The equipment of the digital force is not a new type of weaponry, but by the computer as the core of the command, control, communications, battlefield reconnaissance, detection and alert, electronic countermeasures, and other types of advanced digital electronic equipment and its composition of the system, as well as digital technology and equipment to improve, enhance and informatization of the main battle weapons composed of two major parts. In the U.S. Army's digital force development plan is to establish an integrated system network of communication and command and control as the focus, that is, the battlefield from the rear of the senior command institutions to the front of the single soldier, from the long-distance combat units to mobile combat units, from tactical weapons platforms to strategic reconnaissance satellites, etc., are digital information systems (i.e., computers) and digital communication systems into one, constituting a crisscrossing battlefield Information network, so that between the various functional areas and between the combat troops to establish a near-real-time information links, to achieve digital information on the network to facilitate the exchange of information and **** enjoyment, and ultimately achieve a high degree of integration of force command, control, communications and intelligence.
The U.S. Army established the first digital test battalion in March 1994, and in April of the same year in the U.S. National Training Center for an advanced combat simulation confrontation test. Although the test still had some problems, it was a great success. Three months later, the U.S. Army organized the battalion in California held a code-named "Desert Hammer 6" exercise. In this exercise, the soldiers are equipped with night sights in addition to the M16A2 automatic rifle, but also equipped with PVS-7 night vision goggles, as well as a mounted on the left side of the helmet on the 8mm lens of the TV camera, a fixed in front of the right eye of the micro-computer, the micro-computer itself can be used as a guide and positioning of the Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) network system. Dexterity computer control keyboard on the right side of his armed belt, the soldier only need to press the keyboard, you can think of their own valuable battlefield situation in the form of real-time transmission of images to the "Bradley" combat vehicles. The micro-computer he carries can also store eight battlefield photographs and four text reports from the camera at the same time, so that they can be passed on when necessary. The results of these two tests and exercises show that digitization of troops can improve lethality and survivability. Intelligence transmissions are more timely and accurate, transitions to joint warfighting systems are smoother, and the time between sensor and shooter is greatly reduced.
The U.S. Army can be said to have the beginnings of a digital force after the establishment of the Digital Test Battalion, and the next step is to digitize units below the brigade level, digitize horizontal connectivity of weapons platforms and digitize the individual soldier.
For a long time, the U.S. Army lower level troops C3I equipment basically do not have the ability to digitize, for this reason, the U.S. Army will be the focus of the digital force on brigade and brigade troops below the digitization of the C3I equipment, the implementation of the command and control, digital communications, intelligence/electronic warfare, global positioning, enemy identification of the five functions of the equipment integrated into one system structure. 21st Century Forces brigade and brigade combat Command system mainly consists of brigade and sub-brigade command and control system, inter-vehicle information system, battlefield information transmission system and individual C4I equipment.
The brigade and sub-brigade command and control system can receive data acquired by satellites, reconnaissance planes and ground reconnaissance systems from ground stations and rapidly transmit them to weapon platforms through a digitalized system to help shooters discover and destroy targets in real time. Inter-vehicle information systems can communicate direct links between combat vehicles, share intelligence, maximize weapon effectiveness, and achieve optimal synergistic operations. The Battlefield Information Transfer System (BITS) is a tactical Internet consisting of the interconnection of three systems, the traditional single-channel ground and airborne radio system (SINCGARS), the Enhanced Positioning and Reporting System (EPLRS), and the Mobile Subscriber System (MSE), as a basis for development. The Warfighter C4I system, also known as the Warfighter Digital Equipment, enables the transmission of digital information between soldiers, between soldiers and other weapon platforms and command posts, helping soldiers to identify direction, recognize the enemy and us, and conduct precision shooting. Therefore, the man-portable C4I system is a key system for providing digital equipment to soldiers and connecting soldiers to the digital battlefield, which is the inevitable trend of the digital battlefield.
2 The role and status of the Warfighter C4I system
The Warfighter system refers to all the equipment worn, used and consumed by the Warfighter in the tactical environment, i.e., the equipment of the Warfighter's protection, Warfighter's combat weapons and Warfighter's communication equipment, which includes helmets, ballistic suits, Warfighter's firearms, "three defense" equipment, computers, radios, and other equipment from the helmet, bulletproof suits, warfighter's guns, "three defense" equipment, computers, radios, and so on. equipment, computers, radio and other head-to-toe overall equipment. It is to take the soldier as a weapon platform of the whole combat system, from the overall consideration of man-machine-environment, integrated planning and design. Warfighter C4I system, that is, usually referred to as the warfighter command, control, communications, computers and intelligence, it is the core of the warfighter system. It is composed of computers, radios and software in the Warfighter system. Warfighter C4I system can make soldiers, weapons, protective equipment, organic combination to form a complete, reasonable system and perfect integration of man-machine system, so that it can quickly and accurately process, transfer information for the superiors to understand, master the battlefield situation and accurately judge the battlefield situation to provide a reliable basis for the use of warfighting weapons and squad weapons can be used to deal with a single or clustered live targets, light armored vehicles and armed The use of individual weapons and squad weapons can deal with single or clustered living targets, light armored vehicles and armed helicopters. Under the condition of equipped with information attack weapons, can destroy or implement interference with the enemy's information system; the use of its protective clothing, so that it has bullet-proof, fireproof, thermonuclear, infrared, laser, biological and chemical weapons function.
The man-portable C4I system is to realize the objective requirements of battlefield integration. The future digital battlefield requires that all functional units, up to the individual soldier through the battlefield integrated communication and information network constitutes a whole, so that the functional areas of better coordination and mutual support. The Warfighter C4I system also helps commanders to quickly and correctly implement, adjust or formulate battle plans and make correct decisions on combat operations. Digital equipment can make soldiers no matter in what kind of complex situation, especially in some mobile heavy weapons are sometimes difficult to reach the special combat conditions to obtain accurate, basic, direct, constantly updated battlefield information, but also can always inform the position of the single soldier, to help it determine the location of enemy targets. Due to the digitalization of the single soldier information spirit, transfer fast, accurate judgment of the battlefield situation, thus improving its reaction speed. Digitally equipped each soldier can become a battlefield scout, can quickly and accurately to the commander of the transmission of graphic information, but also can realize a full range of means of intelligence reconnaissance and transmission. Soldiers equipped with GPS can apply for combat support or combat service support to the rear at any time according to operational needs, facilitating combat service support and battlefield rescue.
In the future digital battlefield conditions, the soldier is no longer an isolated person, but a node in the battlefield information network, a terminal, a C4I system, the soldier has more than at any time stronger combat power, comprehensive protection, battlefield survivability and greater interoperability with the combat system and the ability to collaborate. Warfighter C4I system is an indispensable and important part of the future digital battlefield.
3 Warfighter System Architecture
3.1 Origin of the U.S. Army's "21st Century Ground Warrior" Program
The U.S. Army put forward the "Soldier Modernization Program" at the end of the 80's. One of the key projects was the "Integrated Soldier Protection System" (ISPS). "Soldier Integrated Protection System" (SIPE), the U.S. Army invested 12 million U.S. dollars, from 1990 to start the technical pre-study, and from September to November 1992 carried out the "Soldier Integrated Protection System" technology demonstration. The demonstration clarified for the first time the structural modules of the "Soldier System" and showed the prototype of the "Soldier System". Despite the shortcomings of the schematic prototype in terms of weight, size and power consumption, the Soldier System is technically fully realizable. For the first time ever, the soldier was viewed as a system. At the same time, the U.S. implemented an "Enhanced Soldier System" program, which was designed to turn the proven and suitable technology of the "Integrated Soldier Protection System" into a system to equip troops.
In 1993, the U.S. Army renamed the Enhanced Soldier Systems program the 21st Century Ground Warrior program, which includes a series of sub-programs that go beyond the Soldier Protection System. "The scope of the sub-program, larger scale, will take advantage of microelectronics technology, the "soldier system" as a node into the digital C4I network. The core of the Soldier System at this time is called the Second Generation Soldier System. The U.S. Army has adopted the 21st Century Ground Warrior program as a near-term project to maximize the use of existing technologies, and the Second Generation Soldier System as a long-term system.
In 1996, the U.S. Congress challenged the Army's arrangement, arguing that equipping a transitional first-generation system before equipping a second-generation system was wasteful, and that the two parallel Soldier System programs had a tendency to cause some confusion, calling on the Army to develop a system that was more capable than the near-term system, and could be fielded earlier than the far-term system. system that could be fielded earlier than the forward system. The U.S. Army responded to the congressional request by proposing to merge the 21st Century Ground Warrior and Second Generation Soldier Systems programs into a unified research effort known simply as Ground Warrior (Land Warrior).
In order to ensure that the development of the soldier modernization plan on schedule, the U.S. Army has established a dedicated Soldier Systems Command, to carry out a unified planning, development, ordering and management of the whole life cycle of the soldier system, to improve the ability of the soldier to fight. It is headquartered at the Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center in Massachusetts. System contractors include Hughes Aircraft, Motorola, Gentex , Battelle, Arthur D. Little, a joint development team at Honeywell, and others.
Production of the Ground Warrior system is scheduled to begin in 1999, with 620 units expected in FY1999, 1,430 in FY2000, and 1,890 in FY2001, for a total of about $230.7 million. the first Ground Warrior systems will be fielded to a battalion in the fourth quarter of FY2000. The first Ground Warrior systems will equip one battalion in the fourth quarter of FY 2000, and 34,000 soldiers will be equipped with Ground Warrior systems by 2011.
3.2 Components of the System of Integrated Protection (SIPE):
The SIPE system is designed to protect the soldier from multiple hazards on the battlefield and to improve operational effectiveness. The system consists of five subsystems:
(1) Computer/Radio Subsystem
The computer/radio subsystem consists of the 386S processor, the GPS receiver, camera/compass assemblies, digital camera/compass assemblies, and the GPS receiver, camera/compass combination parts, digital radio with common software. It performs ballistic calculations for man-portable weapons, automates mission formulation, and transmits captured real-time intelligence to the helmet display.
(2) Integrated Helmet Subsystem
The integrated helmet subsystem includes the helmet shell, support device, like enhanced video amplification device, helmet-mounted display, peripheral hearing device (artificial ear), helmet control device, protective mask and power supply. Its functions are to provide inter-soldier communication, enhance soldier hearing, connect weapons, improve soldier night vision, output computer and thermal camera images, ballistic and laser blindness, and protect respiratory and hearing systems.
(3) Weapon Subsystem
The weapon subsystem includes the M16A2 rifle, thermal imaging camera, AIM-1D laser targeting light source for night engagements, and a long-range hearing device. The long-range hearing device is mounted above the back of the rifle's front stock, allowing the soldier to determine the general direction of the threat using his artificial ear and then turn the weapon's scope to detect it.
(4) Advanced Uniform Subsystem
Advanced uniform subsystem includes uniforms, body armor, bulletproof vests, ammunition pouches, gloves, and new type of combat boots, etc., which have the functions of ballistic protection, protection against chemical warfare agents, fire prevention, thermonuclear protection, protection against infrared surveillance, and protection against lasers.
(5) microclimate regulation/energy subsystem
Microclimate regulation/energy subsystems include active-cooling undershirts; gloves for fireproofing and chemical protection; fireproof jackets that are semi-permeable to liquids and smoke agents in the environment; chemical protection leggings outside the integral combat boots; chemical vapor-proof shirts; and microenvironmental regulation devices (filters, blowers, exhaust fans, etc.) around them. devices (filters, blowers, exhausts, body armor, etc.).
3.3 Components of the Second Generation Soldier System
The Second Generation Soldier System is based on the Integrated Protection System (IPS). Compared to the Integrated Protection System, the Second Generation Soldier System is planned to be smaller, lighter, and potentially more effective. Improvements have been made in image alignment, voice recognition and helmet display resolution. "The Second Generation Soldier System also consists of five subsystems.
(1) Computer/Radio Subsystem
The computer/radio subsystem is a voice-activated, classified device that weighs 0.9 to 1.8 kilograms, and measures 51 x 152 x 203 mm excluding external connectors.The computer is an Intel SL Enhanced 80486 processor running at a 25 MHz mainframe frequency with 16 megabytes of read-only memory and a 170-megabyte hard disk drive that can provide the capability for a wide range of applications. The computer is an Intel SL Enhanced 80486 processor running at 25 MHz with 16 megabytes of read-only memory and 170 megabytes of hard disk drive, which provides storage and display of intelligence, interfaces with a variety of sensors, provides position/navigation data via inertial navigational instrumentation linked to Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, provides wireless transmission of voice, data, digitized reports and images, and interfaces with the Synthetic Army Command and Control Digital Network (SACDN) via a single-channel Ground and Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS). Networking. With this system, Soldiers can report real-time battlefield intelligence to their commanders at any time.
(2) Integrated Helmet Subsystem
The Integrated Helmet Subsystem (IHS) weighs 2.3 kilograms and uses the helmet shell as a platform for mounting communications, hearing enhancement, integral night vision/night mobility sensors, and high-resolution displays.
(3) Weapon Interface Subsystem
The Weapon Interface Subsystem obtains input information from the Ideal Man-Portable Combat Weapon (IPCW) or Combination Weapon System (CWS) and transmits it to the Integrated Helmet Subsystem (IHS) display so that the Soldier can see targeting subdivisions directly on the display.
(4) Protective Clothing Subsystem
The Protective Clothing Subsystem provides the soldier with protection against chemical and biological weapons, light weapons and fragmentation, and reduces infrared traces detected by the enemy. It also includes a load-bearing device for carrying standard integral ammunition.
(5) Microclimate Air Conditioning Subsystem
The Microclimate Air Conditioning Subsystem (MACS) is a stand-alone refrigeration sub-system that weighs 4.5 kilograms, and is designed to increase the soldier's endurance on the battlefield, especially in hot weather conditions, by maintaining a 4-hour thermal equilibrium with 300W of cooling power.
3.4 "Components of the Ground Warrior System
The combined Ground Warrior system still consists of five subsystems (figure omitted).
(1) Computer/Radio Subsystem
The computer/radio subsystem is the command, control, communications, computer and intelligence subsystem of the Soldier System. It is the core of the soldier system, is the soldier and the future of the digital battlefield is closely linked to the tool, complete the battlefield information collection, transmission, processing, display and decision-making, control functions, is the embodiment of the 21st century soldier equipment informationization of the important system.
This subsystem includes computers, soldier radios, squad radios, global positioning systems with integrated navigation systems, handheld flat panel displays, video interception devices, and interfaces compatible with combat radio identification.
This system is based on an open architecture design and is fully integrated into the dorsal mounting system. It is linked to all electronic components of the Ground Warrior system, with the ability to capture and transmit still images, and to the laser range finder/digital compass, which enables semi-automatic indirect fire support requirements to be made.
The computer features a Pentium 75MHz processor, 32MB of random access memory, a 340MB hard disk drive and an 85MB fast-erase memory system with a modular upgradeable architecture. The computer weighs 1.125 kilograms and measures 10.6 x 7.0 x 1.7 inches. The computer acquires single-frame video images or thermal images from the Ground Warrior sensor and compresses them for radio transmission. The application software provides semi-automated reports and applies information sets that are compatible with 21st century force digitization research efforts. The computer can perform map and location information processing, report generation, complex power management, and provide interfaces for controlling entire subsystems.
The Soldier's Radio is based on commercial Personal Communications System radio technology and provides Level 3 encrypted data transmission to provide intra-squad radio communications for foot soldiers, enabling the Warfighter to connect to the tactical Internet. The Soldier Radio operates in the L-band 1775-1850 MHz and utilizes minimum frequency shift keying modulation and time division multiple access linking networks, enabling voice communications to three people simultaneously. The data rate is 64kb/s, capable of transmitting text and image data, with a transmission power of 1 watt and a communication distance of 1 kilometer. The Soldier Radio weighs about 0.3 kilograms, operates at a temperature of -15°C to +49°C, and measures 4.5 x 3 x 1.5 inches.
Shift radio can be compatible with the improvement of SINCGARS wireless network, can be single channel mode and frequency hopping mode of operation, the operating band of 30 ~ 80MHz, the communication distance for the line-of-sight 5 kilometers, can be transmitted in plain language, confidentiality and data. Shift radio weighs about 0.3 kilograms, the operating temperature is -15 ℃ ~ +49 ℃, the volume is 5.5 × 3.1 × 1.0 inches.
The GPS receiver uses P/Y code, 5 channels, upgradable to 12 channels, and is capable of providing military chevron coordinates, universal transverse McThorn chevron coordinates/unified spherical projection grid, and latitude/longitude position data. The GPS receiver can be worn on the wrist as a watch or plugged into a computer as a card.
Computer data network can also improve the battlefield security capabilities. For example, soldiers can be injured through the data network to accurately report the location of their coordinates, and can be requested to the logistics emergency center to send first-aid knowledge image, receive treatment guidance, to take some emergency measures before the arrival of the doctor.
The handheld flat panel display can be used as a system input system.
System interfaces are VGA or RS-170 as an interface to a helmet or handheld display with a touch screen; a thermal imaging weapon sight or video camera as a video input interface; a radio interface; a 4-channel laser detector, a bus for PCI and ISA expansion, a keyboard/mouse, an RS-232 interface, and Ethernet.
(2) Protective Clothing and Man-Portable Equipment Subsystem
The protective clothing and man-portable equipment subsystem consists of advanced carrier, modular ballistic undershirts, chemical- and biological-resistant clothing, gloves, boots, and other existing clothing and man-portable equipment. The backframe of the backpack gear is soft and body-sized, and the frame and carrier also serves as a place to place metal wires. The back frame is not only a carrier for the computer/radio, but also for placing and protecting the wires. Computer and radio components are easily and quickly replaced. The backpack system can be quickly reorganized to accommodate different missions. This subsystem is modular in design, allowing for easy functional and material improvements of each component.
(3) Software Subsystem
The software subsystem includes tactical software and mission support software. These software enables the soldier system to network with the digital C4I system through a flexible user interface, greatly improving the efficiency of the soldier's mission execution and combat capability.
The core functions of the tactical software include understanding the operational environment (positioning/navigation, digital map display, position data, laser detection and alarms), command and control (command and control information, chart display processing), and fire planning and control (troop fire planning, rough protection minefields, and fire detection control interface). Also included are communications management, equipment management, workstation management, data services, display management/user interface, mission support and training management functions.
Communications management includes connectivity detection, message processing/analysis programs, file transfer, address management and electronic mail.
Equipment management includes power management, control panel management, radio management, system diagnostics, card and socket device management, and system driver management.
Workstation management includes initialization, anti-virus features, channel control and soldier/mission assignment.
Data services include directory management, coordinate transformation, desktop management and clock.
Display Management/User Interface includes X-Windows GUI, help system and user alarm management.
Task support includes planning module, reporting module and debriefing module.
Training management includes computer-based training, reference data display.
Task support software features include task planning, task analysis, task data utilization and user interface.
Mission planning includes digital maps, utility storage/charts, mission support data, help modules, information templates, soldier distribution, and digital operating structures.
Mission analysis includes obtaining location data records and video processing.
Mission data utilization includes catalog management, coordinate transformation, desktop management, and plotting tools.
User interface is a friendly graphical user interface.
(4) Integrated Helmet Subsystem
The integrated helmet subsystem includes a suspended lightweight helmet, helmet display, image-enhanced video magnification device, laser detector, anti-chemical/biological mask, ballistic/anti-laser goggles, and head orientation sensor.
The integrated helmet subsystem serves as an interface between the soldier and other systems on the digital battlefield, can provide the soldier with ballistic protection and high-fidelity visual and acoustic battlefield information, and can be used in day, night, and nuclear, biological, and chemical environments.
The helmet is made of advanced materials, is lightweight, shockwave resistant, and adjustable for fixing and hanging.
The monocular display reduces weight and energy consumption, permits direct visualization with the naked eye, and adjusts vision in the dark. A pop-up design is used for flexibility of use. Display data is derived from a computer, thermal imaging weapon sight and video sensor. Video mode options are thermal imaging weapon sight, video camera, and computer. Mechanical and electronic compatibility between day and night displays. The monocular display has a resolution of 640 x 480, a field of view of 30 degrees, and an image intensifier tube of 25mm.
The electronics are designed with Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSIs), which can be used independently of the computer/radio station, and are common to both the daytime and nighttime display electronics.
The laser detector can detect threats within a 360° battlefield range.
(5) Weapon Subsystems
Weapon subsystems include laser rangefinders, digital compasses, wired weapon interfaces/wireless weapon interfaces, video cameras, modular weapon systems, thermal imaging weapon sights, close-combat optical scopes, infrared laser sights, other available weapons and accessories, and ideal man-portable combat weapons.
Laser Range Finder/Digital Compass can pinpoint and direct fire up to 2500 meters.
Video cameras are used to show hits after the weapon has been fired. The TV image has 370 lines of high resolution.
Thermal imaging weapon sights can be used for day and night sighting of rifles, with the image displayed on a monitor fixed to the helmet.
Melee optical sights are parallax-free red dot sights used only for aiming and firing.
Infrared laser sights can aim at targets at distances of up to 600 meters and can be seen on the display of a night vision detector fixed to the helmet.
The ideal man-portable combat weapon would replace the 5.56mm M16 rifle in service.
4 integrated navigation system
In the "Ground Warrior" program, the U.S. Army to gradually absorb the new results of the "spiral development" idea. Currently is working on the original use of maps, compasses, foot surveys, GPS and other navigation tools to improve the design of the integrated navigation system for the individual soldier.
Integrated navigation system including GPS and projected positioning module (Dead Reckoning Module). The Dead Reckoning Module (DRM) combines modern, low-power electronic components into a miniaturized assembly that replaces the compass and meets the soldier's foot-measurement requirements. It is designed to free the soldier's hands. The Kalman filter uses data from the projected positioning module and information from GPS to balance the strengths of one sensor against the weaknesses of others to form an integrated navigation solution. The integrated navigation design provides an automatic selection of navigation data sources when other position sensors are unreliable or unavailable. This design also provides manual selection or non-selection of navigation sources.
The Projected Positioning Module (PPM), developed by Advanced Research Corporation (ARC), was selected to provide the integrated navigation capability of the 21st Century Force Ground Warrior (GWG) system, which was developed under a development contract between ARC and Motorola, Inc. in 1996, with the goal of embedding the PPM into the GWG system. "system.
4.1 Hardware for the Extrapolated Positioning Module
The Extrapolated Positioning Module consists of two circuit boards sandwiched together to form a 1.9 x 2.9 x 0.6-inch, 1.4-ounce (about 40 grams) assembly. It operates at 2 to 5V and consumes about 0.5 watts of power.
One of the two circuit boards is analog and the other is digital. The analog board includes a triaxial magnetometer, triaxial accelerometer, temperature sensor and barometric altimeter. The magnetometer measures the large geomagnetic field and provides a three-dimensional vector corresponding to the projected positioning module. The accelerometer performs two functions, one of which is to determine the horizontal plane so that only the horizontal component of the magnetic field is observed by the projected localization module. This is important because the vertical component of the magnetic field is large. If the vertical component is used for orientation determination, then a very small 1° tilt will result in an orientation error of almost 2°.
The accelerometer is used to determine the time to take a step forward. For each step forward, the body moves somewhat vertically, and this vertical motion is measured by the accelerometer against the vertical acceleration filter and the soldier's forward stride is calculated. Threshold values are set in order to eliminate false detections in normal body motion (e.g., standing still).
The imputed positioning module has an RS-232 serial interface for communication. The computer-imputed positioning module link allows the computer to control the imputed positioning module via defined message packets. Once the imputed positioning module is powered up, it begins to send position information. If the host computer does not provide a position, the reported position is the initial position plus an update from when the imputed positioning module is powered up. If the initial position coordinates were obtained from GPS or operator records, the position report is an estimate of the soldier's current coordinates. When an accurate GPS position is obtained, the Imputed Positioning Module is used to determine the step size and direction and as a correction constant.
4.2 Surrogate Ground Warrior Hardware
The Ground Warrior system's computer and embedded GPS plug-in will be integrated into a backpack carrier, and the GPS antenna will be located on the soldier's shoulder. For evaluation and proof-of-concept purposes, a small, ruggedized 486Pen computer was used as the Ground Warrior computer. The computer runs integrated navigation software under the Microsoft Pen Windows operating system. The computer also serves as a data logger. The substitute Ground Warrior receiver is the Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver (PLGR).
4.3 Integrated Navigation Modes of Operation
Integrated Navigation has four main modes of operation: integrated, self-contained, GPS, and power-down stop. The projected positioning module supports the integrated and self-contained modes. Integrated navigation provides mode management, which is obvious to the soldier. Based on power consumption, status of navigation sensors, required position, navigation accuracy and mission conditions, the Ground Warrior system is automatically placed in the best navigation mode.
Integrated approach: the integrated approach utilizes GPS and extrapolates positioning navigation benefits by employing a Kalman filter. While the soldier is walking, GPS provides an accurate estimate of position. During the soldier's walk, the imputed localization module estimates the position based on the pace of the walk, the initial step value, the compass direction, and the initial body tilt. The Kalman filter uses the GPS information to adjust the stride length and body tilt. false jumps in the GPS position can also be adjusted by the Kalman filter.
Self-Provisioning: Self-Provisioning is used when GPS performance degrades, or when GPS signals cannot be received due to terrain (natural or man-made) features or interference. Soldier's position is determined by pacing based on the start point, step length, and compass direction adjusted for body tilt. The start point position can be the best GPS position, i.e., manually notated map coordinates or survey points. The step length and body tilt can also be memorized by the soldier. In this approach, the required accuracy is 2 percent of the distance traveled on a level surface that can hold a corrected pace, and is within 5 percent of the distance traveled through bumpy terrain.
The integrated navigation system was evaluated at Griswold Range (with its forested terrain) and Mckenna Range (with its urban terrain) at Fort Benning, Georgia, in June 1997 and December 1997, respectively, under the auspices of the Foot Soldier Battlefield Space Operations Laboratory. The conclusion was that the integrated navigation system worked well and was very beneficial to the Ground Warrior system, eliminating the need for the soldier to step test and focusing on his surroundings.
5 Ideal Warfighter Weapon
The Ground Warrior Combat Weapons Program proposes to develop a weapon that fires kinetic rounds (currently the standard 5.56mm round) as well as the more powerful 20mm high explosive/fragmentation rounds, which is called the Ideal Warfighter Weapon (IWW). The OICW replaces the 5.56mm 16 rifle in service. In effect, the OICW is a combination of a conventional assault rifle and a grenade launcher mounted on the same stock, allowing the soldier to choose at a moment's notice the optimal "weapon approach" for either a point or surface target. In addition, the OICW can fire kinetic and high-explosive rounds in the same direct-fire manner, i.e., with the weapon against the shoulder and with the same sight.
In a way, the OICW can be seen as a continuation of today's assault rifles with rifle-mounted grenade launchers or rifle grenades, but it is fundamentally different. Conventional rifle grenades, as well as grenades from rifle-mounted or automatic grenade launchers, are fitted with touch-bomb fuses and are intended to be used primarily against close-range ground targets. The OICW, on the other hand, fires a high-explosive round fitted with a dual-action (touch-bomb/programmed timing) fuse, which can be used to blow up to 1,000 meters in the air. Thus, the OICW grenade launcher part of the main combat advantage is the use of aerial bombing against covered surface targets, in addition, the effective range of high-explosive shells is three times the actual combat range of a standard assault rifle, making the infantryman a more effective "weapons platform" on the battlefield. the OICW's goal is to increase the probability of hit of the high-explosive / fragmentation rounds to 90% of the 500 meters. The goal of the OICW is to increase the hit probability of high explosive/ fragmentation rounds to 90% at 500 meters and 50% at 1000 meters.
5.1 Fire Control System
In order to meet the high hit accuracy requirements of the OICW, the traditional sights, and even the more advanced optical sights are not competent, so the OICW must be equipped with advanced fire control systems. U.S. Army Ordnance Research, Development and Engineering Center requires fire control system has the following functions: accurate calculation of the target distance; calculation of grenade arrival target flight time; preparation of grenade fuse detonation procedures; calculation of trajectory angle, so that the grenade in the most appropriate height explosion, to obtain the best air explosion effect. At the same time, the fire control system should also be able to be used at night and under adverse weather conditions.
The fire control mechanism is: the shooter first with a laser rangefinder calibration distance, ballistic computer receives the data immediately after the indication of the shooting mode, and at the same time on the targeting device on the dividing scale points to the new aiming point, at this time, the shooter can implement the shooting or according to the target to adjust the explosion distance. If the target is a group of enemies hidden behind obstacles, the shooter can immediately open fire, so that high-explosive bombs explode in the sky above the enemy, the use of fragmentation fighting part of the downward dispersal of fragments hit the hidden target. In the case of a sniper mission, the shooter must set the munition to detonate upon entering the window.
To quickly capture a target when shooting at a moving target, one of the contractors, AAI, has built an automatic tracker. If a target is moving, as long as it is within the field of view, it can be hit without having to be observed through a sight. Thus, when observing the battlefield, if the target suddenly appeared and ran for a few seconds, all the shooter had to do was to look over the top of the weapon and point it at the target area, and the automatic device would then track the target. In addition, to reduce target acquisition time by a few seconds, AAI has developed a laser indication device that allows the laser to be pointed at a point in the field of view rather than a point in the crosshairs. Using this method, the tracker can acquire the appropriate parameters and input them into the fire control system. In this way, the distance to a moving target will be obtained in one second instead of three or five seconds.
Another contractor, Alliant, sees one of the main challenges of OICW?