients from the end of the incubation period to the onset of 66 to 144 days after the onset of their blood are infectious. Hepatitis B occurs more often in young adults aged 20 to 40 years.
3, hepatitis C is mainly through blood transfusion, blood products and wound infection. Hepatitis D has the same route of transmission as hepatitis B. Hepatitis E is mainly transmitted through blood transfusion, blood products and wounds. The source of hepatitis E is mainly the patient's fecal contamination of water or food. The incidence of hepatitis C and E is more common in adults.
Complications
Hepatitis is a systemic disease, the virus not only invades the liver, but also other organs, such as kidneys, pancreas, bone marrow, and thyroid gland. Common complications include arthritis (12%-27%), glomerulonephritis (26.5%), and polyarteritis nodosa. Rare complications include diabetes mellitus, fatty liver, aplastic anemia, polyneuritis, pleurisy, myocarditis and pericarditis, etc., of which diabetes mellitus and fatty liver are particularly important. A small number of patients may inherit post hepatitis hyperbilirubinemia.
Type B, especially hepatitis C is easy to develop into chronic, a small number of patients can develop into cirrhosis, a very small number of cases can be the clinical process of severe hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis B has a prolonged course, and without timely treatment, it will develop into cirrhosis or even liver cancer, seriously jeopardizing human health.
Prevention
1. Comprehensive preventive measures should be taken to cut off the transmission pathway, such as focusing on the protection of water sources, drinking water disinfection, food hygiene, fecal management, etc. to cut off the transmission of hepatitis A is of great significance.
2. Patients in the acute stage should be isolated. Patients eating utensils, washing utensils should be dedicated, pay attention to dietary hygiene, avoid close contact with hepatitis patients, avoid medical infection, protect the wound, women of childbearing age must avoid pregnancy. Eat foods rich in protein and vitamins. Avoid alcohol, onion, garlic, chili and other stimulating foods. Give easily digestible vitamin-rich light diet, appetite recovery and then normal diet, give high protein such as milk, eggs, fish, lean meat, etc., eat sugar in moderation.
3. Prevent blood contamination, minimize blood transfusion and use of blood products.
4, passive and automatic immunization: the most commonly used vaccines with good results are hepatitis A vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, to prevent mother-to-child vertical transmission of hepatitis B immune globulin, in addition, such as gammaglobulin, etc. can also increase resistance.
Six Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, used to be called "consumption", also known as the "white plague", is the most common type of tuberculosis, due to tuberculosis bacilli in the lungs caused by an infection of a greater health risk of chronic infectious diseases. It is the most common form of tuberculosis, a chronic infectious disease that poses a major health risk due to infection of the lungs by the tubercle bacillus.
Tuberculosis is divided into primary tuberculosis (type I), hematogenous tuberculosis (type II), infiltrative tuberculosis (type III), chronic fibrotic cavernous tuberculosis (type IV), and tuberculous pleurisy (type V).
Epidemiology
According to statistics, tuberculosis kills 1,000 people every day in the world, and in September 2003, the World Health Organization's Regional Committee declared the Western Pacific region to be a "crisis of tuberculosis", which includes 37 countries in East Asia and the Pacific Ocean. At the end of 2003, four-fifths of the people in China have been infected with tuberculosis bacilli, so China has been declared to enter the tuberculosis prevention and control "state of emergency", all tuberculosis patients must be reintegrated into the Center for Disease Control and Prevention to carry out diagnosis and treatment.
According to the World Health Organization, nearly one-third of the world's population has been infected with tuberculosis, with 8.7 million new cases of tuberculosis occurring each year, and 2 million deaths from tuberculosis annually. There are currently 20 million cases of TB patients worldwide.
There are four main reasons for the resurgence of the TB epidemic:
1) Government Neglect: the inability of developing countries to support TB control efforts.
2) Increase in migration and refugees.
3) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and the AIDS (AIDS) epidemic.
4) Increase in cases of multidrug resistance: due to irregular treatment of patients.
Complications
Commonly, there are pneumogenic heart diseases (pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale), lung cancer (no conclusive evidence yet), silicosis tuberculosis, fungal secondary infections, and amyloidosis.
Prevention
As a country with a serious tuberculosis epidemic and the second highest global burden of tuberculosis, the good or bad tuberculosis control work in China has a direct impact on the global tuberculosis control work, so the world is extremely concerned about the tuberculosis control work in our country, and a number of countries and organizations have given a certain amount of support to the formation of a huge tuberculosis control program in our country, and the government has also implemented standardized management and free treatment for tuberculosis. The government has also standardized the management of TB and provided free treatment.
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease that is widespread and must be prevented. To prevent the spread of TB, there are three key elements that must be emphasized.
One, control the source of infection, the main source of infection of tuberculosis is tuberculosis patients, especially sputum tuberculosis positive patients early to receive reasonable chemotherapy, sputum tuberculosis bacillus grams in a short period of time to reduce to the disappearance of almost 100% can be cured, so the early detection of the patient, especially bacillus-positive people, and timely and reasonable chemotherapy is the center of the work of the modern anti-TB.
Second, cut off the infectious path. Tuberculosis is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract. Therefore, spitting is prohibited, sputum of positive patients, daily necessities, as well as the surrounding things to be disinfected and properly handled, indoor ultraviolet irradiation can be used to disinfect once a day or every other day, each time for 2 hours, the patient used eating utensils should be boiled and disinfected for 10-15 minutes, the bedding in the sun in Liezhi 4-6 hours, sputum box commode can be soaked with 5%-10% Lysol for 2 hours, it is best to spit out sputum on the paper to be burned off! Or soak in 20% bleach solution for 6-8 hours.
Three, BCG vaccination. It is a non-pathogenic live bacterial vaccine, inoculation of the human body can make the uninfected tuberculosis bacteria to obtain specific immunity to tuberculosis, the protection rate of about 80%. The protection rate is about 80%. The vaccine can last for 5-10 years and thus needs to be revaccinated after a few years for those who have become negative in the tuberculin test. Vaccination targets are those who have not eaten tuberculosis infection and have negative tuberculin test, the younger the better, usually within three months after birth, mainly newborns and infants, primary and secondary school students and citizens of ethnic minority areas who have newly entered the city, and those who have a negative tuberculin test are vaccinated and re-vaccinated. But the immunity produced by BCG vaccination is also relative, and other preventive measures should be emphasized.
Seven rabies
Rabies rabies, also known as hydrophobia, for rabies virus caused by a human and animal **** suffering from acute infectious diseases of the central nervous system. Most often seen in dogs, wolves, cats and other carnivores. People are mostly infected by the bite of sick animals. Once the disease develops, the mortality rate reaches 100%. Clinical manifestations for the characteristic mania, fear of anxiety, fear of wind and water, salivation and pharyngeal muscle spasms, and eventually paralysis and life-threatening. Vaccination is extremely important in this disease.
According to the corresponding figures, rabies has been high in the A, B infectious diseases mortality and morbidity and mortality rate of the first.
Epidemiology
Rabies have been prevalent in China for a long time, and since 1951, a national dog extermination campaign has been carried out, and the control of rabies has been very effective, but after the 1970s, the epidemic began to rise and become more and more serious.
①Source of infection: sick dogs and asymptomatic dogs with poison are the main sources of infection, followed by sick cats, sick wolves and other sick animals. It is worth noting that "healthy" animals with venom as the source of rabies, the danger is great, to prevent the work has brought difficulties.
②Transmission: 50% to 90% of the saliva of diseased animals containing rabies virus, through bites, scratches on human skin, mucous membranes and infected people, but also by the poisoned saliva contamination of the external environment (stones, twigs, etc.), and then contaminated with ordinary wounds and infections.
3 crowd generally susceptible, bitten by a sick animal, such as the absence of preventive immunization, the incidence rate of 15% to 60%.
④Epidemiological features: the disease is an infectious disease of the thermostat, published widely, the country to the domestic dog density is common. The disease occurs throughout the year, but the incidence is slightly lower in winter. Patients to contact with domestic dogs or wild animals in rural areas with a lot of opportunities for young adults and children.
Rabies prevention
1. Management of infectious agents: do not raise cats, dogs and other animals at home. If you do, you should always keep the animals clean. Strict management of domestic dogs, eliminate wild dogs. Suspected rabid dogs, rabid cats immediately killed, not skinned, not eat, to burn or buried.
2. Cut off the means of transmission: it is important to prevent cats and dogs from biting and educate children not to tease it. Pollutants, secretions and dwellings of rabid people should be thoroughly sterilized.
3. Protecting susceptible people: it is important to prevent injection and timely and correct treatment after being bitten.
4. Immediate prophylaxis: 1 dose of rabies vaccine should be injected intramuscularly on the same day of the bite of a cat, dog or other animal, and on the following 3, 7, 14 and 28 days.
Frequent contact with suspected sick dogs, sick cats and experimental personnel, should be pre-exposure vaccination, respectively, on the 1st, 7th, 21 days of each 1, and then annually reinforced immunization once.
First aid for rabies
The principle of first aid is that no matter what kind of dog bite should be given first aid immediately.
One is to wash. Bite wounds quickly with 20% soapy water or 0.1% Neosporin solution (both can not be used at the same time) or water to wash the wound repeatedly for about 20 minutes, and then rinse with water, the virus-containing saliva, blood and water rinse off.
The second is to squeeze. Where you can squeeze, squeeze outside the wound while flushing water to keep the virus from being absorbed into the body. Or use a suction device or fire pot to suck the blood out of the wound, and with it the toxins.
Third, disinfection. Immediately after flushing, wipe the inside and outside of the wound with 75 percent alcohol or iodine to kill as much of the rabies virus as possible.
Fourth, inject antibodies. With anti-rabies virus immunoglobulin, in the wound around the subcutaneous muscle infiltration injection, in order to neutralize the rabies virus.
Fifth, rabies vaccination. After being bitten, get a rabies vaccine as soon as possible, and the sooner you start, the better.
Eight Diseases Prevented by Some Vaccines
Preventable Diseases Species Objects Period of Protection
Viral Hepatitis A Hepatitis A Vaccine More than 1 year of age 5-7 years
Influenza Influenza Vaccine More than 6 months of age Less than 1 year
Waterpox Varicella live attenuated chickenpox vaccine
Non-affected persons between 1-13 years of age 10 years of age or more
Mumps Mumps vaccine More than 8 months Long term
Rubella Rubella vaccine More than 8 months Long term
Measles, Rubella, Mumps Leprosy MMR vaccine More than 8 months Long term
Rabies Rabies vaccine/Immunoglobulin Any age 6 months
Cholera Cholera vaccine Any age 3-6 months
Typhoid and Paratyphoid Typhoid and Paratyphoid Vaccine Any age 1 yearBacillary Dysentery Oral Dysentery Vaccine 2 years and older 1 year
Epidemic Meningoencephalomyelitis (Meningitis) Meningitis Polysaccharide Vaccine 6 months-15 years old 3 years
Meningitis B (Meningitis B) Meningitis B Vaccine 6 months-10 years old 2-4 years
Pneumococcal Infections of the Pneumococcal Groups 23 Serotypes Pneumococcal infections 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine 2 years old and above 5-10 years
Invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B (meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, arthritis, etc.) Haemophilus influenzae type B Vaccine 2 months-5 years old 1-2 years
(Anerbo)
Infantile diarrhea caused by rotavirus Rotavirus Vaccine 2 months-2 years old 1 year (80%)
The Hepatitis B Vaccine, Measles Vaccine, and BCG Vaccine, which are also used for children's scheduled immunization, can also be used for other groups of people to prevent Hepatitis B, Measles, and Tuberculosis, respectively.