First, the tire material of porcelain must be porcelain clay. The composition of porcelain clay is mainly kaolin, and contains feldspar, quartzite and mullite components; low iron content. After high-temperature firing, the tire color white, with transparent or translucent, the tire water absorption rate of less than 1%, or no water absorption.
Secondly, the porcelain body must be 1200 ℃ ~ 1300 ℃ high temperature baking, only with the physical properties of porcelain. Porcelain clay is different from place to place, the firing temperature also varies, to be subject to sintering.
Third, the glaze applied to the surface of the porcelain, must be fired under high temperature and porcelain together with the vitreous glaze.
Fourth, after the firing of porcelain, the body must be hard and solid, fine tissue, knocking can make a crisp and pleasant metallic sound.
The ceramicists serious research and scientific determination of the unearthed objects proved that in our primitive society at the end of the Neolithic era, our ancestors used china clay as a raw material, fired out of the tire gray and white, no glaze on the surface of the vessel, the fire is lower, the so-called gray ceramics. About the early slave society in the Xia dynasty, with the development of society and improve the level of craftsmanship, people in the porcelain clay mixed with a certain amount of feldspar, quartzite and other ingredients, fired a kind of white tire, the texture of the harder vessels, in terms of its sintering properties and hardness, has been different from the pottery, but close to the original celadon. Because the surface of the vessel without glaze, so it is called "primitive porcelain". In the Shang and Zhou times, and can generally make a glazed objects. This glaze ware, tire color gray, dense structure, high fire, hardness, knock up can send out a resounding metal sound; especially the surface of a layer of green or yellow-green vitreous high-temperature glaze, it looks like it is very different from the general pottery, and porcelain is quite a lot of the same place. After chemical analysis, its tire, glaze, firing temperature, water absorption and physical properties and other data show that it has the standard conditions of porcelain, porcelain rather than pottery. Therefore, this kind of glazed ware is the earliest celadon in China. However, because of the low level of technology, raw material processing and billet mud practice is relatively rough, not after the fine filtering, washing, pinching and practicing, aging and other processes; and the plasticity of the tire material is small, the shape is relatively monotonous; at the same time the impurities in the cell material is still more, the tire is quite a lot of cracks, the glaze is also unstable and so on, with the later mature porcelain comparison, it will be with a clear primitive, so it's called the original celadon.
From the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty, is the transition period from primitive celadon to mature celadon. This period of celadon, in the sintering properties and surface glaze and other aspects, than the original celadon has made greater progress, but compared with the mature celadon, there are still some differences.
After a long road of primitive celadon and early celadon, celadon wares appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty 1,800 years ago. In Zhejiang Shangyu, Ningbo, Cixi. Yongjia and other places have been found in the Han Dynasty porcelain kiln sites; in Luoyang, Henan Province, Zhongzhou Road, burning ditch, Hebei Anping Lu Jiazhuang, Anhui Boxian, Hunan Yiyang, Hubei Dangyang Liu Jiajiazi and other late Eastern Han Dynasty tombs and Jiangsu Gaoyou Shaojiagou Han Dynasty ruins, have been found in the porcelain products, and especially in Jiangxi, Zhejiang found more. Among them are the Eastern Han Dynasty Yanxi seven years (164 years) in the tomb unearthed in the linen pattern of four systems of celadon jar, Xi Ping four years (175 years) tomb unearthed celadon ear cups, five canisters, wells, smokers and ghosts of the stove, Xi Ping five years (176 years) the tomb of the celadon jars found in the tomb, as well as with the Zhu Shu "Chuping first year" (190 years) jars of pottery in the same tomb! There are also four series of blue porcelain jars with burlap pattern unearthed in the same tomb with the pot of Zhu Shu "Chuping yuan year" (190). The discovery of these conclusive age of the porcelain, so that we are convinced that the invention of China's porcelain will not be later than the end of the Han Dynasty, it is designated as the late Eastern Han Dynasty, not only has a large number of archaeological data as a basis, but also more accurate.
Zhejiang region has very rich deposits of porcelain clay, and porcelain stone ore is generally buried from the surface is not deep, easy to mine. Zhejiang porcelain clay, mainly a quartz - kaolin - sericite type of pegmatite granite containing quartz after weathering rock minerals. Weathering degree of low contains part of the feldspar, weathering degree of high contains more kaolinite minerals. This forms a natural favorable conditions, as long as the use of this porcelain stone as the main raw material can be made of porcelain tires, this type of minerals with high iron content, suitable for reduction firing. Under the influence of the reducing atmosphere, high-value iron is reduced to low-value iron, low-value iron flux is very strong, helping the tire sintered at a lower temperature.
Porcelain kiln workers in the long-term practice of porcelain, the selection of raw materials, embryonic mud washing, molding, glazing until the firing and other technologies, in the late Eastern Han Dynasty have a greater improvement and enhancement for the emergence of porcelain to create the necessary technical conditions. From the porcelain kiln site around the natural environment observation, generally have a more adequate water resources, coupled with the then has been widely used foot difficult and water pestle situation, so it is likely that this time has been crushed with a water pestle porcelain clay, in order to improve the fineness of the clay and production efficiency. In Shangyu tent mountain east Han kiln site excavations, found on the pottery car components - porcelain shaft top bowl. This shaft top bowl inside the mortar, wall with uniform glaze, very smooth; its outer wall into an octagonal, on the small and large, set in the center part of the wheel, added to the top of the shaft, once the external force to promote, can make the wheel for rapid and continuous rotation. This quite progressive pottery car equipment and skilled billeting technology in close cooperation, so that the porcelain ware regular and improve the efficacy. All this shows, zhejiang become our country's celadon birthplace is not accidental. Shangyu County, Xiaoxiantan late Eastern Han Dynasty kiln site excavated celadon, fine texture, good light transmission, low water absorption, the Department of 1260 ~ 1310 ℃ high temperature firing; table body glaze, tire glaze combined with quite firm; glaze transparent, fluorescent luster, clear and elegant, beautiful and beautiful.
In addition, in Shangyu, Ningbo, the Eastern Han Dynasty kiln site is also found in the firing of black glazed porcelain. In Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places in the Han Dynasty tombs have also been unearthed black-glazed porcelain, especially in Anhui Province, Huxian Jianning three years (170 years) and other chronological tombs of black-glazed porcelain unearthed, proving that it should be fired in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty. Obviously, this innovative product was developed on the basis of celadon. The coloring agent of both black porcelain and celadon is iron, and after firing at high temperature, it is greenish or greenish-yellow, so it is called celadon. In the process technology managed to exclude the interference of iron coloring, is white porcelain; on the contrary, increased iron glaze coloring, it will become black shiny black porcelain.
Three Kingdoms, two Jin and North and South Dynasties period is the rapid development of the porcelain industry in Jiangnan period. East from the southeast coast of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Gan, west to the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the two lakes, Sichuan have set up kilns, respectively, burned with local characteristics of the porcelain. One of the fastest development of the Yue kiln, the kiln is the most widely distributed, the highest quality of porcelain.
From the Western Jin Dynasty Eight Kings Rebellion to the Sixteen Kingdoms of more than a hundred years, the northern area of the war even the disaster knot, the economy is withering, handicrafts extreme decline. Therefore, this period of time, porcelain production process has been the only let the south specializing in beauty. In 439, Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty united the northern part of China, and in 450-451, he failed to invade the Song Dynasty, thus establishing the separation of the north and the south. 458 years later, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the equalization of land system, assisted dependent peasants to set up households to divide the land, and restricted the use of slaves by ordinary landlords, which enabled the agricultural sector to resume its development and made the revival of the handicrafts industry possible.
From the point of view of the excavated celadon in Hebei and Henan, the area of Hebei and Henan, it is likely to become the center of celadon production area of the Northern Dynasties. White porcelain first appeared in the Northern Qi Dynasty. Early white porcelain, the tire material fine white, apparently through the amalgamation, but not on the tire protection glaze; glaze cream, glaze layer thin and moist; glaze thick at the green, and the surface of the general green. The appearance of white porcelain, porcelain industry has opened up a broad road. With white porcelain, there is shadow green, blue and red glaze, there are fighting color, five color, pastel ...... and so on, colorful color porcelain. So the invention of white porcelain, is a new milestone in the history of China's ceramics.
The origin of black porcelain originated in the south, after the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the north began the black porcelain firing. A black-glazed four-system jar unearthed from the tomb of Cui Ang in Northern Qi, Pingshan County, Hebei Province, signaled that more mature black porcelain had already appeared during the Northern Qi period. In 1975 in zanhuang county, hebei east wei li xizong tomb, had found a piece of black glazed porcelain piece, although the shape of the vessel can not be understood, but the glaze is black and bright, the porcelain tire is also hard and thin, the production is also regular. This piece of black porcelain piece, than Cui Ang tomb unearthed black porcelain jar to twelve years earlier, can be inferred that the Eastern Wei Dynasty North Dynasty has black porcelain.
The emergence of celadon, white porcelain, black porcelain, marking the rapid development of the northern porcelain industry, thus laying the foundation for the general emergence of famous kilns in the north of the Tang and Song dynasties.
Sui-North Dynasty as the basis for the unification of the whole country, Sui early cultural landscape is also with a strong North Dynasty colors. With the political unification of the north and south, but also promote the north and south of the economy, culture and integration, began a new period. This new period is reflected in the porcelain production process in two aspects:
First, before the Sui, porcelain kilns are mainly in the south of the Yangtze River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Sichuan, the north did not find the kiln worthy of attention. But after the Sui Dynasty, changed this face, porcelain industry in the north and south of the river development. The Sui porcelain kilns have been found in Hebei Jabi village kiln, Henan An kiln, Gongxian kiln, Anhui Huainan kiln, Hunan Xiangyin kiln, Sichuan Denglai kiln and so on six, there are four in the north and south of the river. This is a precursor to the future of the great development of porcelain in the Tang and Song dynasties.
Secondly, although celadon is still the mainstream of porcelain production in the Sui Dynasty, from Henan, Shaanxi, Anhui excavated white porcelain, compared with the Northern Dynasties, there are greater progress. Tire whiter, glaze glossy, tire glaze are not pan blue, flash yellow phenomenon.
Tang dynasty fired white porcelain, tire glaze white, such as silver like snow, marking the real maturity of white porcelain. Has been found in Hebei Lincheng Xing kiln, Quyang kiln, Henan Gongxian kiln, Hebi kiln, Dengfeng kiln, Jiaxian kiln, Xingyang kiln, Anyang kiln, Shanxi Hunyuan kiln, Pingding kiln, Shaanxi Yaosu kiln, Anhui Xiaoyao kiln and so on are burned white porcelain. Among them, the white porcelain of Xing kiln became a famous porcelain which was popular for a while and "common to all in the world". Therefore, people usually use "southern blue and northern white" to summarize the characteristics of the porcelain industry in the Tang Dynasty. Xing kiln white porcelain and Yue kiln celadon represents the highest achievement of the northern porcelain industry and southern porcelain industry, although it is true. But in fact, the northern kilns also burned celadon, yellow porcelain, black porcelain, porcelain, also specializing in black porcelain and porcelain kilns. The kilns in the north, many kilns burning porcelain history is relatively short, no stereotypes can be adhered to, and therefore dare to make a variety of attempts and explorations. Glaze color is not tired of green, white, yellow, black, green, flower, tire can be two colors overlap billet, forming texture, not thin elegant vegetarian, more like rich. This represents a new confident and aggressive style of the times. In the south of the Tang tomb also found a considerable number of white porcelain, just did not find white porcelain kiln site, but this is a white porcelain to the tendency to conservative celadon for the impact of the signs.
Poetry critics say that Tang poetry has the so-called Tang Dynasty weather. Ceramic art can best express this Tang weather is the Tang three-color glazed pottery. In the porcelain production process, the Tang people's contribution is also a lot. Left a gift to future generations is the widespread use of sagger in the firing process, sagger creation and use may be earlier than the Tang, but a large number of use and as a routine of the process, is in the middle of the Tang later. Tang people burned a high-quality Xing kiln white porcelain and Yue kiln celadon, but also for the emergence of famous kilns in the Song dynasty to prepare for the process conditions.
During the Five Dynasties period, the production of white porcelain was still dominated by the northern region. Most of the kiln sites in the Tang Dynasty continued to be fired, the largest of which were the Quyang kiln, Hebi kiln, Huangbaozhen kiln of the Yaozhou kiln system and Yuhua Palace kiln. Quyang Jianjie Village kiln site unearthed in the Five Dynasties white porcelain vessels include bowls, plates, lamps, plates, boxes, jars, bottles, pillows, various utensils. Each type of ware style, such as the style of the bowl up to eight, visible at that time the production of developed. But also because in the country divided, under the situation, the porcelain kilns around the borrowing, imitation and market competition is unlikely, this progress and development is limited, the porcelain industry, the new development and prosperity of the Northern Song Dynasty to unify the country.
Song dynasty is a prosperous period in the history of China's porcelain industry. Since 1949, ceramic archaeology found in China's ancient porcelain kiln sites distributed in nineteen provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions of one hundred and seventy counties, including the distribution of Song kilns up to one hundred and thirty counties, accounting for 75% of the total number of can be said to be all over the place. The prosperity of the porcelain industry in the Song Dynasty, on the one hand, is the Song Dynasty political, economic and social factors **** with the results of the role, on the one hand, but also the Song Dynasty social, economic and cultural prosperity is reflected.
The formation of the porcelain system and kiln system, is China's ancient porcelain craftsmen from all over the world to learn from each other, the result of continuous innovation; but also porcelain craft in the process of dissemination and development, by the different natural conditions around, the impact of living customs. Porcelain appeared in the early Eastern Han Dynasty in Zhejiang, quickly spread in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, well gradually spread to the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, as well as Fujian and Guangdong. Around the beginning of the 6th century in the Northern Dynasties, the Central Plains also appeared in their own firing porcelain. From then on, China's porcelain industry has formed two major porcelain systems in the north and south.
Southern porcelain products are characterized by:
One, the shape of the more beautiful, tire color tile gray, tire particles finer, some slightly red or yellow; pore fine, small porosity, tire in the black spot less.
Two, the chemical composition of porcelain tire material is: iron trioxide content is generally about 2%, higher than in the north. Titanium dioxide and aluminum oxide content are lower; and the content of silica is higher than the north.
Three, the glaze is green and emerald green, some slightly dark yellow, with sheep wood light.
Four, porcelain firing temperature is low, generally about 1200 ℃, and even less than this temperature on the phenomenon of over-firing.
Northern porcelain products are characterized by:
One, the shape of the artifacts novel, rugged and majestic; the body is relatively thick, tire color light gray, coarse granular structure, the tire within the black spots and pores, porosity.
Second, the chemical composition of the tire material is close to the poor quality of the clay raw materials, aluminum oxide content is high, generally more than 26%, the highest up to 32%; titanium dioxide content of more than 1%, the content of silicon dioxide is generally lower than the South, so the tire color is darker than the South.
Three, the glaze layer is thin, glassy, yellowish gray color.
Four, porcelain firing temperature is higher. For example, Hebei Province, Jingxian Feng's tomb excavated celadon, in 1200 ℃ firing temperature or raw.
Southern porcelain system in Sui before the main kiln sites are: Shangyu kiln, Yixing Junshan kiln, Xiao mountain Dong kiln, Chengdu Qingyanggong kiln, Fujian Tianshan Maling kiln and so on. Northern porcelain system in Sui before the kiln site found not much, only Henan Anyang kiln, Hebei Jabi kiln, Shandong Zibo kiln several places. And to the Song dynasty, the formation of a variety of porcelain kiln system. Song Dynasty porcelain kiln system, mainly based on the distinction between the kiln products, glaze, modeling and decorative similarities and differences, according to the similarities and differences between them can be roughly seen in the Song Dynasty, the formation of the porcelain kiln system has six: the northern region of the Ding kiln system, Yaosu kiln system, the Jun kiln system, the Magnetic Kiln system; the southern region of the Longquan celadon porcelain system, the Jingdezhen celadon and white porcelain system.
The Ding kiln system is represented by the Ding kiln. Ding kiln was first burned in the Tang Dynasty, and its white porcelain was influenced by the neighboring Xing kiln, which was famous all over the world at that time. But later Ding Sheng Xing decline, to the Song Dynasty people know that there is Ding and do not know that there is Xing. The Ding kiln system kilns to the Northern Song Dynasty did form their own set of porcelain production technology and porcelain production style, and for the kilns imitated. Ding kiln system products to white porcelain, and firing black glaze, sauce glaze, green glaze and white glaze pick flower ware. The glaze is relatively glistening, and the glaze color is yellowish in white, often with tears. Tire processing is very fine, the tire is hard, the tire color is white. The shape of the wares is stable, and the decoration is neat and elegant. The early products are mainly scratched and carved; the late Northern Song Dynasty is mainly printed. The layout of the pattern is rigorous, the subject matter is colorful, with a variety of flowers most common, including peony, lotus is more, followed by chrysanthemums. The rest of the animals, birds, water waves and fish also have a certain number of patterns, baby play pattern is relatively rare. In the Northern Song Dynasty in the middle of the process of over-firing appeared, that is, the dish bowl and other vessels burned in reverse. The advantages of this method of mounting burns with the same kiln, consuming the same fuel, firing a kiln than with ordinary sagger yield for high, the disadvantage is that there is awn, that is, the mouth is unglazed. Production of Ding kiln system porcelain kilns, is distributed in the Zhanghe River, Fenhe River basin in the vast area. Representative kilns in addition to the Quyang Ding kiln in Hebei, Shanxi, Pingding kiln, Meng County kiln, Yangcheng kiln, Jiexiu kiln and Sichuan's Pengxian kiln.
The Magnetic Kiln System is the largest system of folk kilns in the north. The kilns of this kiln system were located in present-day Henan, Hebei and Shanxi provinces, with the town of Guantai in Handan, Hebei province, as the typical representative. The history of the Magnetic Kiln System can be traced back to the northern white porcelain kilns of the Tang Dynasty.
The Magizhou kilns inherited the characteristics of the northern and southern folk kilns of the Tang Dynasty and produced a wide range of porcelain. Guantai kiln product line and type, can be said to be the collection of this kiln system of kilns. The porcelain fired here is mainly white porcelain and black porcelain. Decoration is colorful, white and black flowers, contrasting. Decorative themes are mostly taken from the people's life. Xiuwu County, Henan Province, the achievements of the Dangyangyu kiln is also great, the uniqueness of its porcelain production process lies in the underglaze application of a layer of extremely white tire protection glaze, and then painted on top of the black flowers, or the use of ticking the ground to make ticking flowers. Decorated with black and white or ochre white contrast, very strong; the pattern of the production method is both lively and rigorous.
Other representative kiln sites of the Magnetic State Kiln system include: the Hebi kiln in Henan Province, the Pacun kiln in Yuxian County, the Quhe kiln in Dengfeng, the Jiexiu kiln in Shanxi Province, and the Jizhou kiln in Ji'an, Jiangxi Province.
The Yaozhou kiln system was a huge kiln system in the north that fired celadon. The Yaozhou kiln system is represented by the town of Huangbao in present-day Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, and includes the kilns of Chenfuzhen, Lidipo, Shangdian and Yuhuagong. Tongchuan was formerly known as Tongguan, and was part of Yaozhou in the Song Dynasty, hence the name Yaozhou kilns. Huangbao Town is located on the west bank of the Chishui narrow basin, 15 kilometers from Tongchuan City in the northeast and 13 kilometers from Yaoxian County in the south. Lacquer water passes through the town and flows through Yao County to join the Frustration River. The town east and west have avenue, land and water transportation is convenient, the nearby coal and crucible soil, there are good conditions for porcelain firing. The early history of the Yaozhou kiln system can also be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and production continued until the Ming Jiajing period. The product range included celadon, white porcelain, and black porcelain; celadon was mainly fired during the Northern Song Dynasty. Yaozhou Kiln celadon has a deep color, with a brownish-yellow rim, which is called "ginger-yellow".
The most outstanding achievement of the Yaozhou kiln system is the pattern decoration. The patterns of Song and Yuan include folded peony, entwined chrysanthemums, three fish in the water, mandarin ducks playing lotus, two ducks playing in the water, algae pattern, Lonicera pattern, back pattern, pine forest playing babies, dragon and phoenix pattern, etc. The decorative techniques are printed, engraved and engraved. Decorative techniques to print, carving-based; carving strong, lively pattern, in the Song Dynasty kiln system is considered outstanding.
Yaozhou kiln system has a large range, the east side of the influence of Henan Linru kiln, the west side of the development of Shaanxi, Gansu junction of the Xunyi kiln. Representative kiln sites also include the Yiyang kiln and Baofeng kiln in Henan, the Chengguan kiln in Xin'an, the Juntai kiln in Yuxian, the Dayaodian kiln in Neixiang, and the Xicun kiln in Guangdong and the Yongfu kiln in Guangxi.
The Jun kiln system, represented by the Jun kiln in Yuxian County, Henan Province, was first fired in the Northern Song Dynasty and continued to be fired during the Jin and Yuan dynasties. Its outstanding achievement is that the glaze is mixed with copper oxides and fired with a reducing flame to produce brilliant and colorful kiln-variable glaze colors. The main feature of Jun glaze is that the whole body is azure and the colorful purple-red glaze is intricately reflected with each other, and the glaze is fat and moist, which is extremely beautiful. In addition, there are moon white, sky blue, begonia red and so on.
Jun Kiln system porcelain is fired in a wide range of places, including Yuxian, Jiaxian, Dengfeng, Xin'an, Tangyin, Anyang in Henan and Magixian in Hebei.
Longquan celadon kiln system belongs to the southern celadon system. In the Southern Song Dynasty to cope with the court. The needs of the government, began to produce a porcelain characterized by the application of viscous lime alkali glaze. To the middle of the Southern Song Dynasty later, finally formed its own characteristic style of plum green, powder green glaze Longquan celadon.
Longquan celadon porcelain kiln system of rapid development, in addition to the superior natural conditions of Longquan area, but also because after entering the gold, the decline of the porcelain industry in the north, the Southern Song Dynasty, the state of the water, the sea corner, water transportation is developed, conducive to the development of commerce and trade. Southern Song government and the development of overseas trade as a national policy, Song Ningzong Jiading twelve years (1219) to prevent the outflow of gold and silver, "the order of the Secretary to stop to the silk cloth, brocade, porcelain belonging to the Bo Yi" ("History of the Song Dynasty - Food and Goods Zhi"). This stimulates the export of porcelain, Longquan celadon in East and Southeast Asia and East Africa, Arab countries are very popular commodities, this situation to the Yuan Dynasty is still flourishing. In the country, Longquan celadon and Jingdezhen celadon, as well as its products, the domestic market is very large. In recent years, the discovery of southern Shaanxi and Sichuan celadon and Longquan celadon cellar is good evidence.
In the Song dynasty kilns of the kilns, Longquan celadon is the latest, but because of the support of the overseas market, finally developed rapidly into a large number of kilns in a huge kiln system. By the late Southern Song Dynasty, Longquan County, Zhejiang Province, kilns scattered, but also neighboring Qingyuan, Suichang, Yunhe County. Jizhou kiln in Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, Fujian Quanzhou bowl kiln township kilns are also fired. After the Yuan, firing Longquan kiln style porcelain kiln range is more expanded, only the Ou River in southern Zhejiang on both sides of the kiln site found more than one hundred and fifty places.
Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain kilns belong to the southern porcelain system. Blue and white porcelain, also known as shadow green, is the Song dynasty to Jingdezhen kiln on behalf of the firing into a unique style of porcelain. Its glaze color between the green and white two colors, green in white, white in the green, so called green and white porcelain. Blue and white porcelain glaze hardness, thinness, transparency and porcelain mullite crystals in the developed, have reached the standard of modern hard porcelain, representing the Song Dynasty porcelain firing level. Especially after the use of over-firing method, the production doubled, the southeast coastal areas of great influence. Since the Song Dynasty until the Yuan Dynasty, the prevalence of blue and white porcelain, forming a famous blue and white porcelain kiln system.
Jingdezhen burned blue and white porcelain kiln site has been found in Hutian, Xianghu, Shengmeiting, Nanshi Street, Huang Nitou, Liujiawan, etc.; Nanfeng, Jiangxi, White House kiln, Anhui Fanchang Kejiachong kiln, Fujian, Fujian kiln and Hubei Wuchang Jinkou kiln and other kilns are burned blue and white porcelain. Belonging to this kiln system, there are also Jiangxi Ji'an Jizhou kiln, Guangdong Hu'an kiln, Fujian Dehua kiln, Quanzhou bowl kiln township kiln, Tong'an kiln, Nan'an kiln and so on.
The reason why the above porcelain kiln system can be formed, is certainly the Tang Dynasty, "South Green North White" porcelain layout and development trend of the logical development; on the other hand, is the historical conditions of the Song Dynasty porcelain market competition results. They can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty in terms of historical origin and certain process characteristics, but they are very different from the Tang porcelain. Their progress and development not only to make the Tang porcelain is behind, but also make a generation of famous kilns such as Xing kiln and the Yue kiln from then on are gradually disappeared into obscurity, become a historical relics.
It is because of the competition, a porcelain in the market is popular, first of all, the neighboring kilns successive imitation, followed by the increase in kilns and kilns to expand the formation of porcelain kiln system. At the same time in the sale of this kind of porcelain also caused by the local porcelain kiln imitation burning, expanding to other places. Sales and the main source can be far away from each other, Guangzhou Xicun Song kiln firing Shaanxi Yaozhou kiln style celadon export, is its example. At the same time, because of the need to maintain the traditional market and compete for new markets, also prompted a lot of innovation and creation of the Song dynasty porcelain production process, on the one hand is to increase production, on the other hand is to reduce costs, for example, the Song dynasty porcelain kilns commonly used fire light to check the temperature and atmosphere of the kiln during the firing process, in order to ensure that as high as possible rate of finished products. The mid-North Song Dynasty by the Ding kiln founded by the over-firing process, is a gasket combination of sagger, can be loaded at a time to burn a number of bowls of porcelain, can make full use of the kiln space, to expand the production of batches in order to reduce costs. This over-firing process was later adopted by other kilns.
There is competition between the kilns, whether it is a porcelain kiln system, or a porcelain kiln system outside, the result of competition is the emergence of famous porcelain kilns. Song dynasty kilns in the official kiln is produced exclusively for the court. Its products are not used to exchange goods, seems to have nothing to do with the porcelain market competition. But the official kiln craftsmen are from the folk kiln, as for the Ru kiln may initially was originally a folk kiln, and later in the official supervision of the court porcelain, the product for the palace government proprietary. Subsequently, like the Bianjing kilns, due to the Jingkang change, the collapse of the Northern Song dynasty and the exhaustion of the kilns.
The greatest contribution of Song porcelain production in the history of China's ceramics is that it opened up a new realm of ceramic aesthetics. Jun porcelain begonia red, rose purple, brilliant as the evening sun, changes such as clouds and water kiln color glaze; Ru Kiln juice glistening as the texture of the pile of fat; Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain color quality such as jade; Longquan celadon emerald green crystal green is the ultimate celadon glaze of the beauty of the glaze. There are also kilns full of broken lines, the intentional production of defects, flaws in the beauty; black porcelain seems to be in addition to the black and nothing else for the force, but the Song people burned a drop of oil, rabbit hair, partridge, tortoiseshell, such as the crystalline glaze and milky glaze. Magnetic kiln of white glaze underglaze black wares is another realm, underglaze black wares inherited the Tang dynasty Changsha kilns underglaze green glaze tradition, directly for the Yuan dynasty white porcelain underglaze blue wares appeared to provide an example. Ding porcelain pattern neat and rigorous printing, Yao porcelain sharp and dashing carved flowers are only known to have Xing kiln white porcelain and Yue kiln thousands of green emerald color, secret color, such as ice and jade Tang and the Five Dynasties are less than see, less than know and unimaginable new manners and styles.
Song porcelain aesthetic style, close to the Shen Jing Yazhou all the way, Jun porcelain, although as brilliant as the evening sun, but also does not belong to the Tang Sancai warm gorgeous. Song porcelain created by the new aesthetic realm, mainly in the Song porcelain not only pay attention to the beauty of the glaze color, but also the pursuit of glaze texture beauty. Jun porcelain, porcelain, Longquan, black porcelain, oil drop, rabbit hair, tortoiseshell, etc. are not ordinary thin, exposed, transparent glass glaze, but can show the texture of the beauty of the milky glaze and crystalline glaze. Ru porcelain of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty official kilns, Longquan kilns celadon are vitreous enamel, but their formula is no longer dilute lime glaze but viscous lime alkaline glaze, thus Ru porcelain "glaze Ying thick as a pile of fat", the official kilns and Longquan celadon glazed many times, the use of glaze caused by the refractive scattering of tiny bubbles, the formation of a heavy and deep texture, make people The feeling that there is an endless appreciation of the implicit. Tang praised the Yue kiln celadon "like ice like jade", is still only a rhetorical metaphor and ideal, but the Song people fired Longquan celadon and blue and white porcelain is the actual skillful work. These works of Song porcelain are masterpieces and treasures in the gallery of China's ceramic history. Their manners and style is also the later generations of ceramics industry for a long time to follow the example of a thousand years, and still make us marvel and fall in love.
Liao Dynasty is the early 10th century in China, the Khitan tribe in the north of the establishment of the local regime. The Khitan were the descendants of the Xianbei, an ancient northern ethnic group, and began to be called Khitan at the end of the Jin Dynasty. Since the North and South Dynasties, the Khitan have been nomadic in the area around the Xilamulun River basin in the upper reaches of the Liao River, and their relationship with the Central Plains has gradually become closer. The Tang Dynasty set up the Songmudu Prefecture with its land and appointed a Khitan leader as the prefect. In the late Tang Dynasty, the Khitan had become one of the most powerful northern ethnic groups in China. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Yelu Abaoji, the leader of the Khitan tribe, unified the Khitan and neighboring ministries, and established the Liao Dynasty in the second year of the Zhengming era (916) in the Later Liang Dynasty of the Five Dynasties, which then stood side by side with the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty successively. As the Khitan people shifted from animal husbandry, fishing and hunting to agriculture and animal husbandry, and from nomadic life to sedentary life, the handicraft industry also developed. In the handicraft industry, porcelain industry is an important part.
Tang, since the Five Dynasties, in the north of China's Xing (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province), magnetism (now Magnetism County, Hebei Province), within the three states, has appeared in the porcelain industry. Dingzhou was in the far north, close to Liao. All sectors of the crafts industry in the Liao Dynasty were mainly developed by Han Chinese and Bohai people captured in wars, and the Liao porcelain industry was certainly no exception. According to the "liao history" records, from tazu to shizong this period, liao to dingzhou has carried out many times of looting. And Dingzhou belongs to the Quyang county territory, is the location of the kiln site of Ding kiln. Therefore, most of the craftsmen who made porcelain in the Liao Dynasty originated from the magnetic kiln town in the Central Plains and the Ding kiln in Dingzhou. Liao dynasty porcelain kiln, the known **** seven, its distribution is: on the capital area has lindong liao shangjing kiln, lindong south east mountain kiln, lindong white yin gole kiln; in the capital area has chifeng cylinder kiln; Tokyo area has liao yang meaning meaning (gang just) guan tun kiln; nanjing area has the beijing longquan service kiln; west capital area datong city western suburb of green porcelain kiln village also found kiln site, burned wares for the black glazed chicken leg altar, and so on. Thus, it seems that the qidan people in its unestablished state before, mainly to nomadic, fishing pigs for industry, porcelain industry is not rooted. Liao's porcelain achievements is mainly the contribution of the Han Chinese porcelain workers in North China. Liao porcelain is rich in nomadic characteristics of the skin pot (because of the shape of the chicken crown, also known as the chicken crown pot), the shape of the chicken leg vase and famous, and by the collectors of the treasured. Liao porcelain in addition to some of the artifacts modeling special, burned porcelain lineage and technology is also largely the same with the North China white porcelain system of the kilns.
The Jin Dynasty is China's female genitalia in the early twelfth century, in the northeast and north China established a local regime. Jin Dynasty ceramics in China's ceramic history is an indispensable part. For a long time, due to the historical documents about the Jin Dynasty ceramics records are very few, physical information and see not much, so the Jin Dynasty ceramics, no one has made a systematic study in the past. 50 years before the publication of a number of ceramics history works, there is no Jin porcelain said. Even if people see the ceramics of the Jin Dynasty, it is often regarded as the Song and Yuan things.
Since the 50s, with the development of China's cultural relics and archaeological work, the Jin Dynasty ceramics materials continue to find, only to make us know the production of ceramics in the Jin Dynasty, can be roughly divided into two periods before and after, that is, the Hailing King Wanyan Liang moved to Yenching for the first period of time before the move, after moving to the latter part of the capital. Fushun Daguan Tun kiln from Liaoning Province and Liaoyang Jiang Guantun kiln, the two representatives, the Jin Dynasty porcelain glaze is very monotonous, simple shape, lack of decoration. Porcelain raw material processing rough, tire bone thick and color miscellaneous, uneven glaze lack of moist feeling. Molding process is rough, the shape is not regular, no stereotypes. Decoration is simple, only to see a white background painted black flowers, other techniques such as carving, scratching, carving, adding color is extremely rare. These conditions indicate that the early Jin Dynasty ceramics, its production level is lower than the Guanchi region. From the 1127 "Jingkang change" to 1153 Jin Hailing Wang moved the capital, in the nearly thirty years, the Jin soldiers each time the southern invasion, the plunder of population, wealth, land as the main goal. Today's Hebei, Henan Province is one of the important bases of porcelain production in the Northern Song Dynasty, there is a high degree of development of the ceramic handicraft industry, but the long-term war, so that it has been unprecedented destruction. After more than twenty years, ceramic production in the Central Plains of the Jin Dynasty, may be due to the destruction of the war and the kiln workers fled, basically in a state of abandonment, to the Jin ShiZong WanYanYong "that is the throne five years and the north and south repaired". In his reign of nearly thirty years, according to the "Jin Shi - Shizong Ji": "the group of ministers to guard their duties, up and down the peace, the family give people enough, the surplus of the granary ...... called 'small Yao Shun.'" The economic recovery and development of the Jin Dynasty must have stimulated the production of ceramics. Currently found with the chronology of the Jin Dynasty porcelain and burials out of porcelain, there are the second year of Dading (1162) the Magnetic State Kiln system of white-glazed black flowers Wu pattern tiger-shaped pillows, the Buddha's light Pudu Da'an two years (1210) white-glazed black letter jar, Da'an two years (1210) Yaosu kilns celadon slice specimens, Jin Mingchang three years (1192) white-glazed sand-rimmed ceramic bowls, the seventeenth year of the Da'ding (1177) and twenty-four years (1184) ) Many Ding kiln porcelains were excavated from Jin tombs. However, very few have been found from before Jin Dading. Obviously it is a reflection of the ceramics industry in the Central Plains was restored and developed during the years of Dading.
Jin Dynasty in the Central Plains during the Dading years and after the development of ceramic kilns, according to the current excavations and surveys, there are Quyang Ding kiln in Hebei, magnetic county inkstone kiln and Henan Yuxian Jun kiln, Shaanxi Tongchuan Yaozhou kiln and so on. Obviously, the Jin people invaded the south, the destruction of the Liao invasion of Song, on the one hand, inherited the Liao and Song porcelain roots, on the other hand, caused the northern skilled kiln workers fled, moved south. Resulting in the decline of the northern porcelain industry. Several major northern kiln area into the gold soon after the resumption of firing, but the products are shoddy, gold porcelain did not have out