Accelerator is a device that can artificially accelerate a beam of charged particles to a high energy. It is an important device for the study of atomic nuclei and elementary particles, and in recent years, it has been increasingly widely used in industry, agriculture and health care. According to the shape of the orbit of the particle movement, can be divided into two categories of linear and circular gas pedal, the former has a high-pressure multiplier, electrostatic gas pedal and linear gas pedal, the latter has an electron induction gas pedal, cyclotron, proton synchrotron and so on.
Currently the world's largest particle gas pedal is the United States Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory of a proton synchrotron, which can be accelerated to 500GeV protons (1GeV on behalf of the 1 billion electron-like). The beam strength has reached 2x1013 protons/pulse. In fact this big gas pedal is composed of 4 gas pedals: 750keV pre-injector, 200MeV linear gas pedal, 8GeV fast enhancer and 500GeV main gas pedal. The pre-injector, also known as the high voltage multiplier, is a low-energy, strong-flow gas pedal used to generate a beam of protons. The protons are accelerated from here, accelerating the negative hydrogen ions drawn from the ion source to 750 keV; the linear gas pedal, which consists of nine sections, with a total length of about 150 meters, is installed in an underground tunnel, and its function is to accelerate the beam generated in the pre-injector to 200 MeV; the beam comes out of the linear gas pedal, and then, through the intermediate-energy transport section, it arrives at the fast enhancer. This is also a synchrotron that accelerates 15 times per second. When negative ions are injected through a thin film, they are stripped of their outer electrons and become protons. After several accelerations, the energy is up to 8 GeV, and the beam is then directed to the main gas pedal for injection. The main gas pedal has a diameter of 2 kilometers and is a concrete tunnel with a horseshoe-shaped cross-section, laid underground at a depth of about 7 meters. Its function is to accelerate protons to high energies and complete the final acceleration. Normal operating energy of 400GeV, the highest energy of 500GeV. plans to build a superconducting main gas pedal ring on the main gas pedal, the energy is expected to be increased to 1000GeV. the first modern physics laboratory
The end of the 19th century, physics has entered a new period of development to promote the development of physics of physical experiments, and at the same time, from the period of development of classical physics to the development of individuals to the main instrumentation for research. Mainly in the form of simple instruments for research, the development of modern physics research in the form of collective division of labor and cooperation and equipped with advanced precision instruments. This development led to the emergence of the modern physics laboratory.
The earliest modern physics laboratory is the British Cavendish experiment. Many people think that this laboratory was built by Henry Cavendish, the famous British scientist, the determiner of the gravitational constant, the man who determined the composition of water and discovered hydrogen, but this is not so. When the Cavendish Laboratory was built, it had been more than half a century since Henry Cavendish left this earth. The Cavendish Laboratory was built with the financial support of the English Duke De Von Charles Cavendish. The duke, who had the same last name, was a relative of Henry Cavendish. Ground was broken for the Cavendish Laboratory in 1872, and two years later it was built in Free School Lane, Cambridge. Strangely enough, this physics laboratory was organized under the leadership of a famous theoretical physicist, Maxwell, who was also its first director. To add instruments to the lab, Maxwell gave away his modest savings.
The Cavendish Laboratory not only produced results, it also produced talent. Many accomplished physicists were trained in modern physics here. The leadership of the Cavendish Laboratory are brilliant achievements, famous masters of modern physics. After Maxwell, the directors of the Cavendish Laboratory were Riley, the founder of modern acoustics and optics; J. J. Thomson, the discoverer of the electron (who became director at the age of 28); Rutherford, the father of modern atomic nuclear physics; W. L. Bragg, who was noted for his organization of scientific research; and Mott, the pioneer of modern solid state physics. All, except Maxwell, were Nobel laureates.