What are the categories of goods?

Question 1: What are the commodity classifications? Supermarket is a retail format that satisfies consumers to buy enough basic daily necessities at one time with more goods. Classifying a wide range of goods is the need of scientific and standardized management of supermarkets, which is conducive to the procurement, distribution, sales, inventory and accounting of goods classification and improves management efficiency and economic benefits. On the basis of commodity classification, supermarket companies can choose and form distinctive commodity combinations according to the needs of target customers, reflect their own personalized management characteristics, and realize the success of supermarket management. Commodity classification can be carried out according to different purposes and different classification standards. For example, commodity group classification is divided according to the proportion and function of different types of goods in store sales, and its purpose is to promote the overall sales performance of stores through the combination of business units or business areas. However, in the actual commodity management of supermarkets, comprehensive classification standards are generally adopted to classify all commodities into four grades: large category, medium category, small category and single item, so as to facilitate management and improve management efficiency. Although there are great differences in the varieties of supermarkets in various formats, such as the small convenience stores with less than 3,000 varieties and the super-large comprehensive supermarkets with more than 30,000 varieties, the commodity classification includes the above four levels, and the classification standards of each level are basically the same, but there are relatively few categories of convenience stores at all levels, while there are relatively many categories of large comprehensive supermarkets at all levels. First, the big classification is the thickest classification of supermarkets. The main criteria of categories are commodity characteristics, such as livestock products, aquatic products, fruits and vegetables, Japanese processed food, general food, daily groceries, daily necessities, household appliances, etc. For the convenience of management, the general classification of supermarkets should not exceed 10. Second, the classification in the middle classification is the subdivision category in the big classification. Its classification standards mainly include: (1) classification according to the function and use of goods. For example, under the general classification of Japanese ingredients, it can be divided into milk, bean products, frozen products and frozen foods. (2) according to the method of manufacturing goods. For example, under the general classification of livestock products, cooked meat products can be subdivided into Chinese categories, including bacon, bacon, ham, sausage and so on. (3) according to the origin of the goods. For example, under the general classification of fruits and vegetables, the intermediate classification of domestic fruits and imported fruits can be subdivided. Third, small classification is the further subdivision of categories by middle classification. The main classification criteria are: (1) classification by functional use. For example, under the classification of livestock products and pork, it can be further subdivided into small categories such as ribs, pilaf and pork. (2) packaging according to specifications. For example, under the general category of "general food" and "beverage", it can be further subdivided into small categories such as canned drinks, bottled drinks and boxed drinks. (3) Classification by commodity composition. For example, under the general classification of "daily necessities" and "shoes", it can be further subdivided into leather shoes, artificial leather shoes, cloth shoes and plastic shoes. (4) according to the taste of the goods. For example, under the category of "candy biscuits" and "biscuits", it can be further subdivided into small categories such as "sweet biscuits", "salty biscuits", "butter biscuits" and "fruit biscuits". Fourth, a single item is a complete and independent commodity item that cannot be subdivided in commodity classification. For example, 355 ml Coca-Cola in a can, 1.25 liter Coca-Cola in a bottle, 2 liter Coca-Cola in a bottle and 2 liter Sprite in a bottle produced by Shanghai Shenmei Beverage Co., Ltd. belong to four different items. It should be noted that there is no uniform and fixed standard for commodity classification, and each supermarket company can classify commodities according to the market and its own actual situation.

Question 2: What is the symbol of commodity classification? 1, the use of the commodity as the classification mark 2, the raw materials of the commodity as the classification mark 3, the production and processing methods of the commodity as the classification mark 4, and the main components or special components of the commodity as the classification mark.

Question 3: What are the types of logistics? Goods are divided into raw material logistics, dangerous goods logistics, sales logistics and waste logistics. According to the main body, it can be divided into self-built logistics, third-party logistics and fourth-party logistics. According to the mode of transportation, it can be divided into aviation logistics, maritime logistics, railway logistics and highway logistics. According to the operation mode of logistics, it can be divided into: express delivery company, freight forwarding company, special line transportation company, stowage information department and so on. This is mainly selected according to the needs of enterprises, and the products using Guanyu turnover box can adapt.

Question 4: What is the classification of commodities? There are many kinds of goods. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 250,000 kinds of commodities circulating in the market. In order to facilitate consumers' purchase, help commercial departments to organize commodity circulation and improve the management level of enterprises, it is necessary to scientifically classify many commodities. Commodity classification refers to the process of scientifically and systematically classifying commodities into large categories, large categories, medium categories, small categories, categories and even varieties, colors and specifications for a certain purpose.

1. The range of commodities to be classified must be clearly defined.

2, commodity classification should be based on the production, sales and business habits of goods, to maximize the convenience of consumer demand, and to maintain the scientific nature of commodity classification.

3. Selection of classification basis should be appropriate.

4. It should be scientific and systematic.

The level of commodity classification

1. Category: reflects the division of labor in the field of commodity production and circulation, such as hardware, chemicals, food and aquatic products.

2. Medium category (commodity category): the general name of commodities with certain properties or characteristics. For example, food commodities can be divided into vegetables and fruits, meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, eggs and egg products.

3. Sub-category (commodity variety): further division of middle-class commodities, reflecting specific commodity names. For example, alcoholic commodities are divided into liquor, beer, wine, fruit wine and so on.

4. Commodity segmentation: detailed differentiation of commodity varieties, including specifications, colors, grades, etc. , to more specifically reflect the characteristics of goods, such as 60 Gaobei brand Wuliangye.

In any commodity classification, any commodity * * * can be divided into a complete and internally related category system including large category, medium category, small category and category. This classification system is the commodity classification system.

There are two basic methods to establish commodity classification system, one is line classification, the other is surface classification.

1. Line classification is also called hierarchical classification.

According to the selected attributes or characteristics, it divides the commodity population to be classified into several corresponding hierarchical categories, and compiles a hierarchical and step-by-step classification system. The general form of line classification system is that different levels of categories, such as large category, medium category and small category, are expanded step by step. In the system, different signs are selected for each level, and each category constitutes a parallel or subordinate relationship. There is a parallel relationship between the next-level projects directly divided by a category, which does not overlap or overlap.

2. Surface classification is also called parallel classification.

It divides the commodity population to be classified into facets according to their respective attributes or characteristics, and each facet contains a group of categories. Combine a class in each face with a class in another face to form a composite class.

The classification of clothing is based on surface classification. The fabrics, styles and wearing purposes used in clothing are divided into three independent "faces", and each "face" is divided into several categories. When used, match related categories. Such as: pure wool men's suits, pure cotton women's dresses, etc.

Question 5: What are the main types of goods transported by rail? Railway freight is divided into three types:

1. Vehicle transportation;

2. LTL transportation;

3. Container transportation. It also includes express delivery and whole package express delivery, but the scope of development is not large now. If the weight, volume or shape of a batch of goods need to be transported by more than one truck, it shall be consigned as a whole vehicle; If the vehicle transportation conditions are insufficient, it shall be checked by LTL; If it meets the conditions of container transportation, it can be checked in containers. The minimum volume of the goods consigned by LTL shall not be less than 0.02 cubic meters (except those weighing more than 10 kg), and each batch shall not exceed 300 pieces. Vehicle cargo transportation The shipper consigns a batch of goods with weight, volume or shape that need to be transported by one or more trucks to the railway, and shall go through the consignment formalities with the railway (carrier) according to the mode of vehicle transportation.

According to the regulations on railway freight transportation, the following goods are only handled as whole vehicles: goods that need to be refrigerated, insulated or heated for transportation; Dangerous goods limited to whole vehicles; Contaminated products that easily pollute other goods (such as animal bones, wet fur, feces, carbon black, etc.). ) without disinfection or sealed packaging; Countless goods; Bees; Live animals that are not packed in containers (except for less-than-truckload transportation by the railway bureau); A batch of goods with a weight of more than 2t, a volume of more than 3m3 or a length of more than 9m (except those confirmed by the originating station not to affect the operation of the transfer station and the loading and unloading vehicles at the arrival station). Container transportation Container transportation is a modern and advanced mode of transportation. It is one of the three categories of railway freight (vehicle, LTL and container). Because container transportation has greatly changed every link in the process of goods circulation, it is called "transportation revolution" in the 20th century internationally. Container transportation can promote the mechanization and automation of transportation production. Container is a large container for transporting goods and a comprehensive means of transportation. According to the suggestion of the national organization for standardization, any container that meets the following conditions can be called a container: it can be used repeatedly for a long time and has sufficient strength; When various modes of transportation are combined or transited, there is no need to turn over midway; Mechanical loading and unloading can be carried out, which is convenient to directly switch from one mode of transportation to another (for example, from railway transportation to highway or Haijiang transportation); Convenient cargo loading and unloading, make full use of the volume; The internal geometric volume exceeds one cubic meter. The classification of containers is as follows:

1. containers classified by type (use):

General container General container is generally used to transport general packaged goods. Such as alternating current, instruments and meters, small machinery, glass-ceramic building materials, handicrafts, cultural and educational sporting goods, medicines, tobacco and liquor, daily necessities, chemicals, knitwear, hardware and other goods suitable for container shipment.

Special containers Special containers are used to transport specific goods. At present, there are not many domestic special containers, and foreign special containers mainly include the following categories:

(1). This container is mainly used for conveying powdery particles in cement, flour, grain, salt, plastic handicrafts and fertilizer industries.

Some of these containers can be unloaded by themselves, and some can be unloaded by compressed air.

(2) Canned containers are mainly used to transport liquid goods, such as alcohol, milk, honey, chemicals, syrup, etc. It can also be used for transportation.

Transport compressed gas.

(3) Refrigerated containers are mainly used to transport perishable goods, such as meat, fish, eggs, vegetables and fruits. The goods are packed in boxes.

Can maintain a certain temperature.

(4) Livestock containers This is used to transport livestock, poultry and other goods. There is good ventilation and feeding equipment in the box.

2. Containers are divided into large boxes according to their sizes: all large boxes (such as 20ft boxes and 40ft boxes) with loading capacity exceeding 20t. Small box: All boxes with a loading capacity below 5t are small boxes (for example, the 1t box commonly used in China at present). Medium-sized containers: those with a load of 5-20t are medium-sized containers (such as 5t containers commonly used in China and 10 containers).

3. According to its structure, containers are divided into closed type, open top type, convertible top type, open top type and folding type.

4. According to the container owner, it is divided into railway containers and self-contained containers.

Question 6: What are the product categories? Such as medical care, transportation, consulting, finance and trade, tourism, education and so on. The provision of services can include: activities completed on tangible products provided to customers (such as cars under maintenance); Activities completed on intangible products provided to customers (such as income statement required for preparing tax returns); Deliver intangible products (such as providing knowledge transfer information); Create an atmosphere for customers, eg in hotels and restaurants. Service features include: safety, confidentiality, comfortable environment, credit, courtesy and waiting time. Software is composed of information, and information is an intellectual creation composed of information that supports media expression. It is usually an intangible product, which can exist in the form of methods, records or procedures. Such as computer programs, dictionaries, information records, etc. -Hardware Hardware is usually a tangible product, which is a discontinuous product with a specific shape. Such as televisions, components, buildings and mechanical parts. Their quantities have counting characteristics, which are usually described by counting characteristics. -process materials process materials are usually tangible products that transform raw materials into a specific state, which can be fluid, gas, granular or ribbon. Such as lubricating oil and cloth, its quantity has continuous characteristics and is often described by metering characteristics. A product can be composed of two or more different categories of products, and the differentiation of product categories (services, software, hardware or process materials) depends on its dominant components. For example, the foreign product "automobile" consists of hardware (such as tires), process materials (such as fuel and coolant), software (such as engine control software and driver's manual) and services (such as operating instructions made by sales staff). Hardware and process materials are usually called goods. Whether it is called hardware or service depends mainly on the dominant components of the product. For example, passenger airlines mainly provide aviation services for passengers, but they also provide snacks, drinks and other hardware during the flight. Quality assurance mainly focuses on expected products. This definition shows that product is a broad concept, which can be the final product delivered to customers, or the semi-finished products and purchased parts in the production process. Quality management pays attention to expected products. Unexpected products refer to waste liquid, waste gas, waste materials and other substances that may cause environmental pollution in the process of producing expected products, which do not belong to the category of quality management, but to the category of environmental management system. Some people understand products as commodities, but it is actually inaccurate.

Question 7: What kinds of goods are stored by logistics companies? 10 commodity classification:

Industrial products: machinery, chemicals, electromechanical, materials, metals and fuels.

Consumer goods: textiles, household hardware, chemicals and department stores.

Agricultural products: grain, cotton, oil, hemp, tea, sugar, vegetables, cigarettes, fruits and medicines.

This is basically a big item of classification.

Question 8: What does commodity category mean?