19th century: In 1888, Dunlop, an Irish veterinarian, was inspired by the treatment of gastric bloating in cattle. He glued the rubber tube used for watering his garden into a round shape and inflated it enough to mount it on his bicycle. , which was the beginning of pneumatic tires. Pneumatic tires are an epoch-making initiative in the history of bicycle development. They not only fundamentally change the riding performance of bicycles, but also improve the use functions of bicycles. From 1791 to 1888, the invention and improvement of the bicycle, the ancestor of the motorcycle, went through the unremitting efforts of these inventors for nearly 100 years. We can't help but be moved by human inventions and creations. In 1886, the British mechanical engineer Staley designed a new bicycle style from the perspective of mechanics and kinematics. He installed a front fork and a brake. The front and rear wheels were the same size to maintain balance, and he made a diamond-shaped bicycle with steel pipes. The frame also used rubber wheels for the first time. Staley not only improved the structure of bicycles, but also modified many machine tools for the production of bicycle parts, opening up a broad path for the mass production and popularization of bicycles. Therefore, he is called the "Father of Bicycles" by future generations. The bicycle models he designed are basically the same as today's bicycles. In 1845, the German von Martens invented the world's first rotating machine that could pan 150°. In 1849, David Brewster invented the stereo camera and the two-lens stereoscope. In 1861, physicist Maxwell invented the world's first color photograph. The Egyptians were the first to use umbrellas. As early as 1200 BC, Egyptian nobles often asked slaves to hold parasols for them when traveling. The Romans used umbrellas to protect themselves from the sun in the Mediterranean region. In China, the umbrella was invented by Lu Ban's wife in 1000 BC. The umbrella is called a "movable house". As early as 1831, the British scientist Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction and proposed the theoretical basis of the generator. Based on this discovery, scientists have conducted in-depth exploration and research on electricity since the 1860s and 1870s, and a series of electrical inventions have emerged. In 1866, the German Siemens made a generator. In the 1870s, practical electric generators became available. In 1882, the Frenchman Deppler discovered a method of transmitting electricity over long distances, and the American scientist Edison built the first thermal power station in the United States and connected transmission lines into a network. Electricity is an excellent and cheap new energy source. Its wide application has promoted the rapid development of a series of emerging industries such as the power industry and electrical appliance manufacturing industry. Human history has entered the "electrical age" from the "steam age". In 1876, Bell, a Scotsman who settled in Boston, USA, successfully tried to make a telephone call. Edison and others made important improvements based on Bell's invention, making telephone communication very popular in many countries around the world. In 1877, the first telephone exchange was built in the United States. In 1888, German scientist Hertz discovered electromagnetic waves. Using this electromagnetic wave, Italian Marconi made radio communication equipment. In 1899, Marconi successfully sent a message between Britain and France; in 1901, he successfully sent a message across the Atlantic. The development of modern telecommunications has provided convenience for the rapid transmission of information. Since then, economic, political and cultural ties around the world have been further strengthened. In the mid-1980s, German inventors Daimler and Karl Benz proposed the design of a light internal combustion engine that ran on gasoline as fuel. In the 1990s, German engineer Diesel designed a more efficient internal combustion engine, also known as a diesel engine, because it could use diesel as fuel. The invention of the internal combustion engine, on the one hand, solved the engine problem of transportation and caused revolutionary changes in the field of transportation. In the late 19th century, a new form of transportation - the automobile - appeared. In the 1980s, German Karl Benz successfully built the first car powered by a gasoline internal combustion engine. In 1896, American Henry Ford built his first four-wheeled car. At the same time, many countries began to establish automobile industries. In 1903, the aircraft manufactured by the Americans, the Wright brothers, successfully made a test flight, realizing mankind's dream of flying into the sky and heralding the arrival of a new era of transportation.
/question/23280536.html 20th Century: Laser Technology: Expanding New Fields of Scientific Research In 1960, Maiman successfully developed the world's first practical ruby ??laser. It marked the birth of laser technology. In recent years, laser technology has developed at an alarming rate, and the scope of applications has continued to expand, such as laser preservation, laser breeding, laser medical treatment, laser beauty, etc., which have become popular areas of research among scientific and technological personnel. In the past, people were still struggling to keep vegetables fresh at room temperature, but now lasers have easily solved this problem. For example, when vegetables are transported over long distances, it is enough to scan them once with a laser before shipment, and they will still be fresh for ten or eight days during the journey. The principle is very simple. When the laser energy is high, it inhibits the growth of vegetables. On the contrary, if its energy is suitable for its growth conditions, it can be produced, so laser breeding has been promoted again. Irradiating seeds with laser light can cause changes in crop traits and increase crop yields. Cars: Carrying the Times forward Cars have changed the entire transportation situation of mankind, and owning the automobile industry has become a symbol of every powerful industrial country. Cars have gone through such a history: in 1771, the Frenchman Guignaud designed a steam engine tricycle; in 1860, the French Renault manufactured a car engine fueled by coal gas; in 1885, the Germans Benz and Daimler each completed He invented motorcycles equipped with high-speed gasoline engines and three-wheeled vehicles equipped with two-stroke gasoline engines, and successfully commercialized them; in 1908, the American Ford used flow-type production lines to mass-produce Model T cars with low prices, high safety performance, and high speed. The popularization of automobiles began; in 1912, Cadillac launched an electronic ignition starter, which made women fall in love with automobiles; in 1926, the world's first automobile manufacturing company, Daimler-Benz, was established; in 1934, the A front-wheel drive car was launched; in 1940, the war caused many car manufacturers to cease production, and European car manufacturers began to turn to the production of military vehicles; in the 1950s, Germany's Volvo's shell sedan became the most popular car once it was launched; in 1970 In 2000, Japanese cars became popular in Asia. Toyota, Honda, Mitsubishi and Nissan's ultra-high-tech small cars invaded the European and American markets, rewriting the monopoly situation of European and American brands. In fact, the invention of the automobile has greatly improved human mobility, broadened human horizons and pursued freedom in the 20th century. (Excerpted by Mu Qing) Mobile Phone: The Dream of Wireless Communication The dream of wireless communication was realized in New York, USA in 1973. At that time, the world's first practical mobile phone was large in size and weighed 1.9 kilograms. It was a veritable "big brother". Today, 26 years later, the world's smallest mobile phone was born. It is only as big as a pager and much lighter than the first generation mobile phone. Satellite broadcasting: bringing media transmission to zero distance. 1964 was another important turning point in the history of human communication. In the summer of this year, thousands of viewers around the world watched the live broadcast of the Tokyo Olympics in Japan via satellite for the first time. This is the first time in human history that people can watch events thousands of miles away at the same time through television screens. In addition to marveling at the spectacular opening ceremony and various competitions of the Olympic Games, people are also amazed at the progress of science and technology. This is all thanks to the geostationary satellite invented by Harold Rosen. The Internet: Another way of communicating feelings In the summer of 1969, the prototype of the Internet appeared in the United States. It consisted of four computer websites, one at the University of California and three in Nevada. In 1972, experimenters sent the first email on the experimental network for the first time, which marked the beginning of the integration of the international Internet with communications. In the 1990s, the international Internet began to be used for commercial purposes. In 1995, the development of the Internet reached its first climax, and this year was called the International Year of the Internet. Driven by the wave of electronic commerce, the impact of the international Internet on human society will be even more profound in the 21st century.
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