Because of the lack of knowledge about snake bite prevention, a larger number of snake and insect bite patients have appeared in Ningbo after the disaster, so how should we prevent it? How should we prevent and treat poisonous snakes, scorpions, centipedes, locusts and bee stings, which are more common in post-disaster life?
How to prevent snake bites
Prevention and treatment of poisonous snake bites
The world*** has 2,500 species of snakes, of which there are about 650 species of venomous snakes, and it is estimated that the number of people who are bitten by poisonous snakes each year is more than 300,000, with a fatality rate of about 10 percent. China's two regions of snake infestation is serious, the annual incidence of snakebite is about 25 per 10,000 people. At present, there are 165 known species of snakes in China, among which there are about 50 species of venomous snakes, 10 species of highly venomous and harmful ones, such as golden ringed snakes, silver ringed snakes, cobras, king cobras, five-step snakes, vipers, abdominal snakes, bamboo leaf green, ironheads, sea snakes, etc., which can cause death after biting.
Prevention of venomous snake bites Venomous snakes do not usually bite, but are often bitten when trampled or touched. In mountainous forests, grassy areas and other places where snakes are often found, especially at night, it is important to take personal precautions.
1. Watch your step. On average, snakes feed once a week, and after feeding and while shedding their skin, they move slowly and are easy to step on.
2. Watch carefully before passing through bushes and grass, as some snakes often perch on trees.
3. Don't tease or lift snakes or push them into a corner; some are more aggressive when they are desperate or defending their nests, such as mirror snakes and cobras.
4. When moving around in areas infested with venomous snakes, wear long thick pants, leather boots and socks, preferably with the hose of the pants attached to the boot, a hat, and a light in your hand; don't go barefoot or wear slippers only. Wear a hat and carry a light in your hand. Do not go barefoot or wear only slippers.
5. Don't reach into hollow logs or dense weeds or turn over stones without checking in detail; when crossing stones or logs, be careful to guard against the possibility of venomous snakes on the other side.
6. When you live outdoors after a disaster, you should check carefully before using sheets, clothes and packages, as snakes may be hiding underneath.
7. According to modern research, venomous snakes are afraid to approach substances with irritating odors and poisonous substances, such as male yellow, sulfur, hexachloroethylene, DDT, dichlorvos and lime powder. Therefore, if you are camping in an area where there are many venomous snakes, sprinkle the above substances around the place where you are staying to avoid invasion by venomous snakes. When entering mountainous areas, forests and wilderness where there are many snakes, you can prevent them from biting you by bringing some sulfur, andrographis or rubbing andrographis powder on your hands and feet.
8, try not to wade or swim in areas frequented by venomous snakes, because most of the venomous snakes are expert swimmers, and there may be venomous snakes lurking in the water
9, if you meet a venomous snake unexpectedly, stay calm and quiet, do not move suddenly, and do not launch an attack on it, as in many cases, venomous snakes are only thinking about how to run for their lives. If you have no choice but to kill the snake, you can take a long wooden stick with good elasticity and quickly split it to the back of its head, preferably with one successful blow, otherwise the injured snake will be more dangerous.
Snake bite treatment
In the event of a snake bite, the most important thing is to save yourself or each other at the scene, the faster the better. The principle is to quickly detoxify and prevent the absorption and spread of venom. The next step is to send the casualty to a qualified medical institution as soon as possible, and continue to take comprehensive measures, such as thorough debridement, internal and external application of effective snake tablets, the application of antivenom and systemic supportive therapy.
1, to prevent venom absorption
After being bitten, the snake venom rapidly enters the body within 3 to 5 minutes, and effective measures should be taken as soon as possible to prevent venom absorption.
(1) Ligation: This is a simple and effective method, and is also an easy way to save yourself and others on the spot. Immediately after being bitten by a venomous snake, use cloth, hand towel or bandage to tie the injured limb at the proximal 5-10cm or at the root of the injured fingers (toes) to reduce the venous and lymphatic fluid reflux, so as to temporarily prevent the absorption of snake venom. On the way to the hospital, relaxation should be performed every 15-20 minutes for 1-2 minutes each time to prevent stasis and tissue necrosis of the injured limb. The bandage should be removed only after the wound has been thoroughly debrided and snake tablets have been taken for 3 to 4 hours.
(2) Flushing: After ligature, quickly flush the wound with clean water to clean the residual venom on the surface of the skin around the wound and to prevent its further absorption. If there is no clean water at the scene, fresh urine or saliva can be used instead.
(3) Ice: If possible, use ice on the injured limb while tying up, so that the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels contract, slowing down the absorption of snake venom. You can also immerse the injured limb or finger in cold water, and then switch to ice packs after 3 to 4 hours, lasting 24 to 36 hours, but the local cooling at the same time, pay attention to the warmth of the whole body.
(4) Braking of the injured limb: After the injury, the patient should keep quiet, walk slowly, not running, in order to reduce the absorption of toxins, it is best to put the injured limb in a low position after the temporary braking, and sent to the medical institution.
2, to promote the discharge and destruction of snake venom
Snake venom stored in the wound localization, should take measures to promote its discharge or destruction. The simplest way is to use the mouth to suck, suck before the last layer of the last layer of unbreakable plastic bags or plastic bags, thinner bags two layers of the toxin will be sucked out. Can also be used to snake venom sucking empty device, sucking breast instrument, fire cupping and other methods, suck out the snake venom in the wound, the effect is also more satisfactory.
While suctioning, it can also be supplemented by squeezing, i.e., external pressure to promote the discharge of venom. Squeezing should pay attention to the direction, should be from proximal to distal extrusion, that is, in the direction of the arterial blood, not reverse extrusion. If the wound is deep and contaminated, it should be thoroughly debrided. After sterilizing the knife (in the field, a sharp knife can be cauterized by fire to disinfect it), the wound should be incised in the shape of "+" or "++" with the tooth mark as the center, so as to make it easier for the residual venom to flow out; however, it is not advisable to incise the wound too y, so as not to injure the blood vessels. If the bite is on the hand or foot, a three-pronged needle or knife tip can also be used at the Eight Evil Points or Eight Wind Points to stab the proximal subcutaneous area for one centimeter. Afterwards, gently massage from near to far to accelerate the discharge of snake venom. After the wound is enlarged, various medicines can also be used as local wet compresses or rinses to achieve the purpose of destroying or neutralizing the snake venom.
Commonly used compresses are 30% saline or alum water, and for wound irrigation, there are 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution and 5%-10% saline. Local injection of trypsin has certain effect, it can decompose and destroy snake venom, so as to reduce or inhibit the patient's symptoms of poisoning, the usage is to dissolve trypsin with saline 2～4 ml, and then inject it in the basal layer of the wound and its surroundings, and repeat the injection after 12～24 hours. Injections of tachycardia, sodium diuretic acid or mannitol can accelerate the elimination of snake venom from the urine.
3, inhibit the effect of snake venom
Mainly internal and external effective herbs and snake tablets, to achieve detoxification, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, cardiac and diuretic effect, antivenom has been widely used in clinical practice, the same species of venomous snakes have a better effect on the bite.
(1) Various kinds of snake tablets: at present, there are more than ten kinds of snake tablets used in the clinic, when using them, first of all, we should find out which kind of poisonous snakes the tablets used are effective for, and secondly, the medicine should be used early, the dose should be large, and the course of treatment should be long. Finally, the use of other Chinese and Western medicines must be targeted as adjunctive treatment. The most widely used clinically is Nantong Snake Medicine Tablets (also known as Ji Desheng Snake Medicine Tablets), 20 tablets should be taken immediately after the injury, and 10 tablets should be taken every 6 hours thereafter until the symptoms of poisoning have been significantly reduced. At the same time, the tablets will be mixed into a paste with warm water and coated around the wounds and swollen limbs at the upper end of the 3 to 4 centimeters, Guangzhou snake tablets (He Xiaosheng snake tablets) are also more effective, 5 tablets immediately after the injury and 5 tablets every 3 hours thereafter, doubling the amount of medicine for serious cases. In addition, Shanghai snake medicine tablets are mainly used for treating pit viper bites, and Snake Sanman snake medicine tablets are mainly used for treating bites of gold ring snakes and silver ring snakes.
(2) herbal single formula: available fresh half lotus (whole grass) 30 to 60 grams, mashed and take its juice, with detoxification and diuretic effect. Can also be used fresh Sapium sebiferum shoots 30 grams, mashed to take the juice, dregs of the external application, can prevent snake venom attack.
(3) serum treatment: antivenom has a certain effect on snake bites, monovalent serum efficacy can be as high as 90%, but multivalent serum efficacy is only 50%. The serums that have been tried and tested successfully are anti-viper venom, anti-cobra venom, five-step snake venom, and silver-ringed snake venom, etc. Some of them have been refined into powders, which are easy to preserve. Skin sensitization tests should be done prior to the use of antivenom, and injections should only be given to those who are negative.
4, systemic supportive therapy
Viper bite within a few days after the condition is more serious, poisoning symptoms are obvious, often accompanied by varying degrees of water and electrolyte disorders and shock, severe respiratory failure, heart failure, acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia. Therefore, active systemic treatment and correction of the function of major organs are very important. When blood pressure is low, give blood transfusion and rehydration in time, anti-shock treatment; when respiration is weak, give respiratory stimulant and oxygen inhalation, and assisted respiration if necessary. The application of adrenocorticotropic hormone and antihistamine has a certain effect on neutralizing the toxin and reducing the symptoms of toxicity. Systemic anti-infective drugs can help prevent local tissue necrosis. Routine vaccination to prevent tetanus
Prevention and treatment of scorpion stings
Scorpions are an order of arthropods and arachnids, and there are many kinds of scorpions. The most common scorpion in our country is the pincer scorpion, also known as the whole scorpion, which is mainly produced in the two provinces of Shandong and Henan, and also in Anhui, Jiangsu, Hebei, and Liaoning.
Scorpion venom, similar to snake venom, is mainly a kind of neurotoxin, which mainly affects the central nervous system (especially the respiratory center) and the cardiovascular system in humans. In addition to the poisonous scorpions in the northeast of China, the venom of the scorpion is equivalent to that of the cobra, and the other scorpions are generally less venomous.
Precautions against scorpion stings
Scorpions are nocturnal creatures, and tend to avoid weak light and strong light. The scorpion usually lurks under the gravel or sandy soil during the day, and at night or when it rains, it likes to enter the house to avoid the boots and shoes, clothes or cracks in the wall. In spring, before and after the "rainy season" or in hot and windy weather, scorpions are more aggressive towards people. According to the above habits, the prevention of scorpion stings should pay attention to:
1. When traveling outdoors after a disaster, you should wear a long coat and long pants, wear a hat and shoes and socks, avoid bare limbs and bare feet, and pay attention to wearing gloves and protective gear such as high-tuned shoes when you are in the field (e.g., when you are carrying stones, sand, and twigs, etc.).
2.
2. When walking at night, use flashlight to irradiate the road, which can make scorpions and other light-avoiding pests escape.
3, do not put clothes, shoes, hats and food on the ground, wear clothes, shoes and hats should be shaken or flipped before, to prevent scorpions hiding them.
4, outdoor should pay attention to the clothing and portable food with plastic wrapped tightly.
5. Improve environmental hygiene to reduce mosquitoes, flies, spiders and other insects.
Scorpion sting prevention and treatment
Flush the wound
Immediately after the injury, pull out the stinger, apply cold compresses locally, and use cold boiled water, soapy water, and when possible, use saline, hydrogen peroxide, or 1:5000 permanganate of potassium to flush the wound repeatedly to reduce the absorption of toxin. Toxin absorption, at the same time can immediately oral snake tablets.
Tie the injured limb
Tie the bitten limb with a tourniquet or a handkerchief at 5-10cm proximal to the center of the limb, and do not tie too tightly, and untie it after the first aid treatment is finished.
Expanding the wound to detoxify
Circumferential sealing injection with 0.25% procaine liquid around the wound to control the spread of toxin. Afterwards, make a "+" or "++" shaped incision centered on the wound, about 1 to 2 cm long, not too deep, cut the skin and the superficial subcutaneous layer can be. After incision, put the injured limb in a low position and reduce the activity of the injured limb to facilitate detoxification and reduce the absorption of toxins. Squeeze the wound with hands from the wound periphery to the wound to expel the venom, or attract and expel the venom to the wound with the method of dialing the fire pot, or use the mouth to suck and spit while sucking and rinse the mouth with water when there are no conditions in the field (those with broken oral mucosa or caries should not suck). After the venom is roughly discharged, you can use hydrogen peroxide or 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution to rinse the wound.
Local medication
Snake medicine tablets can be mixed with water and applied around the wound, but also can be used in Chinese herbal medicine, mint leaves, fresh amaranth, half of the lotus, violet flowers, such as pounded compresses, the wound is appropriate to disinfect the dressing. After the above first aid treatment, the injured limb can be untied and treated according to the condition of the injury. In general, patients should take snake flower tablets orally, such as Ji Desheng Snake Medicine Tablets, 10-20 tablets each time, once every 6-8 hours, until the systemic and local symptoms disappear completely. Patients with severe symptoms should be sent to the hospital immediately for further treatment.
Prevention and treatment of centipede bite?
Centipedes, also called Tianlong and Baikou, are polypod arthropods that can be found in all parts of China, especially in Hubei, Zhejiang, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu. Centipedes live under decaying wood and rocks or in shady and wet places; they overwinter in the soil in winter and come out in the evening when the weather is hot and humidity is high, especially during thunderstorms in summer. Centipedes have a pair of hollow "sharp claws" (gills) on their heads with poisonous gland openings, which penetrate into the human body and release venom, causing local and systemic symptoms. The larger the centipede, the more toxic it is, and the more severe the bite. The larger the centipede, the more toxic it is, and the more severe the symptoms are after it bites.
Centipede bite prevention points
1, centipedes are often found in damp places, so usually pay attention to room hygiene, to keep the room dry, mops, rags, etc. should be put in the air. 2、After the disaster, you should paint away the decayed wood, rocks and other debris around the house, fill in the low-lying land, and eradicate the centipede's habitat.
Centipede bite treatment
1, centipede venom is acidic, alkaline solution can be used to neutralize, the wound can be cleaned with weak alkaline solution, such as 3% ammonia, 5% sodium bicarbonate solution.
2. Equal amount of andrographis and alum can be powdered and mixed with strong tea or boiled wine, or fresh mulberry leaves, fresh dandelion or fritillary can be pounded and applied externally.
3, oral or external snake medicine.
4, if the bite is serious, can be taken internally to clear heat and detoxification drugs, or will be Ji Desheng snake medicine tablets dissolved in cold water and applied externally.
5, there is tissue infection and necrosis, antibiotics should be used to control infection, coma, shock patients should be immediately transferred to the nearest hospital rescue
Locust bite prevention and treatment
Locust, also known as leeches, is a common annelid, living in the paddy fields, ditches, lakes in freshwater, the body is narrow and flat, slightly wider at the back end, by many of the locust. The body is long, narrow and flat, slightly wider at the back end, composed of many body nodes, about 3 centimeters long, the front and back of the body each has a sucker, which is the organ of the locusts adsorption of other objects.
Ant locust bite characteristics of the disease for the toxin of the poisonous insects through the bite or into the human body, resulting in allergic or toxic reactions, while sucking human blood. The symptoms are: a history of being bitten by locusts; local traces of blood in the bite; local itching or burning pain in mild cases, and systemic symptoms of poisoning, such as nausea, vomiting, palpitations and so on in severe cases.
Locust bite prevention points
1, in the field rescue process, do not walk barefoot, try to wear shoes.
3, try not to let the limbs exposed, you can first in the exposed limbs on the application of cool oil, wind oil and other medicines.
Locust bite treatment
Once bitten by the locusts, adsorption of locusts on the legs of the ants can be used to gently pat the bite around the Department, or vinegar, wine, saline, tobacco oil, etc. coated in the ants and their skin around the ants, the leech can be dislodged. Don't pull out the ants, because the more you pull the sucker of the ants, the tighter it sucks, so that once the ants are pulled off, the sucker will stay in the wound, which will easily cause infection and ulceration. If the wound bleeds after the locusts fall off, use clean gauze to compress the wound for 1-2 minutes, then wash the wound with 5% bicarbonate solution, apply tincture of iodine or gentian violet solution, and bandage it with sterilized gauze. If bleeding again, you can sprinkle some Yunnan Baiyao or hemostatic powder on the wound; if the wound does not bleed, you can force the blood out of the wound, rinse it with baking soda or water, and then apply tincture of iodine or alcohol or red mercury to disinfect it.
Prevention and treatment of bee stings
Bee stings belong to the phylum Arthropoda, order Insecta, order Hymenoptera, and include wasps, honeybees, hornets, and ground beetles. The female bee has a venomous gland in her tail and a stinger, which is a variant of the ovipositor, from which venom can be injected into the human body. The stinger of the female honeybee has a retrograde hook, which partially remains in the wound after penetrating the human body; the stinger of the wasp does not remain in the wound, but the sting of the wasp is more serious than that of the honeybee. The stinger does not remain in the wound, but the wasp stings more severely than the honeybee.
The composition of bee venom is very complicated. Due to the different species of bees, the components of venom secreted are also different, and its toxins mainly include histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, phospholipase A, tissue polypeptide, etc. The toxins cause hemolysis and hemorrhagic effects, and also have inhibitory effects on the central nervous system, which can cause toxic liver disease. Severe hemolysis can lead to acute renal failure.
Bee sting prevention
1, wasps and hornets are very vindictive, and officers and soldiers should be educated not to poke the beehive, so as not to provoke swarms of bees to attack.
2, training, marching to meet the bee as far as possible to avoid contact, meet the swarm of bees do not run, should lie down on the ground, slowly crawling away, wasps on the wind changes in the sensitivity is very strong, there is a "chasing the wind" said.
3. If you find a few wasps in your camping tent or barracks, don't panic, you can spray insecticides or burn them with torches, or use fly swatters to kill the wasps after they land.
Treatment of bee stings
Pull out the stinger as much as possible after a bee sting, wash the wound with a weak alkaline solution, apply Nantong Snake Medicine Paste to the wound and take snake medicine tablets orally. For wasp stings, rinse the area with weak acid solution or apply vinegar gauze, and inject 3% emetine 1ml dissolved in 5ml of water for injection into the wound. If there are serious systemic symptoms after wasp stings, corresponding first-aid measures should be taken. In case of allergy, 0.1% epinephrine 0.5 ml subcutaneous injection or paracetamol 10 ml intramuscular injection should be given; in case of respiratory difficulty, the airway should be kept open and oxygen should be given; in case of shock, active antishock treatment should be carried out.