The six experiments that will be conducted at the LHC will all be done in an international collaborative mode, bringing together scientists from research institutes around the world to witness exciting moments***. Each experiment is distinctly different, due to the uniqueness of the particle detectors used. Two large-scale experiments - ATLAS (the acronym for the Ultra Toroidal Surface Instrumentation Experiment) and CMS (the acronym for the Compact Muon Coil Experiment) - are based on multi-purpose detectors. are used to analyze the enormous number of particles produced during impacts in gas pedals. Both experiments have reached an unprecedented scale and level of research. The use of two separately designed detectors is key to cross-confirming any new findings.
The two medium-sized experiments - ALICE (an acronym for the Large Ion Collider Experiment, hereafter ALICE) and LHCb (an acronym for the LHC Bottom Quark Experiment, hereafter LHCb) - utilize special detectors to analyze impacts associated with special phenomena.
The other two experiments - TOTEM (short for Total-Over-The-Elastic-Scattering Detector Experiment, hereafter TOTEM) and LHCf (short for LHC Forward Particle Experiment, hereafter LHCf) - are on a much smaller scale. are much smaller in scale. They focus on "forward particles" (protons or heavy ions). When the particle beams collide, these particles just brush against each other, rather than collide head-on.
The ATLAS, CMS, ALICE, and LHCb detectors are housed in four underground caverns around the LHC, with the detectors for the TOTEM experiment located near the CMS detectors and the detectors for the LHCf experiment located near the ATLAS detectors.
Large Ion Collider experiment
For the LHC experiment, the LHC will collide lead ions to reconstruct, under laboratory conditions, the early form of the universe after the Big Bang. The data obtained will allow physicists to study the nature and state of the quark-gluon plasma, which is believed to have existed for only a short time after the Big Bang.
All ordinary matter in the universe is made up of atoms, each of which has a nucleus made up of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. Protons and neutrons are formed when other particles, called gluons, bind quarks. This incredibly strong bond means that independent quarks will never be discovered.
The high temperatures generated by staged collisions at the LHC are 100,000 times hotter than the Sun's interior. Physicists hope to see protons and neutrons "melt" at these high temperatures and release quarks bound by gluons. Doing so would create a quark-gluon plasma, which may have existed only after the Big Bang, when the universe was still extremely hot. Scientists plan to study the quark-gluon plasma as it expands and cools to see how it forms the particles that ultimately make up the matter of the current universe.
***More than 1,000 scientists from 94 research institutions in 28 countries are participating in the ALICE experiment.
Related information about the ALICE probe
Size: 26 meters long, 16 meters high, 16 meters wide
Weight: 10,000 metric tons
Location: the French town of St. Genis-Pouilly (StGenis-Pouilly).
Super Torus Instrumented Experiment
The Super Torus Instrumented Experiment, ATLAS, is one of two general-purpose detectors at the LHC. This experiment covers many areas of physics, including the search for the Higgs boson, extra dimensions, and the particles that make up dark matter. Like the purpose of the CMS experiment, ATLAS will record similar data related to the particles produced at the time of impact, i.e., their paths, energies, and properties, among other things. Although the purpose of the experiment is the same, the magnet systems of the ATLAS and CMS detectors use completely different technologies and designs.
The ATLAS detector's massive doughnut-shaped magnet system is its main feature. This system consists of eight 25-meter-long superconducting magnet coils. The magnet coils are distributed around a particle beam tube that runs through the center of the detector, forming a "cylinder". During the experiment, the magnetic field will be contained within a central cylindrical space separated by the coils.
***More than 1,700 scientists from 159 research institutions in 37 countries are participating in the ATLAS experiment.
ATLAS detector information
Size: 46 meters long, 25 meters high and 25 meters wide, the largest particle detector ever built.
Weight: 7,000 metric tons
Location: Meyrin, Switzerland
Compact Mistletoe Coil Experiment
The CMS experiment utilizes a general purpose detector to investigate many areas of physics, including the search for the Higgs boson, extra dimensions, and the particles that make up dark matter. While the purpose of the experiment is the same as ATLAS, the magnet system of this detector utilizes a completely different technology and design.
The CMS detector is built on a giant solenoidal magnet. It uses cylindrical coils of superconducting cable to generate a magnetic field of 4 Tesla, which is 100,000 times the Earth's magnetic field. This huge magnetic field is confined by an "iron yoke" - most of the detector's weight of 12,500 metric tons comes from the "yoke". Unlike the LHC's other giant detectors, the CMS detector was not built underground, but was chosen to be built above ground and then transported in 15 parts to be assembled, which is one of its special features.
***More than 2,000 scientists from 155 research institutions in 37 countries participated in the CMS experiment.
Information about the CMS probe
Size: 21 meters long, 15 meters wide, 15 meters high
Weight: 12,500 metric tons
Location: Cessy (France).
LHC Bottom Quark Probe (LHCb)
The LHCb experiment will help us understand why humans live in a universe made almost entirely of matter, not antimatter. Instead of enclosing an entire impact site with a sealed detector, the LHCb experiment uses a series of subdetectors to detect mainly forward particles. particles.) The first sub-detector will be mounted near the impact site, and the next few will be mounted one after the other, all of which will be more than 20 meters long. The LHC will create a large number of different types of quarks, which will then rapidly morph into other types. To capture the "beauty quarks," the LHCb project team has developed advanced tracking detectors that can be moved and mounted near the beam paths that surround the LHC, which is made up of 650 scientists from 48 research institutions in 13 countries.
Information about the LHC bottom quark detectorSize: 21 meters long, 10 meters high, 13 meters wide
Weight: 5,600 tons
Design: Forward-receiving spectrometer with planar detectors
Location: Fernay-Voltaire, France
Full-section elastic scattering detector
Full-section elastic scattering detector The experiment studies forward moving particles to focus on analyzing physics that is difficult to obtain from ordinary experiments. In a series of studies, it will measure proton sizes and also accurately monitor the luminosity of the Large Hadron Collider. To do this, the full-section elastic scattering detector will have to capture particles produced very close to the LHC beam. It consists of a group of detectors housed in a special vacuum chamber called a Romanpot.
The "Romanpots" are connected to the LHC's beam tubes, and the eight "Romanpots" will be placed in pairs at four locations near the CMS experiment's impact sites. Although the two experiments are scientifically independent, the TOTEM experiment will be a powerful complement to the results obtained by the CMS detector and other LHC experiments. Fifty scientists from 10 research institutions in eight countries will participate in the TOTEM experiment.
Data on the Full-Section Elastic Scattering Detector
Dimensions: 440 meters long, 5 meters high, 5 meters wide
Weight: 20 tons
Design: "Roman canister," GEM detector and cathode-bar sensing chamber
Location: Sèz, France (near CMS)
Location: Sèz, France (near CMS)
The TOTEM experiment will be the first of its kind in the United States. nearby)
LHCf detector
The LHCf experiment will be used to study the forward traveling particles produced inside the LHC as a source of simulated cosmic rays in a laboratory setting. Cosmic rays are naturally occurring charged particles from outer space that constantly bombard the Earth's atmosphere. They collide with nuclei in the upper atmosphere, producing a cascade of particles that reach the ground. Studying how collisions inside the LHC cause similar strings of particles helps scientists interpret and calibrate large-scale cosmic ray experiments, which can cover thousands of kilometers. Twenty-two scientists from 10 research institutions in four countries will participate in the LHCf experiment.
LHCf detector related information
Size: two detectors, each 30 centimeters long, 80 centimeters high and 13 centimeters wide
Weight: each weighs 40 kilograms
Location: Merlin, Switzerland (located near ATLAS)
Particle collision experiment
March 26, 2015, according to foreign media reports, after a two-year hiatus, the Large Hadron Collider is finally ready to start up again for a more energetic particle collision experiment. The experiment was supposed to begin this week, however, the program had to be postponed backward due to a short-circuit failure discovered just last Saturday.