Edit Emergency Disposal Skin contact: remove contaminated clothing, rinse skin thoroughly with soapy water and water. Eye contact: lift the eyelids and flush with large amounts of running water or saline for at least 15 min. Inhalation: Remove from scene to fresh air. Keep airway open. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If breathing stops, administer artificial respiration immediately. Seek medical attention. Ingestion: Drink sufficient amount of warm water and induce vomiting. Gastric lavage with 1:〖KG-*2〗5000 potassium permanganate or 5% sodium thiosulfate solution. Seek medical attention. Respiratory protection: When there is a possibility of contact with poison, filtering gas mask (full face mask), self-contained breathing apparatus or ventilated breathing apparatus must be worn. Wear an air respirator when rescuing or evacuating from an emergency situation. Eye protection: protection has been made in respiratory protection. Body protection: Wear rubberized gas resistant clothing. Hand protection: Wear rubberized oil-resistant gloves. OTHER PROTECTION: Smoking, eating and drinking are prohibited at the work site. Wash thoroughly after work. Separately store clothes contaminated by poisons, wash and prepare for use. Workshop should be equipped with first aid equipment and medicine. Workers should learn to save themselves and each other. Emergency treatment of leakage: quickly evacuate the personnel in the leakage contaminated area to the safe area, and isolate and strictly restrict the access. Cut off the source of fire. Suggest emergency personnel to wear self-contained positive pressure respirator and anti-virus clothing. Do not contact the leak directly. Cut off the source of leakage as far as possible. Prevent flow into restricted spaces such as sewers and flood drains. SMALL SPILL: Absorb with activated carbon or other inert material. May also be flushed with large amounts of water, diluted in wash water and placed in the wastewater system. Large spills: construct a dike or dig a pit to contain the spill. Spray water to cool and dilute the vapors, protect people on site, and dilute the spill into non-combustible material. Use explosion-proof pumps to transfer to tanker trucks or special collectors for recycling or transport to waste disposal sites. Harmful combustion products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen cyanide. Extinguishing methods: Spray water to cool the container, move the container from the fire to an open area if possible. Extinguishing agent: anti-soluble foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide, sand and soil; ineffective in extinguishing fire with water.
Nitrile production methods are many, of which the main industrial production of acetic acid ammonia method; acetylene ammonia method and propylene ammonia oxidation by-product method. 1. Acetic acid ammoniation method with acetic acid; ammonia as raw material, under the action of aluminum oxide catalyst, at a temperature of 360-420 ℃, the reaction, one-step synthesis of acetonitrile, the reaction liquid by water absorption and distillation that is finished. Raw material consumption quota: acetic acid (98%) 1763kg/t; liquid ammonia (99.5%) 691kg/t. 2. Acetylene ammoniation method takes acetylene and ammonia as raw materials, and uses aluminum oxide catalyst to synthesize acetonitrile in one step under the temperature of 500-600℃. Raw material consumption quota: acetylene 10231m3; liquid ammonia (99.4%) 1007kg/t. 3. Propylene ammonia oxidation by-production method takes propylene, ammonia and air as raw materials, and when synthesizing acrylonitrile through catalyst, it can by-produce acetonitrile at the same time. Each ton of acrylonitrile can by-produce 25-100kg of acetonitrile. 4. It is obtained by dehydration of acetamide and phosphorus pentoxide. 5. It is obtained by the action of dimethyl sulfate and sodium cyanide.
The most important use of acetonitrile is as a solvent. Such as as a solvent for extracting butadiene, a solvent for synthetic fibers and a solvent for some special coatings. In the petroleum industry, it is used as a solvent to remove tar from petroleum hydrocarbons, phenol and other substances. In the oil and grease industry as a solvent for extracting fatty acids from animal and vegetable oils, and in medicine as a reaction medium for recrystallization of steroidal drugs. In drug analysis can be used as a mobile phase for the preparation of high-performance liquid chromatography in the need for high dielectric constant of polar solvents often use acetonitrile and water to form a binary ****-boiling mixtures: containing acetonitrile 84%, boiling point 76 ℃. Acetonitrile is the intermediate of medicine (vitamin B1), spice, and the raw material for manufacturing homotriazine nitrogen fertilizer synergist. It is also used as denaturant of alcohol. In addition, it can be used to synthesize ethylamine; acetic acid, etc., and has many uses in fabric dyeing; lighting industry.
Packing and storage: packed in iron drums, net weight 150kg per drum, stored in a cool and ventilated warehouse, heat-proof, fire-proof, not to be stored with oxidizers***. It should be stored in a cool and ventilated warehouse, protected from heat and fire, and should not be stored with oxidizers***.
Management of operation: tightly sealed, provide adequate local exhaust and comprehensive ventilation. The operation is mechanized and automated as far as possible. Operators must be specially trained and strictly follow the operating procedures. It is recommended that operators wear filtering gas masks (full face mask), self-contained breathing apparatus or ventilated respirators, rubberized cloth gas suits and rubber oil-resistant gloves. Keep away from fire and heat sources, and smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace. Use explosion-proof ventilation systems and equipment. Keep away from flammable and combustible materials. Prevent vapors from leaking into the workplace air. Avoid contact with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids and alkalis. Load and unload lightly when handling to prevent damage to packaging and containers. Equip with appropriate varieties and quantities of fire-fighting equipment and emergency equipment for leakage. Empty containers may retain harmful substances. Management of storage: Store in a cool and ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat source. The storage temperature should not exceed 30℃. Keep the container sealed. It should be stored separately from oxidizing agent, reducing agent, acid, alkali, flammable (combustible) and edible chemicals, and should not be mixed. Use explosion-proof lighting and ventilation facilities. Prohibit the use of mechanical equipment and tools that are easy to produce sparks. The storage area should be equipped with leakage emergency treatment equipment and suitable shelter materials. Management of transportation: Transportation vehicles should be equipped with appropriate varieties and number of fire-fighting equipment and leakage emergency treatment equipment. In summer, it is better to transport in the morning and evening. The tanks (tanks) used in transportation should have grounding chains, and the tanks can be equipped with hole dividers to reduce the static electricity generated by vibration. It is strictly prohibited to mix and transport with oxidizing agent, reducing agent, acid, alkali, flammable or combustible materials, edible chemicals and so on. It should be protected from exposure to sun, rain and high temperature during transportation. Stopover should be away from fire, heat source, high temperature area. The exhaust pipe of the vehicle transporting the item must be equipped with a fire stopping device, and it is prohibited to use spark-prone mechanical equipment and tools for loading and unloading. Road transportation should be in accordance with the prescribed route, do not stop in residential areas and densely populated areas. Railroad transportation should be prohibited when slipping. It is strictly prohibited to use wooden ships and cement ships for bulk transportation. Waste management: Dispose by incineration. The nitrogen oxides discharged from the incinerator are removed by a scrubber.
Acute toxicity: LD50: 2730 mg/kg (rat oral); 1250 mg/kg (rabbit percutaneous); LC50: 12663 mg/m3, 8 h (rat inhalation) human inhalation >500 ppm, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, abdominal pain, etc.; human inhalation of 160 ppm × 4 h, 1/2 people with mild congestion of the face. Subacute and chronic toxicity: cats inhaled its vapors 7 mg/m3, 4 h/d, ****6 months, 1 month after contamination, conditioned reflexes began to be disrupted. Pathologic changes in the liver, kidneys and lungs were seen on pathologic examination. Metabolism: Acetonitrile is converted to thiocyanate and excreted in urine in 20% of dogs and 50% of guinea pigs. When the animals were given ethanol in advance, the metabolism of acetonitrile was enhanced and 87% of acetonitrile was converted to thiocyanate. In mice, subcutaneous injection of acetonitrile 0.01 ml/g (2.5% acetonitrile solution) increased the plasma level of SCN 2 h after the injection, and the peak was reached at 7 h. In rats, acetone was used as a substitute for acetonitrile. Experiments in rats showed that acetone could affect the metabolism of acetonitrile and increase its acute toxicity by 3~4 times. Acetonitrile has no obvious accumulation effect in the body. Poisoning mechanism: The toxic effect of acetonitrile is mainly caused by the release of CN?- in vivo, but the role of acetonitrile itself and its metabolite thiocyanate cannot be ruled out, and the latter is more important in the chronic effect. Irritation: Rabbit percutaneous open irritation test: 500 mg, mild irritation. Mutagenicity: Sex chromosome deletion and non-segregation: Brewer's yeast 47,600 ppm. Reproductive toxicity: The lowest toxic dose for hamsters (TDL?0) by mouth: 300 mg/kg (at 8 d of gestation), causing abnormal musculoskeletal development. Flammability Hazard: This product is flammable.
Edit Emergency Medical Treatment
Diagnostic Points: (1) The incubation period of cyanide ion is more than 4 h, and there are reports that the disease develops only after 3 d of exposure. (2) Acute poisoning: ashen face, weakness, nausea, vomiting, salivation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, chest tightness, chest pain, severe cases may appear respiratory depression, blood pressure drop, coma, convulsions and other symptoms. Death may occur due to coma, convulsions, respiratory failure and cardiac arrest. (3) Kidney damage: Proteinuria, frequent urination and other symptoms have also been reported. Acetonitrile poisoning has occurred many times at home and abroad and there are clinical reports of death. (4) Upper respiratory tract irritation. (5) Increased levels of CN-, SCN- and acetonitrile in the plasma of the poisoned person may also help in the diagnosis. Principles of treatment: (1) Remove skin contamination, and gastric lavage should be performed as soon as possible in case of accidental ingestion. (2) Give hyperbaric oxygen therapy as soon as possible. (3) Timely use of methemoglobin generators, see hydrogen cyanide. If the degree of poisoning is mild, sodium thiosulfate can also be used alone with good detoxification effect. (4) Give free radical scavengers, such as glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E and so on. (5) Actively carry out symptomatic supportive treatment, pay attention to protect the heart, lung, brain, kidney, liver function, prevent pulmonary edema, such as early administration of high-dose adrenal glucocorticosteroid, reduce kidney damage, maintain water-electrolyte balance, reasonable rehydration, diuresis to accelerate the discharge of toxic substances, reduce kidney damage. (6) Because of the long incubation period, patients should be observed for at least 48~72 h. (7) Skin contamination should be immediately rinsed with water and clothes changed. If acetonitrile is splashed into eyes, flush with large amount of water for at least 15 min. Preventive measures: Due to the high volatility of acetonitrile, it is necessary to strengthen the airtight operation and use local or comprehensive ventilation measures in combination with specific conditions. Prevent skin, gloves and clothes from being contaminated. /yj.html