What is the comprehensive management strategy of plant diseases?

The history of IntegratedPestManagement (IPM) can be traced back to the end of19th century. The concept of IPM originated from the article published by Hoskins et al. in 1939, and Michelbacher and Bacon expounded the position of IPM in 1952. The definition of early integrated control is quite broad. In 1954, Smith and Allen defined it as the most durable, satisfactory and economical pest control method, while Stern et al. proposed in 1959 to control pests by combining or integrating biological control and chemical control, which was widely accepted by everyone in the late 1950s and early 1960s. 1965, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) held a meeting to formally put forward and advocate the adoption of integrated pest control strategy (IPC) on a global scale. IPM was not accepted by the scientific community until 1972. At that time, the American Commission on Environmental Quality (CEQ) published a report on "Integrated Pest Management", which changed IPC to IPM, meaning "using various comprehensive technologies to control various pests that are potentially dangerous to crops". That is, from the whole agricultural ecosystem, according to the relationship between pests and the environment, give full play to the role of natural control factors, coordinate and apply necessary measures according to local conditions, and control pests below economic losses in order to obtain the best economic, social and ecological benefits. On the basis of IPM development abroad, combined with China's national conditions, China established the plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive management" in 1975. In 1986, the definition of IPM is similar to that of IPM abroad: IPM is a system for scientific management of pests. Based on the whole agricultural ecosystem and the relationship between pests and environment, it gives full play to the role of natural control factors and takes necessary measures according to local conditions to control pests below the level of economic loss in order to obtain the best economic, social and ecological benefits. IPM has been widely popularized in China. According to statistics, the national integrated pest control area in 1988 was134,200 hm2, and 1998 reached 208,000 hm2. So far, the development of integrated pest management in China has gone through three stages: single pest as the object, multiple pests as the object, and sustainable pest control strategies. With the gradual development of IPM, IPM began to use ecological principles to manage pests, such as pests-natural enemies, genetic resistance and cultivation management. These theoretical foundations of IPM are similar to EPM.