Content of social work for the disabled
Social work for the disabled is social work done for the disabled. It is different from the general services for the disabled, but social workers use social work methods to help the disabled compensate for their own defects, overcome environmental barriers, so that they can participate in social life on an equal footing and share the fruits of social development. The following is the content of social work for people with disabilities that I provide for you, welcome to read and browse.
I. Introduction
1. Definition of social work for people with disabilities
Social work for people with disabilities is social work done for people with disabilities. It is different from general services for the disabled, but social workers use social work methods to help disabled people to compensate for their own shortcomings, to overcome environmental barriers, so that they can participate in social life on an equal footing, to share the fruits of social development.
The concept of disability work: equality, participation, **** enjoy.
2. The historical development of social work for people with disabilities
In 1780, the Swiss orbe founded the first organization to serve people with disabilities.
In 1820, the first home for the disabled was established in Munich, Germany. Later, schools for children with disabilities were established across Europe and the United States.
In 1922, the first international organization for people with disabilities, Rehabilitation International (RI), was founded. Before and after that, some countries enacted policies to protect people with disabilities, such as the German Disability Insurance Act of 1887 and the United States Emergency Relief Act of 1935.
After the Second World War, social work for people with disabilities developed rapidly, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, published in 1948, stipulated that "disabled people have the right to social security." Since then, countries have legislated to protect the rights and interests of the disabled. The United Nations and relevant international conferences have since adopted a series of programmatic documents, including the Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Handicapped Persons in 1970 and the Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 1975, which stipulate that persons with disabilities have the right to a basic livelihood, political rights, rehabilitation, labor, education, and the right to human dignity and equal treatment. This is considered to be another liberation movement of mankind after racial liberation, women's liberation and national liberation.
In the 1980s, the work of people with disabilities entered a new period. 1981, Disabled Peoples' International (DIP), a world organization for people with disabilities, was founded and recognized and supported by the United Nations, with the aim of calling on governments to take practical measures and mobilize and help people with disabilities to participate in social life with equal rights and opportunities. The purpose of DIP is to call on governments to take practical measures and to mobilize and assist persons with disabilities to participate in society with equal rights and opportunities.
"Equality, participation and access" has become the new philosophy of the work of persons with disabilities.
In this way, in the world, the welfare of the disabled or social work for the disabled has gone through the following stages of development:
(1) The "natural" state before the Renaissance when no special attention was paid to the disabled;
(2) During the Renaissance, the disabled were regarded as a sign of respect for human rights, and the disabled were considered to be in special care;
(3) The Renaissance was a period when the disabled were regarded as a sign of respect for human rights. respect for human rights;
(3) The beginning of the Industrial Revolution and its aftermath was a period of concern for the protection of the disabled, and also a period of infancy for social work with the disabled;
(4) Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the idea of "protecting the lives of the disabled and helping them to return to the society" has been accepted by the society, and has become a period of development for social work with the disabled;
(5) After the Second World War, the international community and governments have passed legislation to protect the interests of the disabled, which can be called the legislative period of the work of the disabled;
(6) After the 80s, "equality, participation, **** enjoyment" became the new concept of the work of the disabled, and the social work of the disabled entered a new period of development, and the social work of the disabled entered a new period of development. Social work has entered a new period of development, which can be called the period of equal development.
3. The main content of social work for people with disabilities
The main content of social work for people with disabilities includes:
(1) Rehabilitation: i.e., maximize the restoration of the function of the biological organism of people with disabilities, or functional compensation, in order to enhance their ability to participate in social life. In the rehabilitation process, social work plays a role that cannot be replaced by medicine, for example, community rehabilitation is an effective activity that mobilizes community resources to promote the rehabilitation of people with disabilities.
(2) Education for people with disabilities: It is an important measure for people with disabilities to enjoy their rights and explore their potential. In the education of people with disabilities, social workers can make the educated more effective through school social work.
(3) Labor and employment: it is the most important link and measure for the disabled to be self-reliant and show their ability. Social workers help people with disabilities to seek more suitable jobs, help them adapt to working life, and protect their legitimate rights and interests.
(4) Social workers can promote the marriage and family life of the disabled through counseling, introduction and guidance.
(5) Social workers can play an active role in improving the physical and social environment of the disabled.
In short, social work for people with disabilities involves all aspects of the lives of people with disabilities, and its scope is quite broad, involving all aspects of rehabilitation, survival, life and development of people with disabilities.
II. Theoretical Approach
1. Theories on how to view the phenomenon of disability
How to view the phenomenon of disability or what type of person the disabled person is regarded as is the prerequisite for how to treat the disabled person. In this regard, social workers need to deal forcefully with the prejudices of some people in society and adhere to the correct concepts to do social work.
Labeling Theory
Labeling theory is a theory that explains how certain deviant behaviors come about and opposes those that incorrectly create deviant behaviors. This theory, developed by an American sociologist, argues that the behavior of certain people in American society is considered deviant behavior as a result of the powerful in society giving another label to the disadvantaged. Originally, the behavior of these disadvantaged groups is not blameworthy from their own standpoint, but to those who have power these behaviors are out of the norm, thus labeling these behaviors as "deviant" and "abnormal". Due to the power of these people, these labels of "deviant" and "abnormal" behaviors are gradually accepted by the society at large through publicity or certain social procedures. However, to the sociologists who put forward the labeling theory, the "deviation" or "abnormality" of some disadvantaged people is not so much a real deviation as a result of the labeling of disadvantaged people by the powerful. The labeling by the powerful makes behaviors that may not be deviant "deviant behaviors," and this labeling may actually have the effect of contributing to the deviant behaviors of the disadvantaged.
III. Methods of work
1. Basic models of social work with people with disabilities
(1) Individual model
The individual model is a model of work that corresponds to the individual type of disability. The theoretical explanation of the individual type of disability is the personal responsibility theory, which means that someone's disability is due to his or her individuality and the individual is responsible for it. Because of the personal (or family) tragedy of the disability, the individual also bears the burden of suffering in the treatment of the disability. The suffering of the disabled person in the process of treatment is both physical and psychological. Whereas an individual has a disability (severe trauma) of a limb or other organ as a result of a misfortune, it is his change from a normal person to a person with a disability that is different from the normal person's coming change will make the person and his family often realize what it means. This sudden change can be difficult for the person and their family to adjust to. The grief theory of personal disability has been proposed, which suggests that after the onset of a personal disability, the person and his or her family often go through a psychological process of shock - disbelief or denial - anger or agitation - sadness and depression. -sadness and depression.
When a disability occurs, the assessment of the disability by the person, his or her family, medical practitioners, and social workers may be different and varied. The person and his or her family often assess the disability as better, i.e., they expect it not to be too bad. There is a greater element of expectation for the person concerned in this respect. For medical and social workers, however, they have to face reality, i.e. objectively assess the facts of the disability. In this way, the person - the family - the medical worker and the social worker form a sequence of transition from expectation to objectivity. The social worker is first confronted with a situation of cognitive discrepancy and seeks to bridge this discrepancy in order to help the client and his/her family to rationalize the reality. In such cases, social workers often adopt a progressive communication model. That is, not only in the communication channel about the degree of disability from the family to the person concerned, but also in the process of the real situation of the disability is also progressive, in order to help the person concerned and his family to have the ideological preparation, easier to accept the reality.
The social worker with a personalized disability adopts a casework approach in which the social worker works with the person with disability and his/her family. When the person and his/her family recognize the reality of the disability, it is necessary to use group work to facilitate mutual support between people with disabilities (or between families of people with disabilities).
(2) The social model
The social model is a model of work that corresponds to social disability. The theoretical explanation of social-type disability is the social responsibility theory, which is the belief that someone's disability is due to social reasons. There are structural and institutional problems in society that cause certain individuals to be impaired, and therefore society should take responsibility for the impaired individuals. Of course, even the direct consequences of social disabilities are borne by certain individuals. That is, certain individuals become disabled as a result of social problems, and suffering occurs to those individuals. Unlike the individual type of disability, for the social type of disability, the pain and loss suffered by the individual should be compensated by the society.
Since the disability happens to the individual. Therefore, even social-type disability causes individual grief. Individual grief theory is also useful in explaining social type of disability. However, after the stage of recognizing the disability, the social model shows its uniqueness when it comes to the rehabilitation of the disability and the future life of the disabled: the social worker has to stand for the legitimate rights of the disabled, represent the disabled to deal with the social sector that caused the disability - the unit, the institution and even the government, and make the social sector take the responsibility for the disability. The social worker has to stand for the legitimate rights and interests of people with disabilities and deal with the social sectors - units, organizations and even the government - that cause disabilities on behalf of people with disabilities, so as to make the social sectors bear the responsibility for causing disabilities. In fact, in the social model of social work for the disabled, social workers are confronted with the trauma of the disabled and their families, their strong demand for protection of their rights and interests, the complexity and extent of the social sector, and the relevant rules, laws and systems. It is difficult for social workers to find realistic and rational solutions to the problems of people with disabilities in the face of these complexities.
2. Community-based rehabilitation
Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) is a model and method of working with people with disabilities that has become widely popular in the world over the past few years. In 1979, the World Health Organization (WHO) strengthened the management of CBR professionally and technically and issued the book "Training the Disabled in the Community" to guide the professionals in various countries, and in the mid-1980s, with the launching of the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons (UNDDP), CBR has been developing rapidly in the world. Since CBR is a comprehensive community-based rehabilitation model, it requires the cooperation of all parties***. It requires the cooperation of all parties*** with the same approval, so cooperation between different organizations and institutions has become inevitable. In this case, the United Nations' International Labour Organization (ILO), UNESCO (UNESCO), and the World Health Organization (WHO) jointly issued a "Joint Opinion on Community-based Rehabilitation" in 1994, which summarized the experience of the past decade or so, and further standardized the organization, methods, and objectives of community-based rehabilitation, so that community-based rehabilitation has entered a new stage of development.
In fact, the concept of community-based rehabilitation can be traced back even further. The community care in the UK described earlier is actually the practice of community rehabilitation. In developed countries, the rehabilitation model of institutional care has brought about many unintended disadvantages, so they have turned to community-based rehabilitation, which is more humanitarian and better able to integrate people with disabilities into society. Community-based rehabilitation is clearly linked to the idea of comprehensive rehabilitation and development of persons with disabilities. In developing countries, however, CBR is directly related to the lack of funding for the welfare of persons with disabilities in those countries. Developing countries are economically backward but rich in community resources, and communities in developing countries have not been hit as hard as those in Western industrialized countries. Therefore, community-based rehabilitation in these countries has strong social support conditions. The basic point of community rehabilitation is community support and community participation, and its result is also community benefit. The key to carrying out community rehabilitation is to develop a social culture of respecting and helping the disabled and to support them materially and spiritually. With regard to the organization and mobilization of community resources, it is important to combine the resources provided by natural networks conducive to the survival and development of persons with disabilities, the resources provided by social institutions and the resources provided by formal organizations (the Government), *** with support for the rehabilitation of persons with disabilities. In this regard, social workers should play an important role, i.e., they should support the social environment of persons with disabilities through community outreach, community education, community organization and other forms of work.
3. Approaches to solving the problems of people with disabilities
The ways and means of solving the problems of people with disabilities differ according to the type of disability, the degree of disability, and the resources used by the family and the society to solve the problems of disability. From the point of view of the place (and also a philosophy) of solving disability problems. Methods of working with persons with disabilities can be categorized as residential oriented and community oriented. From the point of view of the specific problems to be solved, approaches to work with people with disabilities include treatment (rehabilitation), development (education, training and support for employment, etc.).
(1) Rehabilitation in institutions - social rehabilitation
For disabled people, therapeutic rehabilitation in hospitals or rehabilitation institutions is important. Although treatment and rehabilitation are mainly the work of medical workers in terms of their skills, social workers can also contribute to effective treatment and rehabilitation. In treatment and rehabilitation activities, social workers work in conjunction with health workers. The rehabilitation work done by social workers in hospitals or institutions is called social rehabilitation.
Social rehabilitation is the activity of helping people with disabilities from the perspective of social factors and through the establishment of social conditions conducive to their rehabilitation. It and medical rehabilitation, vocational rehabilitation, educational rehabilitation *** with the formation of a comprehensive rehabilitation of the basic content. Some of the measures of community rehabilitation are aimed at the disabled and their families, mainly casework, supplemented by group work; some are related to the law and the system, related to the disabled leaving the hospital, rehabilitation institutions after the existence of the environment, and therefore linked to community rehabilitation.
Clinical casework in social rehabilitation in rehabilitation institutions includes the following:
A, to understand the personal life history of the hospitalized patients, their family situation, the situation of the unit where they live, and the community environment in which they live, to understand the social and family problems of the patients and their backgrounds, so as to help them to solve their difficulties during hospitalization.
B,Conduct a careful investigation and analysis of the causes or etiology of the patient's disability, so as to conduct a thematic or comprehensive study of the political, economic, legal, labor conditions and family ethics and morals involved in order to intervene appropriately.
C, work closely with relevant doctors and nurses to assist them in solving the non-medical problems of the disabled, such as doing psychological counseling for the disabled, and slowing down the psychological burden of the disabled through conversation.
D, organizing patients to participate in *** with activities to reduce their sense of isolation, contributing to mutual support among patients; organizing patients out of hospitals and institutions to enhance their contact with the community; organizing appropriate cultural, sports and other activities to show their functions, reduce the sense of inferiority, and enhance their confidence in overcoming the disease.
E,Investigate the living environment of patients after discharge from hospitals and help to establish a social environment conducive to the life of the disabled.
F, according to national laws and relevant regulations, fight for the legal rights of the disabled and protect their interests.
From the above, it can be found that the field of work of social rehabilitation is wide. It can promote the rehabilitation of the disabled and smooth social life after discharge from the hospital.
4. Methods of Social Work for the Disabled
Theoretical Discussion on the Methods of Work for the Disabled
(1) Theory of Provisioning
In various societies, the initial, or even considered the best, approach to the disabled, especially those who have lost their ability to work, is to provide for them. Their families or society show their responsibility and love for the disabled by providing for them. In economically underdeveloped societies, such support is almost exclusively limited to persons with disabilities who are totally incapacitated for work, but in developed societies, the scope of support for persons with disabilities is expanding. Although the content and level of support for persons with disabilities varies in different societies, in general, such support is mostly limited to economic or material aspects, while their spiritual needs and abilities are underestimated. Although economic support is completely necessary for the disabled, especially those who are seriously incapacitated, it is not all that is needed to care for them. Simple theories of provisioning have a number of shortcomings just from the point of view of the basic values of social work - the diversity of human needs and the potential of human beings. The theory (concept) of provisioning has given rise to the practice of working with people with disabilities, which is based on economic and material provision.
(2) Return to society theory
Return to society theory is put forward by some scholars in response to the shortcomings arising from the closure of people with disabilities to the provision and care of people with disabilities. 1950s, the American sociologist Goffman pointed out in the study of asylums for mentally ill patients that, due to the poor peer relations and "care" of mentally ill patients in the asylum, they were in a bad position. "The condition of the mentally ill did not improve, but rather worsened in some cases. The poor peer relationships referred to here are the long periods of *** living with the mentally ill, and the intensely stimulating interactions between them. The "custodial" relationship refers to the negative, indifferent attitude and strict control of the mentally ill by the asylum administrators and medical staff. Such relationships are considered undesirable because they often do not lead to the improvement of the mentally ill person's condition; rather, the mentally ill person's condition may be exacerbated by the stimulus of these interactions, and this exacerbation is a result of the closure of the mentally ill person. In Goffman's view services for the mentally ill should review the sheltered approach described above, and instead place the mentally ill in positive social relationships, the basic method of which is to come out of closure.
In the United Kingdom, when the government adopted the elderly and the disabled (mentally ill) into the care of various social welfare institutions to show that its responsibility for the welfare of its citizens had developed to a high degree, some scholars' investigations also found that this institutional care had a negative impact on the lives of the disabled and the elderly. So the call to change the welfare model of institutional care, which is both expensive and ineffective, prevailed, and the universal choice of allowing the disabled and elderly to return to their familiar communities to receive a model of care was widely echoed by other countries.
Community care is a typical model for returning disabled and elderly welfare service users to the community.
(3) Empowerment theory
Many theories on the provision and care of people with disabilities and the elderly ignore the basic value of social work that people have potential and can be changed when they view service users as a vulnerable group. The theory of empowerment, on the other hand, stands on the position of human development and believes that through certain methods, the disabled can, to a certain extent, restore their lost organic and social functions and help them enter into general and normal social life. Enhancement not only enhances the lost functions of the body, but also strengthens their confidence in life and even reduces their "drag" on society. Enrichment theory is based on the theory of human development, which focuses on the realization of basic human values. According to the understanding of the theory of empowerment, there are various ways of empowerment. For example, rehabilitation can restore the lost functions of disabled people, education and training can realize their potential, and the improvement of external living and activity conditions can reduce the barriers to the expression of their abilities, and so on.
The above discussions on the methods of social work with the disabled are not comprehensive, but they reflect the basic orientation of the development and change of social work with the disabled.
5. Vocational Rehabilitation
Vocational Rehabilitation is a method to promote the rehabilitation and development of disabled people by helping them to get employment. Through employment, people with disabilities not only obtain independent economic status and income, but also through labor can make the disabled have lost the ability to restore some degree of certain organs. In addition, employment can enhance the sense of effectiveness and self-confidence of the disabled and enable them to integrate into social life. Therefore, vocational rehabilitation is a comprehensive approach to rehabilitation and development of disabled people, and it is also a unity or integration of treatment and development in its methodological orientation.
Vocational rehabilitation of disabled people in a society, especially in a society with a relative surplus of social labor, is not so simple. Helping them find (or create) suitable labor positions requires not only the efforts of social workers but also the support of government social policies. With the support of the government's social policies, social workers have to do the following in the vocational rehabilitation of the disabled: pre-employment counseling and assessment of the disabled, treatment and training of the disabled, and post-employment follow-up and continuous support. Employment counseling is to counsel the disabled on their psychology of employment, their interest in the occupation and position, the disabled on the remuneration and protection conditions of their labor after employment, and to answer their questions so that they can have full confidence. Evaluation compares the physical condition and skills of persons with disabilities with the requirements of possible occupations to see if they are suitable for the jobs. Once it is recognized that a person with disabilities is suitable for a certain job, adaptive training will be provided to them. This includes not only psychological training for the disabled, but also skills training, with the aim of enabling them to adapt more smoothly to the requirements of the job and boosting their confidence in their work. After the disabled have started working, social workers should also conduct follow-up visits to keep abreast of the problems encountered by the disabled after employment and try to solve them. This includes continuing to do developmental work for people with disabilities, including helping them to establish a good working environment, but also to solve certain institutional problems.
Main contents of social work for people with disabilities
I. Development of social work services for people with disabilities under the local perspective
1. Establishment of a new concept of social work for people with disabilities
Incorporation of social work for people with disabilities into the public ****service system, and construction of new social work for people with disabilities under the multiple governance mechanism. governance mechanism of new social work for people with disabilities.
2. Further improve the legal status and legal framework of social work for persons with disabilities
3. Innovate the working mechanism for persons with disabilities and build a grid-based service model
4. Strengthen the construction of professional service organizations and talent teams for social work for persons with disabilities
5.
Third, the service level: rehabilitation services for people with disabilities
1, education and rehabilitation and its main content
(1) for groups of people with disabilities
First, to carry out education on the interaction between human beings and their environments; the second is to provide differentiated "compensatory" rehabilitation services for different disabilities
(2) for people with disabilities, the first is the development of the "compensatory" rehabilitation services for people with disabilities. "Compensatory" functional training;
(2) For disabled parents or guardians, family members and other work
(3) For social organizations, disability service organizations and all kinds of caring people's work
2. Vocational Rehabilitation and its main contents
(1) Disabled people's physical, mental and vocational ability status;
(2) For disabled people's work, the main contents of vocational rehabilitation, mental and vocational ability;
(2) vocational training and employment guidance;
(3) adaptive training, adjustment of mental functions and regular vocational training;
(4) guidance to appropriate occupations;
(5) provision of special placement opportunities;
(6) post-employment follow-up services.
3. Community Rehabilitation and its main contents
(1) Disability Prevention
Tertiary prevention system: primary prevention refers to the prevention of disabling injuries and the occurrence of disabilities; secondary prevention refers to the prevention of injuries after the emergence of disabilities; tertiary prevention refers to the prevention of disabilities after the emergence of disabilities.
(2) Rehabilitation assessment and archiving
(3) Specific rehabilitation services
The collection of educational rehabilitation, vocational rehabilitation and medical rehabilitation, etc., and the implementation of "treatment-rehabilitation-services" integrated services. The first is to make sure that you have a good understanding of what you are doing and how you are doing it.
The main content of the work of people with disabilities
1, localized vision of the service
① Establish a new concept of social work for people with disabilities;
② Improve the legal status and legal framework of social work for people with disabilities;
③ Achieve the innovation of the mechanism of work for people with disabilities, the grid model of service;
④ The work of people with disabilities in the field of social work and social services.
④ Strengthening the construction of professional service organizations and talents for social work for the disabled;
⑤ Constructing "friendly" values for the disabled.
2, the policy level: to protect the legitimate rights and interests of people with disabilities
① the construction of social protection policy system for people with disabilities
② the protection of the rights of people with disabilities in terms of their livelihood and personal rights
③ the national planning of the cause of people with disabilities education and rehabilitation:
3, the service level: the rehabilitation of people with disabilities
(1) Education and rehabilitation
Educational rehabilitation for groups of people with disabilities: education on the interaction between people and the environment, providing differential compensatory functional training;
For parents, guardians or relatives of people with disabilities, etc.: providing psychological support, popularizing knowledge of rehabilitation, improving rehabilitation skills, and helping to establish a social support system in the community
For social organizations, organizations of people with disabilities and caring people: publicity, cultivation, and education, and upgrading the professional knowledge and skills of people with disabilities. (2) Vocational Rehabilitation
Vocational Counseling: analyze and give action plans for people with disabilities;
Vocational Evaluation: evaluate the working ability and vocational adaptation of people with disabilities;
Vocational Training: targeted training before employment and on-the-job training;
Employment Guidance: provide information on the actual situation of the individual. Vocational rehabilitation is the most effective way for the disabled to integrate into society, and it is a method that combines the three functions of "treatment-rehabilitation-development";
(3) Community Rehabilitation:
(1) Carry out prevention of disabilities, and establish a three-level prevention mechanism: first-level prevention of disabling injuries and disabilities. Disabling injuries and disabilities occur; the second level to prevent injuries after the emergence of disability; the third level to prevent disabilities after the emergence of obstacles that rehabilitation;
② carry out rehabilitation assessment and archiving work
③ carry out specific rehabilitation services: integration of community resources, through a variety of rehabilitative treatment, to maximize the recovery of the loss of function of people with disabilities. Community rehabilitation is a combination of educational, vocational and medical rehabilitation functions, and the implementation of "treatment-rehabilitation-service" integrated services;
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