This guide is formulated in order to strengthen the guidance of emergency evacuation drills in kindergartens in primary and secondary schools (hereinafter referred to as schools), improve the organization and management level of emergency evacuation drills in schools, strengthen the safety awareness and emergency avoidance ability of teachers and students, and cultivate students' safety literacy that will benefit them for life. (1) Carefully prepared and scientifically organized. Schools should ensure the life safety of teachers and students participating in the competition and prevent crowded and stampede accidents. It is necessary to take precautions, put forward plans as soon as possible and make relevant preparations, try to avoid bad weather such as rain and snow, and ensure safe, orderly, effective and fast evacuation drills through scientific and reasonable organization on the premise of ensuring safety.
(2) Pay attention to actual combat and details. The drill should be based on the real situation of simulated emergencies, focusing on improving the command and coordination ability of school emergency commanders, the emergency handling ability of various departments, the emergency avoidance and self-help and mutual rescue ability of teachers and students. The school should formulate a scientific and reasonable exercise plan, implement it in detail in all aspects of the exercise, and ensure that the overall organization and all aspects of the exercise are scientific and reasonable.
(C) clear objectives, step by step. Earthquake, fire and other disasters leave people with limited escape time, generally about 2 minutes. The final time target of emergency evacuation drill should be clear. In principle, middle school students should finish it within 2 minutes and primary school students should finish it within 3 minutes. It is necessary to set a reasonable time requirement from the reality of the school, and gradually improve it through regular drills, and finally achieve the set goals.
(four) based on reality, to achieve practical results. The drill should be closely combined with the actual situation of the school, clearly define the theme of the drill, and reasonably determine the time, place, participants, form, content, scale, evacuation route and safeguard measures. Attention should be paid to the evaluation, inspection and summary of the drill effect and organizational work, and the existing problems should be rectified in time to achieve practical results. The preparation stage of the drill should include: making the drill plan, establishing the drill organization structure, and safety education before the drill.
(A) to develop a drill plan
Emergency evacuation drill plan should be based on the actual situation of the school's own nature, geographical location, surrounding environment, the number of staff and students, the type and quantity of buildings (structures) on campus, and formulate corresponding emergency plans, such as the overall national emergency plan and the emergency plan for public emergencies in the education system.
The drill plan should generally include the following contents: drill theme, drill purpose and significance, drill time and place, drill participants, drill organizational structure and division of labor, drill preparation, evacuation route, drill process, safeguard measures, after-treatment and information report, etc. The drill plan should be complete, concise and standardized, with clear responsibilities, scientific route, specific measures and easy operation.
Related requirements:
1. Emergency evacuation places: Playgrounds, squares, etc. are usually used to set up emergency evacuation places, which should be well ventilated and relatively wide. Emergency evacuation places should be far away from tall buildings (structures), and the distance from buildings (structures) should be greater than one third of their height; Avoid toxic gas storage places, inflammable and explosive materials or nuclear radiation storage places, high-voltage power transmission and transformation lines and other facilities that may affect personal safety; Avoid areas prone to geological disasters such as steep slopes; Evacuation places should have more than two evacuation roads communicating with the outside world in different directions.
2. Emergency evacuation passage: keep the evacuation passage and safety exit unblocked, and it is forbidden to occupy the evacuation passage; It is forbidden to lock or block the safety exits and safety doors in classrooms, laboratories and dormitories; The old windows with internal windows should be changed to external windows or casement windows, and the protective fence of the first floor window should meet the fire protection requirements and can be quickly opened in an emergency.
3. Emergency evacuation route: according to the distribution of students and building structure, the evacuation route of each class is reasonably determined and the diversion is reasonable. It is necessary to establish standardized and detailed measures to ensure that a large number of students will not be congested or even trampled when they meet in the corridor or encounter unexpected situations. Evacuation routes should avoid crossing roads, dense traffic and dangerous sections.
4. Emergency evacuation language: In the whole process of organizing students to escape from danger, faculty and staff should use standardized, short and clear evacuation language.
5. Emergency alarm signal: The alarm signal should have strong coverage, independence and difference, and alternative schemes should be considered under special circumstances such as power failure. Coverage: the alarm signal can effectively cover every place in the school; Independence: When auxiliary means such as broadcasting cannot or cannot be taken in time, the alarm signal can transmit accurate information to teachers and students independently; Difference: it is different from the daily ringing and broadcasting sound in school. There should also be obvious differences between escape signals and evacuation signals.
6. Evacuation time: In principle, schools with low floors (below 4th floor), reasonable exits and unobstructed passages should control the time from sending evacuation signals to the completion of evacuation of all teachers and students (except injured teachers and students) within 2 minutes.
7. Number of emergency drills: primary and secondary schools should carry out emergency evacuation drills at least once a month, and kindergartens should carry out emergency evacuation drills at least once a quarter. Emergency evacuation drills can be combined with flag raising, class exercises and group activities in schools. Urban primary and secondary schools and rural boarding schools with more students should appropriately increase the number of emergency evacuation drills. Schools with a good foundation for emergency evacuation drills should strengthen random emergency evacuation drills. Schools with boarding students and self-study students at night, on the basis of ensuring safety, focus on strengthening meal time, lunch break and emergency evacuation drills at night. Schools that use school buses should also regularly organize students to conduct emergency drills for school bus safety accidents. According to the content of the drill, small-scale emergency drills can be conducted in groups, classes or grades.
(2) Establish a drill organization.
Schools should establish and improve the exercise organization according to the requirements of the exercise plan. Set up a drill headquarters (leading group) composed of principals, leaders and staff of relevant schools to be fully responsible for the organization, leadership and coordination of drill activities, and at the same time implement the specific work of each member in the drill. There shall be a chief commander, a deputy chief commander and relevant members.
Main responsibilities:
1. Fully responsible for emergency evacuation drills. The commander-in-chief should personally organize and conduct on-site command to ensure the effect of the drill.
2. Carry out the relevant instructions and orders of superiors, and the members of the leading group shall be responsible for emergency evacuation according to the responsibilities of their respective departments.
3. Reasonably delimit emergency evacuation places (safe havens) and evacuation passages in and around the school, make clear emergency evacuation signals, set up emergency evacuation signs, and educate students to be familiar with and master emergency evacuation plans.
The drill headquarters should set up several groups to clarify responsibilities and implement personnel.
1. Organizing and coordinating group: responsible for making the exercise plan; Coordination and command of the exercise process; Information upload and release, external contact, etc.
2. Publicity and reporting group: responsible for publicity and education arrangements before the drill, photography, recording, timing and summary of the drill.
3. Evacuation guidance group: responsible for scientifically compiling and posting the school emergency evacuation road map and class emergency evacuation route; Guide and organize the safe and orderly evacuation of teachers and students; Help the injured students to evacuate and properly resettle; Assist other teams after evacuation.
4. Emergency rescue team: responsible for organizing and implementing self-help and mutual rescue at the first time, rescuing teachers and students in distress, and rescuing important property and documents as appropriate; Check the students' physical and mental condition, and provide temporary treatment and necessary psychological consultation; In case of any accident during the drill, be responsible for transporting the injured teachers and students to the designated safe area as soon as possible, and contact the emergency center or call 120. Before the arrival of professional medical personnel, the rescue team should take necessary rescue measures for the injured teachers and students to win time for treating the injured. Prevent secondary disasters.
5. Logistics Support Group: responsible for public security, setting up the drill site, maintaining the drill order and sounding the drill alarm; Materials and equipment preparation for drills such as communication, identification, broadcasting and rescue; Check and restore the school's water, electricity, communications and other logistics facilities.
Each group should set up a person in charge to coordinate the work of the group. Before the drill, each group should fully understand their responsibilities and implement the responsibilities to each member. Work shall be carried out according to the responsibilities during the drill. After the evacuation is completed, each team leader shall give feedback and report to the general commander in time. The school can adjust the organizational structure of the exercise according to the theme of the exercise and the actual situation of the school to ensure the quality of the exercise.
(3) publicity and education before the drill
According to the theme of the drill, the school should preach the evacuation drill plan to the teachers and students of the whole school by relying on the campus network, campus radio, publicity window, blackboard newspaper and other media before the drill, through special meetings, class meetings, school meetings and other ways and means, so that the teachers and students can clearly understand the necessity and basic steps of the drill and be familiar with the evacuation procedures, evacuation signals, evacuation routes, evacuation sequence, and meeting place and time requirements after evacuation. Organize teachers and students to learn safety knowledge and master the methods and skills of avoiding danger, evacuation, evacuation and self-help and mutual rescue.
(4) Ask and check the teachers and students before the drill.
Before the drill, ask and check the physical condition of teachers and students. Teachers and students with special physique (congenital heart disease, epilepsy, etc.). ), before the drill, teachers and students who have fever, leg injuries and other activities that are not suitable for tension and running should be given special consideration and arrangements.
(5) Other preparatory work
1. Strengthen coordination and publicity. Before the drill, the school should report to the competent education department. According to different drill themes, education departments and primary and secondary schools should strengthen communication and coordination with public security, traffic control, earthquake, fire control and other departments, invite professionals to the school for guidance, help the school improve the plan and strengthen process guidance. Schools can notify relevant departments and surrounding units as appropriate, and predict the time, place and content of the exercise by means of broadcasting, websites, banners and slogans, so as to avoid misunderstandings, rumors and panic and ensure the safe and smooth conduct of the exercise.
2. Print the documents related to the drill. Including drill plan, drill manual, drill script, etc. Equipped with necessary equipment as appropriate, such as: emergency work permit and signs of commanders and safety instructors, flashlights, emergency lights, whistles, walkie-talkies, hand-held loudspeakers, medical first aid kits, fire-fighting equipment, warning lines, etc.
3. Post evacuation road map and indication signs. Post emergency evacuation schematic diagrams in classrooms, dormitories, offices or behind doors, post emergency evacuation schematic diagrams and indication signs for reaching safe havens in appropriate positions of diversion channels in teaching buildings, dormitory buildings, office buildings, experimental buildings and other places, and set up indication signs, floor plans and evacuation schematic diagrams with written descriptions in safe havens. Indicating signs, floor plans and evacuation plans shall be clear, complete, concise, standardized and beautiful.
4. Prepare sports equipment. Before the drill, the logistics support group should put forward an application plan for drill funds, and purchase or prepare smoke generators, alarms, site signs and other items needed for the drill as needed. The implementation of the drill includes avoidance subjects and evacuation subjects. Under normal circumstances, earthquake-proof evacuation drills should be implemented in turn with hedging subjects and evacuation subjects; Fire evacuation drills directly implement evacuation subjects; Other emergency evacuation drills should be arranged according to the actual situation. Schools may, according to the actual situation, increase or strengthen medical rescue, health and epidemic prevention, personnel search and rescue, public security maintenance, fire disposal, hazardous chemicals disposal and other subjects and contents as appropriate.
(1) Hedging entity
1. The commander-in-chief announced the start of the drill, and the broadcast sounded: "Now the earthquake is coming, implement emergency avoidance." At the same time, hedge alarm signals (bell, alarm, whistle, etc.). ) It rang for 60 seconds.
2. After hearing the signal, the teaching staff in classrooms, laboratories and dormitories should inform the students of the earthquake as soon as possible and take preventive measures. Teaching staff in laboratories and other places should quickly turn off the fire source, power supply and gas source, and handle inflammable, explosive and chemically reactive articles.
3. Requirements for teachers and students to avoid risks: keep a cool head; Squatting or lying near a desk, experimental platform or bed or at the root or corner of a load-bearing wall; Cover your head with your hands or other soft objects, curl your body as much as possible, lower your center of gravity, reduce your area, stay away from windows, avoid lamp fans, and avoid being smashed; Turn off the fire source and power supply as appropriate. In principle, the hedging action is completed within 12 seconds.
(2) Evacuation subjects
1. When evacuation is needed after a fire or earthquake is suspended, the broadcast rings: "There is a fire now (now the emergency evacuation is over), and all teachers and students should evacuate immediately". At the same time, evacuate alarm signals (bell, alarm bell, whistle, etc.). ) Ring for 60 seconds and stop for 30 seconds. Repeat twice as a cycle, and the time is ***3.
2. Teaching staff in classrooms, laboratories, dormitories and other places immediately told students to "evacuate quickly according to the evacuation route", and organized students to evacuate orderly from the front and back doors, and evacuated from nearby evacuation stairs according to the location of classrooms, laboratories, dormitories and other floors.
3. Students should evacuate to the safe haven immediately, and the requirements are: calm and obey the command; All students should move quickly, waist-high, protect their heads and cover their noses (when encountering heavy smoke, you can cover your nose and mouth with clothes, towels or other available things, and try to lower your walking posture to prevent smoke from entering the respiratory tract. If the smoke is particularly thick and makes people feel difficult to breathe, you can crawl close to the wall because fresh air often stays nearby); No crowding, no shoving, no booing, no shouting, no scrambling, no hand in hand, no frolicking, no bending over to pick up things, no going against the current; In a crowded crowd, pay attention to put your elbows flat on your chest to form a certain space to ensure breathing; Stop immediately when someone falls in front, and call for help loudly at the same time, telling the people behind not to approach forward; If you fall, get up as soon as possible; When you are trampled, cross your hands and fingers to protect the back of your head and neck, elbow forward, protect your temples, and bend your knees forward as far as possible to protect important organs in your chest and abdomen.
4. Relevant requirements for fire evacuation and escape of middle and high-rise buildings: It is strictly forbidden to take ordinary elevators (fire elevators can be used if conditions permit) or jump off buildings to escape during fire evacuation of middle and high-rise buildings with more than 7 floors; Students below 10 floor can use the staircase corridor to escape downward as appropriate; /kloc-Students above 0/2 floors should cover their nose and mouth with wet towels as appropriate, and then run to the rooftop or find a safe place such as a balcony as soon as possible, waiting for the rescue of professionals. Conditional schools can bring their own high-altitude descenders or lifeline. Students can leave dangerous floors through these facilities. They can also use ropes, sheets, curtains, clothes, etc. to make simple lifeline, wet it with water, and slowly slide down the rope from the windowsill or balcony to the lower floor to escape from the burning floor.
5. The evacuation guidance group rushed to the designated location (stairs, corners, entrances, etc.). ) Guide the evacuation in the first time, command the students to maintain order, control the speed and evacuate one by one. At the same time, according to the actual situation, you can shout "Watch your step to prevent slipping; Keep order and don't crowd; Pay attention to protect your head and be careful of falling objects; Someone fell down, everyone be careful; Don't run back, don't pick up things "and other tips. Help people in need to evacuate. In case of emergency such as crowding and falling, the teacher in charge of evacuation guidance should immediately report to the headquarters, and then organize the students to evacuate in an orderly manner after the danger is eliminated. Only after the students are evacuated can they be evacuated.
Organize the coordination team to do a good job in drill command and coordination; The publicity group should make records (video, photography, etc.). ) and the schedule of the exercise; The logistics support team should do a good job of alarm; The emergency rescue team should do a good job in treating the wounded.
6. After the students are evacuated to a safe place, they should stand in the designated position according to the queue formed by the class to avoid confusion. The class teacher or the person in charge of statistics makes statistics on the class personnel; The first aid group examines the students' physical and psychological conditions and provides temporary treatment and psychological consultation; The logistics support team inspects the facilities and materials of the school. After completion, the heads of each group shall report to the commander in chief in time and take the next step according to the instructions of the commander in chief.
7. The commander-in-chief announced the end of the exercise. (a) the commander-in-chief summarized and commented on the drill, mainly including the organization of the drill, the objectives and effects of the drill, the problems exposed in the drill and the solutions.
(two) according to the theme and purpose of the drill, appropriate safety education can be carried out.
(three) clean up and restore the exercise site, and recover the exercise materials and equipment.
(4) Summarize and evaluate the drill, and all departments and relevant personnel shall summarize and evaluate it through interviews, filling in evaluation forms and submitting reports. Conditional schools can establish an independent evaluation mechanism and hire relevant personnel to evaluate the whole exercise.
(five) to organize the preservation of the text and video materials of the exercise.