Occupation is the result of social division of labor, and it is the sign of progress of human social production and social life. With the continuous development of the economy and society, the rapid progress of science and technology, the number, types, structure and requirements of social occupations are constantly changing.
I. The impact of economic development on the development of occupations fficeffice"
The economic field is the largest concentration of occupational categories and the number of positions in the social field, the development of the economy requires the community to provide it with a variety of trades and industries in need of talent, and people also get employment opportunities for this purpose. Therefore, the social economy has a very direct and particularly important role in the change and development of occupations.
In the society dominated by natural economy, the economic growth and development is very slow, which leads to the change of industrial structure, industry structure and occupation structure is also very slow. After the Industrial Revolution, mankind began to emphasize the speed of economic development. As the human society crosses the contemporary era, most of the countries in the world put the economic growth and development into the center or priority position, the consequence of which is to directly promote the speed of change of industrial structure and industry structure. For example, during the Industrial Revolution, the textile industry was the main industrial industry at that time, and it was not until the 20th century that the steel and construction industries began to overtake it. And the electronics and computer industry from the emergence of the development of a major industry in today's society, only a short period of more than ten years. The accelerated change in industrial and industry structure has been followed by more frequent changes in the structure, number and distribution of occupations.
Since the reform and opening up, due to the development of industrial structure, some new types of industries and occupations have been emerging in China, such as the re-emergence of the leasing industry, real estate industry, etc., the improvement of the social status of service occupations, the rapid development of the insurance industry, advertising industry, tourism industry, and the entertainment industry, which are all the direct results of economic development.
Two, the impact of scientific and technological development on career development
Technological progress has brought great impact on career development. The development of modern science and technology has brought many new technologies, new products and new processes. These new technologies, new processes of research, development, application will inevitably lead to some of the old and new occupations. For example, the development of electronic computer technology, so that such as telegraphic telegraph, telephone wiring, mechanical typing and other traditional occupations gradually into the end of the road, but the ensuing electronic communications, network services, electronic security, computer manufacturing, debugging, maintenance, design, training, and other new occupations but one by one to come out of the ground. The development of science and technology so that occupational development is increasingly showing such characteristics, that is, the development of mental labor occupations faster and faster, manual labor occupations will be fewer and fewer: the economic sector and the service industry more and more occupations, administration and management of the industry's demand is less and less.
Three, the future development of occupations predicted
(a) the characteristics of future occupations
An expert predicts that the future of occupations will show the following three major features:
1. The educational content of the occupation increases
A variety of employment positions, the need for more well-educated, skilled workers to master the latest technology, purely manual labor or mechanical operations Occupations will be significantly reduced.
In developed countries, blue-collar workers in the manufacturing industry, the unemployment rate is higher than the white-collar employees engaged in management work; and white-collar employees engaged in service work, such as banking, advertising, and other unemployment rate is significantly higher than that of the employees engaged in development and research work. In the future, the boundaries between white-collar and blue-collar classes will become increasingly blurred, and careers will gradually develop in the direction of specialization.
2. Occupational requirements are constantly updated
Some occupations, due to new work equipment and changing conditions, have new requirements for occupational content. For example, administrative staff, in the past only require good organizational and coordination skills, analytical problem-solving skills, writing skills, verbal skills, etc.. But now, in addition to the requirements of their ability to have the above, but also required to have social interaction and computer-aided management, office automation capabilities.
3. Decrease in permanent jobs
Only a small number of people can have "permanent" jobs, while more and more people are engaged in hourly, piece-rate or temporary jobs.
(B) the future of the popular careers
Hot careers is the job market supply and demand for both sides are very concerned about the occupation, as long as possible, both sides are willing to take the lead in the popular careers. Because engaging in popular occupations and hiring people with expertise in popular occupations will help to ensure that in the fierce competition in the market for more opportunities for survival and development opportunities.
The popular occupations are generally formed according to the economic development, the 21st century is the era of knowledge economy, high technology, electronic communication will be the new growth point of the economy. Therefore, some occupations related to the rapid development of information, biology and high technology will gradually become popular occupations.
1. China's popular occupations ranked
According to the information released by China's Economic and Trade Commission in 1999, China's economic situation continues to improve, the quality of economic operation and efficiency of state-owned loss-making industrial enterprises has been a significant rebound in the textile industry from June of the same year began to reverse the loss of metallurgy, non-ferrous metals, coal industry will be the end of the year to achieve profitability, and the petrochemical industry is also getting better and better.
In addition, the accession to the "WTO" will also have a significant impact on China's economy. Experts have estimated that China's accession to the WTO will add 12 million jobs. With the accession to the "WTO" after the rise and fall of some industries, will give rise to different changes in China's social and occupational structure. Foreign languages, finance and accounting, trade, tourism, law and economic management and other occupational demand situation will gradually popular, but also, may make in recent years has been in the doldrums of the international economy and trade class and foreign-related professions related to the occupation of the hot up again. With the rapid development of high-tech enterprises, the occupation related to this will also have a big breakthrough in the volume of growth.
Experts estimate that in the 21st century, China's popular careers will develop in the following directions:
(1) software development, hardware maintenance, network integration and other high-level computer science and technology occupations. Today's society has entered the age of information technology, computer applications are becoming increasingly popular. According to the relevant aspects of the prediction, within a few years of computer graduates, will continue to be popular in the talent market, become the focus of high-tech enterprises. It is understood that in 2000, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Fudan University, Tongji, South China Normal University and other prestigious schools of computer science graduate students, undergraduates, almost every one of them have five or six units to choose from, the market price of its salary has also risen, the minimum at least in the 3,000 yuan or more; even if it is a general university graduates majoring in computer science, a monthly salary of not less than 2,000 yuan. Because of the computer graduates in short supply, many employers have to hire graduates of applied mathematics, which makes the previous few years, once stagnant math graduates soared in value.
(2) communications engineering, radio technology and other electronic engineering careers. In recent years, the rapid development of post and telecommunications, program-controlled telephone, mobile communication networks and other communications equipment modernization requires a large number of communications engineering, radio technology and other electronic engineering graduates. With the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period of the country's machinery, electronics, automobile manufacturing industry as a driving force for the entire economic growth and structural upgrading of the pillar industries, and the graduates of the relevant professions will be useful, a number of years of broad employment prospects.
(3) agricultural occupations. Science and education to promote agriculture, improve the content of agricultural science and technology, to agricultural graduates provide a broad stage to show their skills. A considerable part of the agricultural graduates will be filled to the townships, farms, crop cultivation, food basket project, poultry aquaculture, agricultural machinery industry or agricultural research institutions to go. They will rely on their own mastery of modern technology and management advantages, boldly engaged in various types of collective or individual contracting, and gradually develop into a new type of Chinese "farmer", "ranchers", "aquatic king "
These are the most important of all.
(4) finance, real estate, information consulting and other tertiary industries. Technology-intensive tertiary industries are the focus of economic development, and these industries are in short supply of highly educated, high-level talent. Although there will still be some non-financial colleges and universities of finance graduates to change employment phenomenon, but graduate students of finance and undergraduates of finance in prestigious schools in the talent market is still popular.
(5) Political and legal careers. Nowadays, full-time and part-time lawyers and enterprise legal adviser team is growing, and has become a popular career. And with the deepening development of the market economy, the social demand for legal professionals will be increasingly expanding, the main source of the future judicial team will be graduates of the political and legal professions. In addition, the establishment of the civil service examination system, more political and legal graduates opened up opportunities for fair competition.
(6) teacher training, medical careers. It is understood that the future focus of employment of teachers, medical graduates will be directed to the grass-roots units of the weaker technical force and remote areas, suburbs, the first line of culture, education and health units, in order to solve the urban and rural development imbalance, the structural layout of the irrational contradiction. At present, the transformation of weak schools, titular mobile teaching, medical program has been launched.
(7) environmental careers. Environmental issues are a growing social problem and important issues in human development, more and more attention by all countries. More waste managers, waste handlers and environmental work research, development and application careers will emerge.
(8) Out-of-hospital medical industry. With the improvement of people's living standards and the development of medical science and technology, human life expectancy will be extended and the problem of population aging will emerge, requiring a large number of health care specialists.
(9) beauty careers. To date, our citizens have generally accepted the concept of "make-up is to express respect". The meaning of make-up is no longer just a consideration of color, material and matching, its extension will be expanded to make-up and coordination of time, place and occasion. In fact, in the beauty industry is highly developed countries and regions, the classification of makeup has long been to the point of not tired of its "fine", work makeup and prom makeup, there are extremely strict standards of distinction. The beauty industry will become a popular career.
(10) international business planner. 21st century, business planning will become the best prospects for development, the highest income, employment, one of the most stable and popular career. In the "1999 Beijing WBSA business planner development report", Professor Shi Xianwen said, the current Chinese enterprises are most lacking in talent is able to provide business planning of the business division, these divisions must be a wealth of business experience and good speech or pen talk, good independent thinking and insight and strong sense of innovation, can produce good ideas or new proposals. Ideas or new proposals, familiar with the operating mechanism of the industry and the industry's development of strategic vision, can help the enterprise to overcome the transition crisis of the people, these people are always able to provide new ideas in their respective fields, new ideas, can find more strategic value of the new areas, new topics, new products, and constantly form the advantages of the people I have no one, and therefore become the most popular people.
2. List of Hot Occupations in the U.S.
U.S. News and World Report conducted a survey on occupations in the U.S. in 1999, and selected 20 of them as the hot occupations in the U.S. in 1999. Some of them are described below for reference.
(1) Technical writer. This occupation is to put some technical terms into plain language so that technical laymen can understand them. It requires a professional background with a bachelor's degree in English or technical communication, and strong writing skills. It pays a minimum salary of $35,500 a year, a middle income of $41,300, and a maximum of $54,510, according to the survey.
(2) Project Manager. A project manager is responsible for whether a construction project has a balanced budget, whether the project is on track, and whether the quality of the work is satisfactory. It requires a professional background with a diploma in engineering and construction management, as well as extensive experience in building construction and management, and preferably knowledge of project budgeting. It pays an annual salary of $50,000 for entry level, $65,064 for mid-level and $86,800 for senior level.
(3) Management information systems consultants. This type of consultant is in great demand by both small and large companies. This is because he can show companies how to engage in electronic commerce, how to solve the computer millennium bug puzzle, and the computer problems associated with the euro after it has been launched. It requires a bachelor's or master's degree in management information systems or computer programs, and some companies provide training in business knowledge after hiring. It pays a minimum salary of $51,200 a year, with a mid-range earner at $68,900 and a maximum of $250,000 a year.
(4) Speech-language pathologists. Often misunderstood, a speech-language pathologist's job is to help not only people with articulation problems, but also those with hearing impairments. He can teach teachers how to simplify their teaching methods, teach students how to listen to lectures and take notes, and help students who don't follow directions. It is predicted that in 2005 there will be a need for 125,000 speech-language pathologists across the United States. It requires practitioners to have a master's degree, relevant work experience, and pass a national exam. It pays a minimum salary of $38,000 a year, a middle income of $44,000 and a maximum of $52,000 a year.
(5) Communications Engineer. Communications engineers maintain the proper functioning of cellular telephone networks and are also responsible for the proper use of, for example, global positioning satellite systems. This career requires practitioners to have a bachelor's degree in communications engineering. It pays a minimum salary of $60,800 per year, a middle income of $78,000, and a maximum of $99,000 per year.
(6) Public **** Relations Manager. The public **** relations manager described here is different from the typical PR manager. With Americans putting more money into stocks, bonds and retirement funds, banks now need public **** relationship managers to communicate with customers, who help them invest, manage cash and credit cards, and even sell insurance and bonds. It now increasingly requires practitioners to have a master's degree in business administration, as well as the ability to communicate well with customers and the ability to sell. It pays a minimum salary of $40,000 a year, a median income of $48,300 and a maximum of $59,200 a year.
(7) Physical Therapist. Due to cutbacks in many hospitals in the United States, some patients go home to continue their treatment. So there is a huge demand for home-based physical therapists in the community. Physical therapists practice home services, he helps patients with rehabilitation exercises, provide patients with appropriate medical equipment, and teach the patient's family how to help the patient to restore health. Practitioners must have graduated from a four-year medical school recognized by the American Physical Therapy Association and possess a license to practice. By 2001, practitioners must also have at least a master's degree. It pays a minimum salary of $39,780 a year, a median income of $57,200 and a maximum of $65,000 a year.
(8) Catering directors. 1999 may have been the "Year of the Banquet" in the U.S., as the U.S. economy continued to gain momentum, and the demand for catering directors continued to rise as the century came to a close. In small companies, catering directors work 16 hours a day, from determining the menu to arranging the seating, and ask about everything. In larger companies, food and beverage directors also have to find and manage the right staff. Many hotels in the U.S. are now hiring food and beverage directors, who are required to have sales and hospitality experience. It pays a minimum salary of $22,800 a year, a mid-range income of $30,000 and a maximum of $42,600 a year.
(9) Talent scout. A talent scout is someone in an executive search firm who is responsible for finding talent. Today, talent scouts focus more on senior executives seeking new jobs and standout talent in popular industries. To be a successful talent scout, one must have at least three years of experience in a specialized field. It pays a minimum salary of $50,000 to $100,000 a year, a mid-range income of $100,000 to $250,000 and a maximum of $250,000 to $1 million.
(C) the future decline of the profession
Since the global economy is affected by the Internet, the speed of career change accelerates, and certain very familiar occupations, even the more popular ones, will die out. A Western expert has written about occupations that are likely to become obsolete in the next 15 years:
(1) Traditional secretaries. Since the introduction of personal computers, electronic mail and fax machines, more than 45 percent of a secretary's time is spent filing documents, transmitting messages, mailing information, mailing letters and copying materials. But more advanced electronic office systems will make it possible for supervisors and managers to turn even a scribbled note into a memo that can be distributed with the press of a command key, and the typing secretary will virtually cease to exist.
(2) Bank tellers. By the year 2000 (and possibly 2010 in countries that are still economically underdeveloped), almost all bank customers will be using automated teller machines, leaving only a handful of tellers in charge of front-office banking transactions.
(3) Telephone operators. It is estimated that the telephone and telegraph companies in developed countries in the West can be expected in the next few years with automated voice recognition technology to replace more than half of its long-distance telephone operators. This technology and the automated telephone network and voice information system will make people lose some jobs.
(4) Receptionists. Some U.S. communications companies now offer extremely sophisticated speech recognition systems capable of handling both incoming and outgoing calls, and many companies are developing similar systems, making it possible for many large companies and government agencies to eliminate receptionist jobs in the future.
(5) Public **** Librarian. Computers have replaced library card catalogs and may soon replace libraries as you know them, when people will forget about traditional libraries and simply inform them to send their books over the interconnected Internet.
(6) Mining. The construction industry will continue to grow as business districts, residential areas, and real estate are already picking up steam, along with environmental renovations, and the construction of public ****works roads, bridges, and dams. However, due to the sluggishness of industries such as oil and gas, and the low demand for minerals such as coal and metals, the growth of the mining industry will be quite limited.
(7) Manufacturing. Includes the setting, adjustment, operation and maintenance of machinery, or the manual use of small equipment to manufacture products or combinations of parts. At present, due to imports and more use of foreign production and production line automation, the traditional manual manufacturing industry can not escape the fate of the decline. The only exception is the operation of plastic equipment, because some metal equipment will be replaced by plastic products.
(8) transportation industry. Including mass transit and handling of goods. Generally speaking, will continue to grow, of course, depending on the industry and have different development. In terms of the development of the bus driver industry, will continue to grow rapidly, trucking freight is continuing to grow. Those who operate handling machinery will see limited growth due to the automation of machines, and waterway and railroad transportation will decline due to the invention of new technologies.
(9) Cleaning workers, grass-roots labor. Due to automation, this area will grow slowly; also due to the high turnover rate, vulnerable to the impact of the boom cycle and other factors, the future is not very optimistic.