Name
Application
Typical equipment
Vacuum (torr)
Application examples
1
Simulation of the aerospace environment
The orbital environment of the aerospace industry is basically a vacuum environment,
and the vehicle must be carried out on the ground for the simulation of the space environment prior to launch. Various sizes of simulators are vacuum equipment. Including satellites, spaceships, thermal vacuum simulation, evaluation of materials and propulsion tests, manned simulation tests. Comprehensively utilizing vacuum acquisition, testing, leakage detection, process and other technologies. Reproduce the space environment on the ground, evaluate the vehicle, find and eliminate faults, and improve reliability.
Mechanical pumps
Molecular pumps
Cryogenic pumps
10-2~10-14
Maximum aerospace environment simulation equipment has a container of 1000 cubic meters.
2
Accelerator technology
Charged particles are accelerated under accelerating field conditions. Must
Must make the accelerator tube from the ion source to the target chamber all in high vacuum and ultra-high vacuum conditions. To reduce the charged particles and gas molecules collision and scattering loss of energy. Therefore, the gas pedal must be vacuum system. In the vacuum to obtain and measure, leakage detection and other technologies have their special requirements.
Titanium pump
Cryogenic pump
10-11~10-12
The United States has a 300-diameter stainless steel electron cyclotron
3
Controlled thermonuclear applications
is in the effective space of the artificially controlled occurrence of thermonuclear reactions in a device, which is a combination of high-vacuum, high-temperature and electromagnetic technologies. It is a combination of high vacuum, high temperature technology and electromagnetic technology
Mechanical pumps
Diffusion pumps
Cold traps
10-2~10-10
4
Vacuum conveying
Air and granular materials in the vacuum of the suction effect of the flow together to a limited number of places by the centrifugal device will be the separation of the material and the air, the vacuum conveying, such as cereals, Coal powder, tobacco, cement, powdered food, etc.
Vacuum conveying suction pressure is usually 300~500 Torr or 600~700 Torr. The former mixing ratio (the ratio of the weight of the conveyed material to the weight of the air) is up to 20, and the conveying distance is up to 400-500 meters. Conveying capacity up to 200 tons / hour; the latter stick with a ratio of 3 ~ 5, conveying distance of not more than 30 meters, conveying capacity of 3 ~ 10 tons / hour, usually mixing ratio of more than l ~ 10. Vacuum conveying can also be used for some liquid material conveying
Turbo Blower
Water ring pumps (water vapor injection pumps)
300~700
(1) In the production of electrolytic lead
vacuum conveying
the lead water in the electrolyzer
to the lead water package,
the use of vacuum pumps for the two
SZ ~ 3 water ring pumps
(2) in the chemical industry, tobacco,
monosodium glutamate industry has also been
applications
5
Vacuum filtration
The filter drum of the vacuum filter moves in a 360-degree zone, with vacuum suction filtration in the 180-degree zone, vacuum suction drying in the 90-degree zone, and inflation and discharge in the 90-degree zone, so that continuous production can be carried out in the whole 360-degree zone.
Vacuum filtration can be used to obtain the solid materials in the mixture or used for filtration, the former, such as mining or coal carbon industry, washing, etc.
The production process of the rare metal "nickel" is also used
Vacuum filtration, vacuum conveying and other processes
Water ring pumps
Water vapor injection pumps
We can use vacuum filtration for the production of nickel. 50~100
(1) The alumina of non-ferrous metal smelting is extracted by vacuum filtration of AI(OH)3.
(2) A steel mill uses 5 sets of Sz-3 water ring pumps with vacuum filters for the purification of polluted water, which is used as circulating water after purification.
(3) A mineral processing plant vacuum filter with 1500 kg / hour (100 torr)
water vapor injection pump, the use of good results.
6
Vacuum drying
Vacuum drying usually refers to the removal of water or organic solvents and other volatile
components from solid materials (also
liquid materials), the pressure in the gas phase is less than 100 torr. Especially at pressures below 10 Torr, the vacuum has a significant effect on the drying process. Vacuum drying is characterized by high drying speeds at low temperatures and is therefore particularly suitable for materials which are not suitable for heating or which are difficult to dry. In general, the process of vacuum drying should be supplied with appropriate latent heat of vaporization.
Mechanical pump
Water vapor injection pump
A few to dozens of torr
In the electrical industry, the vacuum drying of insulating paper cable, synthetic fiber
Dimensional industry nylon, polyester production of slices drying. In the food industry, the vacuum drying of dairy products, tea essence and meat. Other industries such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyestuffs, etc. have a wide range of
applications.
7
Vacuum distillation
The purpose of vacuum distillation is to make the material separation and refining,
Vacuum distillation in the petroleum and chemical industries are widely used,
For example, a variety of organic oils distillation, plasticizer industry
Tri-phosphoric acid and phosphorus dibenzoic acid dibutyl distillation,
Synthetic resin raw materials Vacuum distillation of various kinds of high-grade alcohols, high-grade fatty
acids, etc. Vacuum distillation of vitamin A,
vitamin E and phenylethylamine in the pharmaceutical industry. Spice industry, the fragrance of ethanol, high-grade ethanol fat distillation. Refining of the oil and grease industry, the food industry in the production of alcohol, distillation of flavors and so on.
Reciprocating vacuum pump
Water ring vacuum pump
Rotary vane mechanical pump
760~10
(1) a factory tomato concentration with water vapor injection system pump (pumping capacity of 35 kg / hour) a vacuum degree of 30 torr, the use of good results. Tomato production nearly doubled, (2) annual output of 150,000 tons of vacuum salt-making equipment and flat pot salt-making compared to fuel savings of 40%.
8
Vacuum salt
In the vacuum degree of 50-100 torr in addition to the exhaustion of water or volatilizable
volatile components, to get the refined salt
Slide valve vacuum pump
water vapor injection pump
Several hundred torr ~ a dozen torr
A salt factory, vacuum
salt (compared with the pan salt
), salt production, salt, salt and water.
Compared with the pot salt production), fuel consumption is reduced
by two thirds, labor productivity
increased four times,
cost reduction of 44%
9
Vacuum Concentration
In the food industry, such as a variety of fruit juices,
jams, eggs, dairy products (condensed milk, milk powder), water
fructose, and so on. And such as the concentration of chemical dyes, acid, alkali, and pulp concentration in the paper industry
10
Vacuum deodorization
Mainly used in the oil and grease industry in the refining of crude fats and oils
In the removal of the inherent odor in the fat or due to gasification, decomposition
Odorant substances generated at the same time also for the vacuum decoloration to ensure the quality of oil and grease products and the quality and quality of the product, and to ensure the quality of the oil and grease products and the quality of the product, and to ensure the quality of the product, and to ensure the quality of the product, and to ensure the quality of the product. To ensure the quality and color of grease products
11
Vacuum crystallization
Vacuum concentration and crystallization is usually carried out in a number of "steam canisters", known as multi-effect evaporation canisters (for example, salt, sugar vacuum concentration and crystallization is often used in 4- or 5-effect evaporation canisters). With a vacuum pump in the tanks to cause different degrees of vacuum: the first effect of the evaporation tank pressure (or the boiling point of the concentrated crystalline liquid) is higher than the second effect of the evaporation tank pressure (or boiling point), the first effect of the evaporation tank discharged in the second vapor can be used as the second effect of the evaporation tank of the heating vapors, and so on. Therefore, the vacuum according to shrink crystallization and atmospheric pressure heating crystallization compared to greatly improve the efficiency of fuel utilization. Vacuum crystallization is easier to realize mechanization and automation. More conducive to the comprehensive utilization of by-products, so it can effectively reduce costs and greatly improve labor productivity and comprehensive utilization
12
Freeze drying
Freeze drying or sublimation drying. The moist material to be treated is first cooled. The moisture or other coal is left in a frozen state. Then quickly placed in a vacuum so that it directly from the solid sublimation and obtain dry products, freeze-drying applications: dehydration of biological materials; biological tissue research in the organs and tissues of the freeze-drying of slices; transplantation of tissue preservation; bacteria, antibiotics, viruses, vaccines by freeze-drying, re-solubility is good; plasma, serum, culture fluids, etc., by freeze-drying the preservation of a long time, the organization of the components remain unchanged, good re-solubility; freeze-drying is a good way of preserving the material, but also to ensure that the material is not damaged, and the material can be used in the production of the product. Good re-solubility; freeze-drying process in the food industry has also been the rapid development of large countryside number of food (such as meat, aquatic products, grains, dairy, fruits, eggs and beverages, etc.) can be processed into freeze-dried products, and its unique advantages are the nutrients and food color, aroma, taste is preserved to the maximum extent possible, and the weight is light, the volume is small, and the preservation of the period of time long water rehydration rate of up to more than 9o%
Roots booster pump + mechanical pump
Oil diffusion pump + mechanical pump
Water vapor injection pump
1~10-3
A canned food factory 2 tons of vacuum freeze-drying equipment with a water vapor injection pump (60 torr) instead of the Roots vacuum pump - mechanical pump unit, a substantial reduction in the cost of freeze-dried products
13
Vacuum impregnation
The impregnant is immersed into the impregnated material (often porous
material) to improve the performance of the impregnated article. Under vacuum conditions (or first vacuum and then processed) a certain viscosity of the impregnating agent is more likely to be uniformly filled with the impregnated articles of the tiny pores, and thus the product performance is better. Vacuum impregnation is widely used in the electrical insulation industry. If the insulating material is impregnated into the fibrous material, it can greatly improve its insulating properties and service life
Rotary vane pump
Slide valve pump (water vapor injection pump)
<5
<1
A few to dozens of
Various electric motor factories, insulating material factories, carbon factories, a refractory factory in the country in the production of steel packages of "
Sliding water mouth "new products, the successful use of vacuum impregnation technology, the water mouth with two sliding surfaces greater
than 8, thus solving the problem of steel leakage
14
Vacuum humidification
Natural fibers (eg, silk), man-made fibers, tobacco, paper and other products need to adjust its moisture
Natural fibers (such as silk), man-made fibers, tobacco Paper and other products need to adjust its moisture content (mainly to increase its water), so that its water content is uniform and constant. 1, pass into the water steam; 2. will be hot water through the separator injected; 3. will be mixed with water and steam and water and injected through the separator. The moisture adjustment of the silk is usually injected into the water or steam after the need to vacuum drying, cooling, in order to adjust the moisture uniformity and moderation
Water ring vacuum pump
Steam ejector pump + water ring vacuum pump
Water vapor ejector pump
1~20
At present, our tobacco industry, the vacuum of tobacco back to the tide of the water ring vacuum pump is used more often (SZ-3). ). The disadvantage is that the vacuum degree is low, the moisture cycle in the appropriate moisture temperature, not easy to return to the through, such as raising the moisture temperature, then it will destroy the quality of tobacco. A tobacco factory switched to water vapor injection pump. Improved processing vacuum, improved the quality of moisture back.
15
Vacuum chromium
Chromium in the vaporization temperature (917 ℃) above the vacuum degree of 10-2 torr to produce a greater vapor pressure, chromium vapor atoms to the surface of the steel and steel deposition and thermal diffusion, so that the surface to generate a layer of solid chromium-iron alloy, which has a high temperature oxidation, corrosion resistance and other properties. Vacuum chrome penetration is one of the effective ways to improve the life of parts and save metal elements.
Rotary vane pumps
Slide valve pumps
Water vapor injection pumps
≤10-2
Some domestic factories have been successfully used
16
Vacuum heat treatment
Heat treatment in the atmosphere, the metal heated surfaces will be subject to oxidation and oxidation by oxygen, water vapor and other oxidizing substances. The use of high purity Sui gas as a protective atmosphere is very costly. Vacuum is not only a "cheap" sui atmosphere, but also in the vacuum conditions can remove the original oxides on the metal surface, treatment is rarely deformed, thus minimizing the machining allowance or even after treatment without machining at all. Due to the vacuum degassing effect can improve the strength and wear resistance of the product, vacuum heat treatment process
stable, heat treatment furnace can be almost fully automated, while it is a safe, smoke-free, odorless process, the actual application of the vacuum heat treatment is still limited to high-grade tool steel and to be special steel (such as high-alloy steel and high-speed steel), especially in complex shapes, the treatment of the products do not need to be grinded
Mechanical pumps, the vacuum heat treatment process can also be used for the treatment of the metal surface of the original oxides, which is rarely deformed. /p>
Mechanical pump + diffusion pump
Water vapor injection pump
10-1 ~ 10-3] TO the first high vacuum, often in the 0.1 TO or so pressure heating, so as to avoid Cr, Mo and other high-vapor pressure alloy
Gold volatilization loss
Japan's SKH, cold forging with the stamping die for the salt heat treatment, the machining allowance of 0.15-0.3 millimeters, and then grinding, polishing
processing. But after changing to vacuum heat treatment, the machining allowance is only 0.08 millimeters. Japan in the past with a salt bath heat treatment SKD11 cold forging die steel (production of stainless steel screws) mold mold forming an average total of about 2 ~ 25,000 pieces, the change of vacuum heat treatment, molds in the treatment
No need to process that is used directly after the mold service life extended by 3-4 times
17
Vacuum Ion Nitriding
Ion Nitriding is the workpiece to be treated. Put the workpiece to be treated in a vacuum container. Then filled with nitrogen-containing gas. Passed into the DC high-voltage electricity, so that the surface layer of the workpiece bombardment infiltration of nitrogen atoms, and the formation of nitride layer, the surface of the thermal}Lm of the broken method, which has a nitriding time is short, the deformation is small, wear-resistant, brittle resistance, save ammonia, electricity, improve labor conditions, the realization of the advantages of pollution-free, etc., it is a very promising surface heat treatment of the new method
Rotary vane pump + mechanical pump
1~10
18
Vacuum refrigeration
Water has different boiling points at different pressures, and at the boiling point temperature, water into the same temperature of the steam will need to absorb the heat of vaporization of the large basin, the room temperature of the water into a low-pressure container, then the water temperature will ultimately be reduced to the pressure corresponding to the boiling temperature
Mechanical pumps
Water vapor injection pumps
4 to 20
Domestic applications
19
Vacuum treatment
Metallurgical industry in the liquid steel vacuum treatment so far there have been more than a dozen forms, characterized by large batch sizes, short time, low cost, high quality of the liquid steel, the main is to remove the gas in the steel and part of the entrained slag, so that the content of the content is greatly reduced. Liquid steel deoxygenation by vacuum treatment, deoxygenation products or metal oxides in a gaseous state from the steel to escape. Thus the purity of the treated steel can be close to or reach the level of vacuum induction furnace. Treatment can also add a large number of alloying elements to improve the performance of steel.
Water vapor injection pump
Mechanical pump + Roots pump
1~0.1
China in 1956 to play the Fushun steel mill has 20 tons of vacuum treatment equipment. Following the completion of Anshan Iron and Steel 100 tons
D-H vacuum processing equipment. Shanghai Heavy Machinery Works also has 100 tons of R-H real
Vacuum processing equipment, West Germany, Japan have 500 tons and with plasma heating vacuum processing equipment
20
Vacuum sintering
Under vacuum conditions, the powdered metal or oxide heating
temperature, pressurized molding (or not pressurized) for sintering. Its temperature
below the melting temperature, higher than 1ooo ℃, especially for high melting point of the metal or oxide products. Vacuum sintering does not oxidize, does not decarburize, dense organization, good quality. Required vacuum: pure iron 0.1-0.01to; stainless steel 0.01to; aluminum with cobalt alloy, magnet 0.1-0.01to; WC, Tic, Ti, Cr and its base carbide 0.05-0.1to. There is also a need for 10-5 ~ 10-8 torr high vacuum sintering.
Water vapor injection pump
Mechanical pump
Booster pump
Diffusion pump
1~10-2
Used to improve the quality of the carbide Chin-based steel structure of the cemented carbide, microcarbon ferrochrome vacuum sintering, to improve the performance
21
Vacuum smelting
Metals through vacuum Smelting, sintering, heat treatment and other processes can improve the quality and performance, vacuum metallurgy has unique advantages: ① so that the metal and alloy gas and inclusions in the content is greatly reduced, improve performance. ② can accurately control the chemical composition, so that the alloy properties are stable. ③ to improve the densification, uniformity and plasticity, to eliminate ingot white point, segregation, hair cracking ④ can be melted in the atmosphere can not melt casting of Chin, zirconium, uranium and other metals, vacuum is widely used in stainless steel, electrical steel, bearing steel, high temperature alloys, refractory metals melting and casting
Vapor injection pump for water
Rotary vane pump
Sliding valve pump
Booster pump
Diffusion pump
Water vapour pump
Sliding valve pump
Booster pump
Booster pump
Diffusion pump
1~10-5
China has a few tons of vacuum induction furnace, self-consumption protection, 200 - 600 kilowatts of electron bombardment furnace and other metallurgical equipment, foreign countries have a 250-ton vacuum electric lone square arc furnace, the United States has a 12,000 kilowatts of electron bombardment furnace
22
Vacuum Coating
In a vacuum will be solid (), the substrate surface precipitation. The vacuum coating
In the vacuum will be solid ( substrate ) surface precipitation on the metal
or non-metallic ( semiconductor, dielectric ) film technology. Widely used in the radio industry (integrated circuits, resistors, capacitors), electro-vacuum industry (target of the camera tube, picture tube), the optical industry (astronomical reflector) and the atomic industry and the word navigation technology, the textile industry in the gold and silver wire, plastic metallization, trademarks, packaging film, mirror and so on are also used vacuum coating technology
Rotary vane pumps, booster pumps, Roots pumps, diffusion pumps, ion pumps, sublimation Pump
10-2~3*10-9
China's vacuum equipment manufacturers have their own series of vacuum coating machine. Such as evaporation, sputtering and ion coating machine. Examples of filter film, laser film, spectral film, cold light film, transmittance enhancement film, magnetic film 'superconducting film and aluminum instead of silver aluminized mirrors, etc.
23
Cryogenic adiabatic
Medium vacuum (>l0-3 torr) adiabatic has a wide range of applications such as cryogenic liquefaction equipment, cryogenic storage and transportation equipment, cryogenic simulation and superconducting magnetic field insulation, etc.
The vacuum equipment manufacturers have their own series of vacuum coating machines, such as evaporation sputtering and ion coating machines.
Rotary vane vacuum pumps, booster pumps, diffusion pumps
10-3~10-5
A factory 20m3 vacuum powder adiabatic evaporation rate of 0.5% per day, as well as liquid ammonia containers, etc.
24
Petroleum industry
From the oilfield extraction of the wells in addition to the gas, deoxygenation of the water injection, storage and transportation
The exhaust to the refinery to reduce gas emissions. Exhaust to the refinery's decompression distillation, petroleum product refining, as well as grease dewatering and degassing, vacuum filtration, etc. are many applications
Reciprocating pumps
Rotary vane pumps
Water ring pumps
Steam ejector pumps
10~700
Decompression distillation - each refinery has a variety of more than one set of equipment, a variety of
Vacuum filtration and degassing cryogenic device, a variety of
25
Other
Vacuum has a wide range of applications. In addition to the main aspects of the above, there are many aspects of its specific applications. Such as vacuum packaging, vacuum robot, vacuum storage, agriculture and forestry in the grain seed seed vacuum storage, electrical ceramics and civil construction
Vacuum refining mud, vacuum adsorption, cement asbestos products dehydration, casting production in the vacuum negative pressure modeling, vacuum die-casting
Detailed information you can refer to the next!