The Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is located at the foot of Mount Li, east of Lintong County, more than 30 kilometers away from Xi'an City. According to the history books: Qin Shi Huang Ying Zheng started to build the mausoleum when he was 13 years old and assumed the throne, with Li Si, the prime minister, presiding over the planning and design, and Zhang Han, the general, supervising the construction, which took 38 years to build, and the magnitude of the project and the grandeur of the project set a precedent for the lavish and generous burials of feudal rulers of the past dynasties. At that time, the Qin dynasty total population of about 20 million, and the mausoleum construction laborers as many as 720,000 people. Repair mausoleum home soil, taken from today's mausoleum 2,000 meters south of the village of three Liu to the county quarry between the Department of 5 to 25 meters high, multi-level loess cliffs. Repair the mausoleum with a large number of stone taken from the Weihe River north of Zhongshan, Jun'e Mountain, relying on manpower to transport to the Lin collision, the project is very difficult. The amount of work can be imagined, Zhongshan, Jun'e Mountain, dead bodies into pieces, side shows the cruelty of the whole project.
Qin Shi Huang mausoleum mound height of 43 meters, the bottom edge of the circumference of more than 1,700 meters, built inside and outside the two heavy rammed earth city wall, symbolizing the capital of the Imperial City and Palace City. The inner city is slightly square, circumference of 3890 meters, in addition to the north side of the two gates, the remaining three sides of the opening of a gate. The outer city is rectangular, circumference of 6,294 meters, each of the four sides open a gate. The location of the mausoleum home is in the south of the mausoleum.
The Qin Shi Huang Barrel Pit is the burial pit of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin Shi Huang, which is located at the east side of the Mausoleum l 500 meters. In the past, this is a cemetery, local farmers in digging graves had found something like a person. 1974 March, in the mausoleum east of the villagers of Xiyang village drought wells, in the mausoleum to the east of the three miles between the village of the next and the village and the five raa village, found the magnificent scale of the Qin Shihuang mausoleum barrel pits, by the archaeologists of the excavation, only to unveil the buried underground more than 2,000 years ago, Qin terracotta warriors treasures.
The Qin Shihuang Hyrule Pit is located in the west to the east, three pits were arranged in zigzag shape. The earliest discovery is the first terracotta pit, is rectangular, east-west length of 230 meters, north-south width of 62 meters, about 5 meters deep, a total area of 14,260 square meters, four sides of the sloped doorway, the left and right sides of the terracotta warriors and horses and a pit, now known as the second pit and the third pit.
The Terracotta Warriors and Horses burial pit of Qin Shi Huang is the world's largest underground military museum. Poke pit layout reasonable, peculiar structure, in the bottom of the pit about 5 meters deep, every 3 meters erected a east-west load-bearing wall, terracotta warriors and horses arranged in the gap between the wall over the hole.
In the first pit has been unearthed more than 500 pieces of warrior stabbing, 6 chariot, 24 driving horses, and bronze swords, Wu hooks, spears, arrows, crossbows, bronze halberds, and other bronze weapons used in actual combat and iron weapons. Terra-cotta pit east end of 210 with people as high as the ceramic warrior figurines, facial demeanor, clothing, hairstyle varies, each lifelike, realistic, lined up in three horizontal columns, each column of 70 people, in addition to three leaders dressed in pin armor, the rest of them are wearing a short brown, legs tie wrapped legs, line shoe tie, helmet free hair, bow and arrow, hand-held crossbow, like standby to set off the vanguard troops. After that, is 6000 armor figurines composed of the main body of the force, each hand holding about 3 meters long spear, go, halberd and other long weapons, with 35 team horse chariot interval in 11 east-west over the hole, in line with the 38 road column. North and south sides and ends, each with a line of warrior figurines, seems to be the guard, in order to prevent the side of the tail was attacked. This team formation, well-equipped, majestic, magnificent, is the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang when the vast army of artistic reproduction, has a strong artistic influence.
The second pit is located in the northeast side of the first pit and the east side of the third pit, was curved square, 96 meters long east-west, north-south width of 84 meters, a total area of about 6,000 square meters. Pit building and the first pit is the same, but more complex layout, more complete military, is the most spectacular of the three pits in the military formation. The second pit built 17,000 square meters of display hall, is currently China's largest and most functional modern site display hall. Yuan Zhongyi, the official director of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum, explains, "Firstly, to better protect the cultural relics, and secondly, because it takes at least five to seven years of work to clear the entire military formation all the way out of the ground. The advantage of this is that tourists can both visit the second pit localized style, there can see the excavation work of the second pit."
According to preliminary projections, the second pit has more than 1,300 pieces of terracotta figurines and horses, more than 80 chariots, tens of thousands of pieces of bronze weaponry, including generals terracotta warriors, terracotta saddle horse figurines, kneeling shooting terracotta warriors for the first time found. The second pit east and west ends of each of the four slopes doorway, the north side of the two slopes doorway, terracotta pit sitting west to east, the main door in the east. The layout of the pit is divided into four units.
The first unit, located in the east end of the terracotta pit, surrounded by a gallery of vertical crossbow figurines 60, the center of the formation by the eight road east of 160 squatting and kneeling crossbow figurines. Crossbow soldiers to take the formation of the formation, standing, kneeling and undulating rounds of shooting, to make up for the slow crossbow.
The second unit, located in the right side of the terracotta pit, composed of 64 by chariot square (car system wooden, only remains). Each column of 8, *** there are 8 columns. In front of the car driving a real horse-sized ceramic horse 4. After each car lined up 3 terracotta warriors, in the imperial hand pulling the bridle, the other two were standing in the car on the left and right, holding a long-handled weapon.
The third unit, located in the center, consists of 19 chariots, 264 infantrymen figurines and 8 knights figurines in a rectangular formation, **** divided into 3 columns. In front of each horse stands a knight figurine, one hand holding the reins of the horse, one hand as a bow. Behind each carriage, in addition to three carriage soldiers, there are also 8~36 infantry figurines.
The fourth unit, located on the left side of the military formation, 108 knight figurines and 180 ceramic saddle horse figurines in 11 horizontal columns, forming a rectangular cavalry formation. Among them, the 1st and 3rd columns are 6 chariots. In front of each horse, there stands a figurine of a hu-suit rider, holding the horse with his right hand and drawing a bow with his left hand.
The third pit in the west end of the first pit 25 meters, an area of about 520 square meters, in the shape of a concave. There is a chariot in front of the gate, containing 68 warrior figurines. From the layout of pit 3, it seems to be the general headquarters, commanding the left, right and center of the army, just not built.
The fourth pit has pit without figurines, only backfill soil.
From the layout and formation of the 2 pits, the second pit has a complex formation with a full range of soldiers, which is the backbone of the pair. This kind of organization method is called "big formation wrapping small formation, big camp wrapping small camp, even fall hook link, folding and curving relative." Sun Bin's Art of War" says: "In the riding and the war, divided into three, one is on the right, one is on the left, easy to be more than its car, dangerous to be more than its riding, against the wide crossbow", the three organic combination, in order to be able to fight without danger. The second pit is a theoretical illustration of this ancient militarist.
From the terracotta warrior pit unearthed weapons inscribed years, terracotta warriors and horses from the burial pits are built before and after the unification of China by Qin Shi Huang. Qin Shi Huang, with his ability to "wield the sword to break the floating clouds" and "ride the group of talents with a great strategy", destroyed six countries and united the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses reflect the strength and power of the Qin Dynasty. After the death of Qin Shi Huang, the second Qin Hu Hai succeeded to the throne, continued to repair the Afang Palace and relaxation of the road, the tax and corvée is more burdensome than before, which caused the peasant uprising. In this form, the third pit ended halfway, the fourth pit before the terracotta warriors and horses were put, it was hastily filled in. Excavations found traces of fire burning, may be related to the king of Chu Ba into the fire A Fang Palace.
In 1961, the State Council of the People's Republic of China **** and the State Council of the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum as a national cultural relics key protection units. 1987, the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum and Terracotta Warriors and Horses pits were approved by UNESCO to be included in the "World Heritage List". In the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit No. 1 site of the arch-shaped exhibition hall, the establishment of the "Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin Shi Huang," open to the majority of Chinese and foreign tourists.
Cultural Heritage
One of the World's Largest Imperial Tombs The Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is one of the world's largest, most peculiarly structured, and richest imperial tombs, and is in fact a luxurious underground palace.
The eighth miracle of the world Foreign heads of state and scholars visiting the Museum of Qin Terracotta Warriors believe that the discovery of the pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors is not only in our country, but also a major discovery in the history of the world's archaeology, and it can be said to be the world's eighth miracle, which can be compared with the Egyptian pyramids and the sculptures of Ancient Greece, and it is recognized as a valuable treasure of the world's human culture.
Shocking archaeological discoveries in China and abroad In 1974, Chinese archaeologists unearthed more than 7,000 pieces of pottery pokes that had been sleeping for thousands of years, which was considered a miracle of antiquity and the most spectacular archaeological discovery of the century. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin, rare in the world in terms of quantity, quality, and archaeological discoveries, provide extremely valuable physical materials for the in-depth study of the military, politics, economy, culture, science, and art of the Qin Dynasty in the second century B.C. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin are the most important cultural artifacts of the Qin Dynasty in the world. It is both the Chinese people's art treasures, but also the world's people *** with cultural heritage.
Treasure trove of ancient clay art The Terracotta Warriors of Qin Shihuang are shaped by real life as the subject matter, the artistic approach is delicate, bright, gestures, facial expressions of different god, with distinctive personalities and strong characteristics of the times, showing the peak of the art of clay sculpture, the Chinese nation's splendid ancient culture to add luster, to the world's history of art added to the page of glory.
Located 5 kilometers east of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, 36 kilometers from Xi'an, it is the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang Ying Zheng. The mausoleum area is divided into two parts: the mausoleum area and the burial area. The mausoleum covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, and is built as an outer and inner city, with a four-sided conical sealing soil, a slightly flat top and a height of 55 meters, making it not only the first emperor's mausoleum in the history of China, but also the largest emperor's mausoleum.
Since 1974, in the mausoleum 1.5 kilometers east of the discovery of the terracotta warriors and horses from the burial of three pits, unearthed 8000 pieces of terracotta warriors, chariots 100 by tens of thousands of pieces of physical weapons and other cultural relics; 1980 and in the mausoleum on the west side of the excavation of bronze casting of large carriages and horses 2 by. Caused the world's shock and concern, known as "the eighth wonder of the world". Now in the first, second and third pit was established in the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, open to the public.
The first pit is an east-west rectangular pit, 230 meters long and 62 meters wide, surrounded by five doorways. Pit east and west ends of the gallery, north and south sides of each side of the gallery, the center of the nine east-west over the hole, over the hole between the rammed earth wall interval. This pit has a main body of vehicle soldiers, and the vehicles and infantry are in a rectangular joint formation. The main body of the formation faced east, and in the south, north and west side corridors each had a row of warriors facing outward, serving as flank guards and rear guards; the three rows of warriors on the east side were the vanguard. A huge main military formation of chariots and infantry was arranged in nine crossing holes, each with four rows of samurai, some in battle robes and others in armor, with chariots in the middle, each with one imperial hand and two charioteers behind it.
Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit No. 2
The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit No. 2 was officially excavated on March 1, 1994, and the whole pit is divided into 20x20 meters. The whole pit is divided into 24 probes of 20x20 meters. Each square is divided into 4 small squares of equal size by a cross partition beam. The topsoil covering the upper part of the second terracotta pit has been removed, and the remains of the scaffolding have been revealed. The picture shows the partial situation of the excavation site of the second terracotta pit.
Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Emperor Pit No. 3
Pit No. 3 covers an area of 520 square meters and is in the shape of a "concave" character. Unearthed chariot a ride, four horse figurines, warrior figurines 68 pieces. Inside the pit, the terracotta warriors were arranged in a sandwich style, which was the command center of the Qin army formation.
Qin shihuang emperor mausoleum copper carriage
Qin mausoleum copper carriage unearthed in the west side of the mausoleum of qin shihuang 20M place, in 1980 the local test excavation of the copper carriage pit, in a wooden coffin unearthed a front and a back longitudinal placement of the two large copper carriage, unearthed has been broken, restored to its original state after the repair.
Qin Shi Huangdi mausoleum archaeological excavation
Qin Shi Huangdi mausoleum is located in xian city lin long district east of the north foot of li shan. Through archaeological exploration, a variety of burial pits, burial tombs and burials of people who repaired the mausoleum have been found inside and outside the mausoleum more than 500. The more important burial pits are: terracotta warriors and horses pit, bronze carriages and horses pit, stables pit, rare birds and beasts pit, stone armor pit, hundreds of theater terracotta warriors pit, civil officials terracotta warriors pit, bronze waterfowl pit, as well as a variety of burial pits and so on. In addition, inside and outside the mausoleum was also found in the bedchamber, hall, garden temple officials house and a large number of palace building sites. The whole mausoleum is like a rich underground treasure house of cultural relics. It is the largest mausoleum with the most buried objects among the mausoleums of Chinese emperors.
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Terracotta Warriors and Horses [1] are made of pottery and metallurgical combination of methods, the first ceramic molds to make the initial tire, and then covered with a layer of fine clay for processing and engraving and coloring, some of which are burned and then connected, some of which are connected and then burned, the fire is even, the color is simple, high hardness. In fact, each of the terracotta warriors and horses have bright and harmonious coloring. Our excavation process found that some of the terracotta warriors just unearthed when the local still retains the bright colors, unearthed due to air drying, the color slowly fall off. What can be seen now is only the residual traces of color painting. Terracotta warriors, infantry, cavalry in various formations. The overall style is thick, robust and washed out. If you look closely, the face, hair, posture, charm are different, pottery horse some ears erect, some open mouth neighing, some shut up and stand still. All of these Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shi Huang are full of infectious artistic charm.
The Terracotta Warriors and Horses burial pit is the world's largest underground military museum. Terra-cotta Warriors pit layout, peculiar structure, in the depth of about 5 meters at the bottom of the pit, every 3 meters erected a east-west load-bearing wall, terracotta warriors and horses arranged in the gap between the wall over the hole. Qin mausoleum *** there are three terracotta warrior pit, zigzag arrangement. Qin Shihuang No. 1 terracotta pit, rectangular, 230 meters long east-west, 62 meters wide north-south, about 5 meters deep, with a total area of 14,260 square meters, with sloping doorways on all sides. The most abundant in the terracotta pit are warrior terracotta warriors, standing about 1.7 meters tall, the tallest 1.9 meters. The pottery horses are about 1.5 meters tall and 2 meters long, and the chariots are the same size as the utility vehicles. The people, carriages and military formations are artistically reproduced through realistic techniques. Most of the Qin terracotta warriors are holding bronze weapons, including bows, crossbows, arrowheads, beryllium, spears, gorges, Shu, swords, scimitars and battle-axes. Bronze weapons because of anti-rust treatment, buried in the ground for more than two thousand years, is still bright and sharp as new, they are the actual combat weapons, wearing armor with fine armor, chest with colorful thread pulled into the knot spike. Military officials wore long crowns on their heads and were more numerous than military generals. The Qin figurines differed in face shape, fatness, thinness, expression and age. After the unification of the six kingdoms, a national conscription system was implemented, and the soldiers came from all over the country, which I am afraid is the main reason for the differences in their face shapes, expressions and ages. Craftsmen used realistic art techniques to represent them very realistically, embracing many apparently different individuals in this huge group of Qin terracotta warriors, making the whole group more active, real and vibrant. Throughout the thousands of generals figurines, its sculpture art achievement completely reached a high level of artistic beauty. Whether it is the image of a thousand of both God and the image of soldiers and officers, or that a horse is eager to shape the war horse are not mechanical imitation, but focus on showing their "inner life, emotional soul, bones and spirit". The vast majority of terracotta figurines are full of personality traits, appear realistic, natural and full of life. Terracotta pit found a complete variety of unprecedented number of bronze weapons greatly enriched the field of Qin weapons research, including long beryllium, gold hooks, etc. are weapons archaeological history of the first discovery. The discovery and study of the standardized process of weapon casting and the technology of anticorrosion treatment on the surface of weapons have filled the gaps in the study of the history of ancient science and technology. And the designers of the terracotta warriors in order to reproduce 2000 years ago, the Qin army "fight a million" magnificent momentum, they not only lies in the pursuit of a single terracotta warrior form tall, and is carefully designed by more than 8000 pieces of tall terracotta warriors constitute a group of large-scale military formation system. On the right side is a huge square formation, on the left front is a large sparse formation, and on the left rear is the command headquarters. The thousands of warriors with weapons in their hands and hundreds of warhorses trailing carts, in columns and rows, form a magnificent and imposing formation. Some head pull hair bun, wearing a robe, foot mounted short boots, holding a bow and crossbow, seems to be the charge of the sharp; some free helmet bundled hair, wearing a robe, wearing armor, holding a bow and crossbow, back copper arrowheads, seems to be a witty and good shooting archer; some head wearing a soft hat, wearing a robe with armor, foot mounted square mouth shallow shoes, holding a long beryllium, seems to be a short battle of the armored warriors. There are also wearing hu clothing, armor, head with a soft hat, foot on the short boots, a hand holding a horse a hand with a bow of the knights; head with a long crown, two arms out in front, both hands holding a bun, skilled royal hand; have a long head, wearing a long crown, wearing a robe, with long armor, hand without hooks of the lower commanders; have a head of the crown, wearing a colorful fishscale armor, both hands holding the sword, the temperament of the extraordinary generals. This lifelike image of thousands of soldiers and officers, especially in the demeanor, personality portrayal, seem realistic, natural, and angry. Such as the image of the general figurines: stout, wearing a double short brown, clad in colorful fish scale armor, head with double curly-tailed long crown, head held high, standing tall, with extraordinary demeanor and majestic charm. General warrior's demeanor: some of the lips Nuqi Hu corner of the anti-roll, the heart seems to be gathered with anger; some of the standing eyebrows and round eyes, the muscles between the eyebrows screwed into a pimple, seems to have a superhuman bravery; some of the thick eyebrows and big eyes, wide mouth and thick lips, simple and simple character; some of the Shu eyebrow, head slightly lowered, the character of the elegance; there are sidelong gaze, vigilant and sensitive; there are head high and meditative, and there are some low as if thinking, the two, although they have to carve out a "Think" word, due to the different methods of expression, the former gives the impression that the lofty and slightly arrogant, the latter calm and elegant. Qin terracotta warrior performance is an ancient military theme, it did not choose the two sides of the war, the generals killed the war scenes, nor did they choose the generals to repair the scene of the defense of the cantonment. Rather, it captures the scene of the generals in armor, straight troops in formation, waiting for the battlefield. Although I am in this well-organized static military camp, artists in the sculpture of a single terracotta warrior, or strive to "even movement and static". Make that a piece of armor of the sharp warrior figurines Ang eyebrows open eyes, stood solemnly, attitude firm and brave, they seem to be ready to go, but also seems to be in a state of war, there is a piece of driving the imperial hand figurines, arms outstretched, holding tightly bun rope, looking forward, standby and send; that a horse trailing the car of ceramic horses, two ears erect, eyes open, open nose neighing, ready to try; that a piece of horseman figurines, the right hand holding the horse, the left hand lifting the bow The knight figurine, the right hand holding the horse, the left hand carrying a bow, alert in front of the horse, once the order is given, will gallop on the frontier. It is by these hundreds of full of life, the different appearance of the terracotta figurines constitute the overall static military position, to achieve an unexpected artistic effect. "The static extreme is vivid, the more static is more dynamic". Only this kind of static military array can make people feel the depth and depth of the great deterrent power of the military array. Such a magnificent array, magnificent composition, unprecedented and unparalleled.
Qin Shihuang two terracotta pit was curved shape, located in the northeast of the first pit and the east side of the third pit, 96 meters long east-west, north-south width of 84 meters, a total area of about 6,000 square meters. The architecture of the pit is the same as that of the first pit, but the formation is more complex and the soldiers are more complete, which is the most spectacular military formation among the three pits. It was a multi-species special unit composed of cavalry, chariots and infantry (including crossbowmen). The second pit has a 17,000 square meter display hall, which is the largest and most functional modern site display hall in China. The second pit has more than 1,300 pieces of ceramic figurines and horses, more than 80 chariots, tens of thousands of pieces of bronze weapons, including the general figurines, saddle horse figurines, kneeling shooting figurines for the first time found. The second pit east and west ends each have 4 slopes doorway, the north side has 2 slopes doorway, terracotta pit sitting in the west to the east, the main door in the east. The layout of the pit is divided into 4 units. The first unit, located in the east end of the pit, surrounded by a gallery of vertical crossbow figurines 60, the center of the formation by eight roads east of 160 squatting and kneeling crossbow figurines. Crossbow soldiers to take the array in the array of the array, standing, kneeling undulating rounds of shooting to make up for the slow slow crossbow. The second unit, located in the right side of the terracotta pit, composed of 64 by chariot square (car system wooden, only remains). Each column by 8, *** there are 8 columns. In front of the car driving a real horse-sized ceramic horse 4. After each car lined up 3 terracotta warriors, in the middle of the imperial hand pulling the bridle, the other two were standing in the car on the left and the car on the right, holding a long-handled weapon. The third unit, located in the center, consists of 19 chariots, 264 infantry figurines and 8 knight figurines in a rectangular formation, *** divided into 3 columns. In front of each horse, there is a knight figurine, holding the horse's reins with one hand and drawing the bow with the other. Behind each carriage are 8~36 infantry figurines in addition to three carriage soldiers. The fourth unit, located on the left side of the military formation, 108 knight figurines and 180 ceramic saddle horse figurines in 11 horizontal columns, forming a rectangular cavalry formation. Among them, the 1st and 3rd columns are 6 chariots. In front of each horse, there is a Hu-robed rider figurine, holding the horse with his right hand and drawing the bow with his left hand. The 108 pieces of cavalry figurines in the pit is the first time in the history of China's archaeology found a large number of ancient cavalry image data. In terms of dress attire and height, etc. are strictly simulate the wartime image of ancient cavalry. It is obviously different from the figurines of infantry and vehicle soldiers. It wears a round hat, hat on both sides of the buckle in the jaw, wearing a tight-sleeved, cross-collar overlapping double-breasted in front of the chest of the shirt, wearing tight mouth crotch pants, foot-ledge short boots, clad in short and small armor, no shoulders, no armored hands. Clothes with short lightweight features, armor appears simple and flexible. Cavalry figurines special attire is also closely related to the tactical characteristics of the cavalry.
And the unearthed copper carriages make the world's ears and eyes for the new. The complexity of the process, the work of the exquisite, the excellence of the technology is amazing. Qinling two copper car is a kind of luxury car with a canopy, the carriage is close to square, it is 78 centimeters wide, 88 centimeters deep, its width is only 4 centimeters longer than the first car, can be 40 centimeters deeper than the first car. The second car is covered with a turtle-like canopy. The canopy not only covers all the mikoshi, but even the "cab" in front of the mikoshi is also covered, forming a closed mikoshi. It was a closed carriage so that the owner and the "driver" could transmit orders. The second bronze car is a small car. The owner could either sit or lie down. If you lie down in such a spacious, comfortable and luxurious carriage, you can fully enjoy the comfort of a "soft sleeper". Even if you have traveled thousands of miles, you can eliminate the fatigue of long-distance bumps. The No. 2 car is equipped with even more special features. The mikoshi is exposed to beautifully painted cushions. Archaeological experts have found a square copper plate at the bottom of the mikoshi, the size of which is almost equal to the size of the bottom of the public opinion, the surface of the copper plate is painted with a variety of brightly colored geometric patterns, below the corners and the middle of the eight 3 cm high copper support. This large painted copper plate is undoubtedly the ancient car "Wen Yin", similar to a kind of cushion products. If the car laid double Wen Yin, must be more stable and comfortable, its function is similar to the modern "soft sleeper car". It can be said that the second car belongs to our country's earliest "soft sleeper car" model. Archaeological experts after careful cleanup found two copper carriage total **** by 3462 castings, of which 1742 pieces of copper castings, gold castings 737 pieces, silver castings 983 pieces. The total weight of 1241 kilograms, including gold castings more than 3 kilograms, silver castings, more than 4 kilograms. The number of castings of a copper carriage will not be too far apart. Two by car adds up to no less than more than 5000 parts, especially applauded is here all the parts are all casting molding. And this more than 5000 parts whether it is as big as more than 2 square meters of the canopy, umbrella cover and car marshes, copper horse, copper figurines, or less than 0.2 square meters of small Yule tube is a casting molding. Take the canopy and umbrella casting, it is not only a large area, and thin and thick, thick place for 0.4 cm, thin place only 0.1 cm, plus the canopy, umbrella cover, have a certain curvature, so difficult to canopy, umbrella cover can be a one-time casting success, not to mention in the 2200 years ago in the qin dynasty, that is, in the technologically advanced, well-equipped today is not an easy task. The casting of bronze horses and figurines is also beyond the reach of our contemporary engineers. We found that 8 bronze horses, two imperial officials figurines casting have reached the degree of Vivo, whether the overall shape, or demeanor, character, temperament of the delineation can be comparable to the terracotta warrior pit that the best sculpture of the general figurines. Bronze horse, bronze figurines casting so accurate, the shape of both God is rare. For example, the copper horse's cage head, it is by 82 sections of small gold tube and 78 sections of small silver tube connected together, each section of flat gold and silver tube length of only 0.8 centimeters, a section of the gold tube and a section of the silver tube in the form of a mother and daughter dowel connected to the degree of its fine and flexible than the modern watch chain is no less important. By the surprising is that the horse neck hanging under the tassel, these tassels are all using a thin as a hair of copper wire production. Experts with a magnifying glass repeatedly observed, surprised to find that the surface of the copper wire without forging traces, uniform thickness, indicating that it is likely to be made by pulling the wire method. In particular, the chain ring composed of copper wire, is welded by the ends of the copper wire butt joints, butt joints are tightly sewn. Such a thin copper wire (0.5 mm) in the end with what method of production? Take what kind of process welding? Currently is still a mystery. In short, the casting process of the bronze carriages can be called the ancient bronze metallurgy casting marvelous miracle. Imagine that there is no lathe, not to mention the modern metallurgical casting equipment, casting such a beautiful gold, silver, copper size specifications of different parts of the carriage is a great initiative. Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors two terracotta pits unearthed in a nutshell, Qin Terracotta Warriors two pits unearthed archers, light car soldiers, cavalry figurines, etc., for the first time for us to show the 2,200 years ago, the ancient cavalry, light car soldiers and the image of the archers of the data, in the study of ancient military history has an extremely important significance.
The Qin Shihuang No. 3 terracotta pit is located in the north side of the west end of the first terracotta pit, and the second terracotta pit east-west opposite, 25 meters from the first pit in the south, 120 meters from the second pit in the east, covering an area of about 520 square meters, a concave shaped door in front of the chariot, within the warrior terracotta warriors 68. From the layout of pit No. 3, it seems to be the general headquarters, commanding the left, right and center of the army. Most of the terracotta figurines of the third terracotta pit no. no head, ceramic horse horse head is similarly mutilated, and even some of the broken pieces of pottery pit is missing. It is not difficult to see that the third pit had suffered serious human damage. The third pit has special significance for the study of ancient military history. In the wars before the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, the commanding generals often had to be the first to charge into battle, so they often had to be located before the pawns. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, as the scale of war increased and the mode of combat changed, the position of the commanders began to move to the center of the army. In the Qin Dynasty, the commanding officer was independent from the center of the army, which was a great progress in the development of military tactics. Command independent of the research and development of rigorous combat programs, and more importantly, the command of the personal safety of the generals have been further guaranteed. This is an important symbol of the maturity of the development of ancient military tactics. No. 3 Qin pit is the world's archaeological history of the earliest era of discovery of the image of the military command information. The architectural structure, the arrangement of terracotta figurines, the equipping of weapons, and the excavated artifacts all have certain characteristics. It provides precious information for studying the ancient command headquarters form, divination and battle ceremony, the system of ordering generals and the dress and equipment of dependent uniforms, and other issues.
People who have visited the Terracotta Warriors may still remember the colorful paintings remaining on the faces of a few terracotta warriors. In fact, the Terracotta Warriors were all painted in bright and harmonious colors. Terracotta warrior robes painted with vermillion, orange red, white, pink green, green, purple and other colors. Pants painted blue, purple, pink purple, pink green, vermilion and other colors. The armor pieces are mostly black-brown, and the armor groups and even armor bands are mostly vermillion. At the same time, there are also part of the armor group, even armor belt painted purple. Terracotta figurines of the face and hands, feet are pink in color, showing the texture of the muscles. Especially the face of the painting is particularly wonderful, white corner of the eye, black eyes, and even the pupils of the eyes are painted vividly. The hair, beard and eyebrows of the terracotta figurines are all black. The overall color looks gorgeous and harmonious. At the same time the terracotta figurines painted also pay attention to the contrast of hues. From the individual point of view, some of them are wearing green long jacket on top and green shorts underneath. And then from the overall point of view, such as the row of terracotta figurines behind the 20 chariots of the probing party, the first one is wearing a red robe, the second one is wearing a green robe, the third one is wearing a purple robe, and the fourth one is wearing a white robe. Different colors of clothing form a sharp contrast. Enhance the artistic impact. Pottery horse also has the same bright and harmonious color painting. Such as a group of ceramic horses unearthed in Tangfang 20, its local still retains the bright colors. Four horses seem to be white hooves date red horse, but there is a clear difference in the local color. Such as the horse carcass part of the date red, the front body cavity and the belly part of the green, the genitals are painted in black. The surface of the horse's legs is also jujube red, the inner surface is different for pink green, hoof for white. Horse front legs on the inside of the two small night eyes (commonly known as) is also painted white. The color of the horse's head is carefully painted, the two cheeks and eyes below the part of the white, the bridge of the nose date red, nostrils for pink, the lower part of the lips is also date red, tongue tire is pink, teeth and painted white, horse mane, horse tail are black. In short, the pottery horse color both realistic and colorful, so that the static pottery horse image more vivid, more artistic charm. Qin terracotta painted mainly red, green, blue, yellow, purple, brown, white, black eight colors. If you add the shades of different colors, such as red, pink, date red, yellow, pink purple, pink green, etc., the color is not less than a dozen. Laboratory tests show that these colors are minerals. Red from cinnabar, lead dan, ochre made. The green is malachite, the blue azurite, the purple is synthesized from lead dan and blue copper ore, the brown is limonite, the white is lead white and kaolin, and the black is amorphous charcoal. All of these minerals are the main pigments used in traditional Chinese painting. The fact that Qin Terracotta Warriors utilized such a rich variety of mineral pigments indicates that more than 2000 years ago, China's laboring people were able to mass produce and widely use these pigments. This is of great significance not only in the history of color painting art, but also in the history of world science and technology. Qin terracotta painting technology also has many unique features. Generally, the surface of terracotta figurines was treated before painting. Because the terracotta is not glazed plain pottery, with more pores, the surface can not be smooth. And color painting is not easy too many pores, not too little, the surface is not too smooth, not too astringent. In order to achieve this requirement, terracotta figurines in the firing before the surface seems to be very fine mud uniformly coated, and to be calendared, reducing the pores, but also improve the smoothness, at the same time in the terracotta figurines firing, seems to be carried out after the chemical physical treatment. From the terracotta figurines pottery section observation, also proved that the terracotta warriors before the burning of the surface had been coated with fine mud, some parts not only coated once, terracotta warriors also coated with a thin layer of the surface similar to the gelatinous material, the surface coated with rubber to reduce the terracotta warriors both tightly bonded together, so that the painting is not easy to fall off. Painting technique is based on different parts to take different methods. General terracotta face, hands, feet part of the first layer of ochre base, and then painted a layer of white, and then painted a layer of pink, as far as possible to make the tone and human skin color close. The robe, shorts, shoes and other places of painting is to take a flat paint a color, just in the sleeves and cuffs, armor and armor belt between the use of different shades for contrast, more show the texture of the armor. Some of the beard, eye brows processing, is painted in black as a thin path of hair. In short, the complexity of the painting process, a variety of techniques, coloring, fully displaying the layers of painting and texture, so that the sculpture and painting to achieve a complementary artistic effect. Some of these painting techniques inherited for the Han Dynasty. Terracotta figurines, ceramic horses painted strictly simulate the real thing, but in the mastery of the hue of warm colors, rarely use cold colors. The use of red, blue, green and other shades, cleverly show the Qin army mighty.