(economy)
Russia is the country with the strongest economic strength in the former Soviet Union, and it is also an economic power in the world today. Judging from the total output value of industry and agriculture, it accounts for 70% of the total output value of industry and agriculture in the former Soviet Union. Compared with the average level of the former Soviet Union (%), the per capita GNP 1 14%, per capita consumption 108%, per capita national wealth 1 17%, and industrial labor productivity1/. The GNP of 1990 accounts for 58.7% of the former Soviet Union.
[industry]
Russia has formed a complete industrial system centered on nine industrial sectors (energy, ferrous metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemical industry, machinery manufacturing and metal processing, wood processing and papermaking, construction and materials, light industry, food and microorganisms). No matter from the basic situation of economic strength, or from the regional layout of industry and science and technology, Russia has the absolute advantage of the former Soviet Union's industry.
The central region with Moscow as the center has concentrated more than12 textile industry and15 machinery industry in the former Soviet Union. The northwest region centered on St. Petersburg is an important processing industrial zone in the former Soviet Union, with developed departments such as precision machinery manufacturing, electromechanical, chemistry and nonferrous metallurgy. The timber harvesting, sawn timber, economic timber export and pulp and paper industry in the northern region are the first in the former Soviet Union. The coal mining industry in the Urals region ranked second in the former Soviet Union.
Russia's main industrial products, including the economy of the former Soviet Union, also play a decisive role. The main products accounted for 62.5% of similar products in the former Soviet Union, namely power generation, petroleum, cement, natural gas, coal, steel, commodity wood, paper and glass, accounting for 62.5%, 90.9%, 60.2%, 77.3%, 55.4%, 57.9% and 91.6 respectively. Energy and electricity, 1988 power generation1066 billion kwh, 199 1 year. Coal 1988 425 million tons, 199 1 year 353 million tons. Oil,19885.69 million tons, the highest in history, 1990.
51.500 million tons, 1.99 1 year reduced to 460 million tons. 1988 steel output is 63.877 million tons, 199 1 steel output is 5565438+ 10,000 tons. Three of the five major steel bases in the former Soviet Union are located in Russia. 199 1, the production ratio of most consumer goods decreased by 2-6%, and grain production decreased by 9%.
Before the October Revolution in Russia, the industry was very underdeveloped, accounting for only 1/3 of the total industrial and agricultural output value, and the industrial sector structure was dominated by light industry, accounting for about 2/3 of the total industrial output value. Russian industry, which was already very backward, was on the verge of collapse after the First World War and the October Revolution because foreign armed forces intervened in the civil war. After the end of the civil war, on the basis of the recovery of the national economy, the former Soviet Union adopted a resolution to realize the socialist industrialization of the country. The resolution clearly stipulates that the general route of industrialization is based on heavy industry, and the core of heavy industry, that is, machine manufacturing, is actually biased towards Class A industries, that is, the production of means of production. At present, Russia has become an industrial power with highly developed mechanized agriculture. This is the result of decades of socialist industrialization in the former Soviet Union. At present, industry plays an important role in Russian economy. The characteristics of Russian industry are: the development of heavy industry is always given priority, and at the same time, with the development of social division of labor and the progress of science and technology, many new industrial departments gradually appear. Industrial production is highly concentrated, which is the result of Russia's productivity distribution policy. The division of labor in Russia's industrial sector is very fine. Now there are 12 industries, more than 300 different departments and a considerable number of individual production departments.
12 industries are:
Electric power industry;
Fuel industry (including oil, natural gas and coal industries);
Black metallurgical industry;
Non-ferrous metallurgical industry;
Chemical and petrochemical industries;
Microbes and compound feed industry;
Medicine and medical device industry;
Machine building and metalworking industries
(including: power and machinery manufacturing, instrument manufacturing,
Metallurgical equipment manufacturing, machine tool manufacturing, chemical industry and petroleum machinery.
Machinery manufacturing, construction machinery and road construction machinery manufacturing, locomotives
Vehicle manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, shipbuilding, aviation industry,
Bearing manufacturing, tractor manufacturing, agricultural machinery manufacturing);
Forestry, wood processing industry, pulp and paper industry;
Building materials industry;
Light industry (including textiles, sewing and footwear);
Food industry.
In terms of industrial production, Russia divides the above-mentioned industrial sectors into several complexes for planning and organizing development. These complexes are: fuel power complex, metallurgical complex, machinery manufacturing complex, chemical forest product complex, building complex, social complex and eastern regional production complex. Here, I want to emphasize the industry in eastern Russia. The eastern part includes Siberia and the Far East, with an area of1276,590 square kilometers, accounting for more than two-thirds of Russia's area. In recent years, the status of the East has become higher and higher. Russia is a federation spanning Eurasia, and the level of economic development between the east and the west is quite different. Some industries in Europe have a solid foundation and complete departments, accounting for more than 3/4 of Russia's total output value. However, due to the limited resources in Europe, the further development of the economy is greatly restricted. The eastern region is rich in natural resources, but the industrial base here is weak, the department is single, and the resources are far from being fully utilized. In order to change this unreasonable distribution of productive forces, Russia has implemented the policy of industrial eastward shift, which is called "programmatic policy". At present, the Russian economy is increasingly dependent on the eastern region. In the future, the eastern region will play a decisive role in enhancing economic and military strength and ensuring exports. Especially in the next century, the "Asia-Pacific era", Russia will pay more attention to its eastern development.
Russia's power industry includes thermal power generation, hydropower generation and nuclear power generation. Power generation is second only to the United States. Among them, thermal power generation is the main one, accounting for about 72%. Russia's rich power resources are mostly concentrated in the eastern region. After entering the 1970s, Russia decided to accelerate the development of European nuclear power industry due to the increasing shortage of some organic fuels. At present, there are eight nuclear power plants in Russia (1985). The prominent feature of Russian electric power production is high concentration, and most of the electricity is produced by large power stations. At present, Russia has formed a national unified power transmission system, accounting for 90% of the country's total power generation, ensuring the power supply in major industrial areas. The main consumption sector of Russian electricity is industry, accounting for 60% of the national electricity consumption. Russian electricity is also used for export. Due to the dissolution of the CMEA, the export volume has decreased sharply now.
Russia's fuel industry mainly includes oil, natural gas and coal industries. At present, Russia is the only industrial country in the world that can fully realize fuel self-sufficiency and maintain a certain export.
Oil industry is the most important energy industry sector in Russia. Natural gas industry is a rapidly developing new energy sector in Russia. Coal production has always played an important role in energy production industry and is the basis of fuel balance. Before the October Revolution, the chemical and petrochemical industries were the weakest link in Russian industry. Only when it is recognized that chemical industry is the most important sector to ensure the material base of industry and one of the decisive factors to promote the industrialization of national economy, Russia takes urgent measures to establish and develop this sector. After decades of development, Russia's chemical industry has been significantly improved. Russia's output of chemical fertilizer, sulfuric acid and baking soda is second to none in the world. Since 1980s, among chemical industries, chemical pharmaceutical industry, basic chemical industry and chemical fiber industry have developed fastest. In the petrochemical industry, basic organic synthetic products have the fastest development. At present, Russia produces more than 90,000 kinds of chemical products, more than 90% of which are not the most advanced and the quality is not as good as that of foreign products. To this end, Russia began to further expand the production of new structural materials, increase varieties and improve quality. However, in recent years, due to political turmoil, the economy has fallen sharply, the energy and raw material industries have shrunk, and the output of the chemical industry has also fallen sharply.
Machinery manufacturing and metalworking industry are the core of Russian industry and the foundation of scientific and technological progress. Its development has received great attention, and its development speed is also very rapid. Before the October Revolution in Russia, there were only three independent departments: locomotive and rolling stock manufacturing, shipbuilding and agricultural machinery manufacturing. Now, this department in Russia has grown to more than 100 sub-departments. Its products have exceeded 6.5438+0.3 million. The development direction of machinery manufacturing industry is: rapidly develop sub-industries that can ensure technological progress and improve the level of mechanization and automation of production; Greatly increase automation tools, meters and instruments; In metal processing equipment, priority is given to the development of advanced forging equipment, CNC machine tools, complete sets of equipment for rapid control and rapid calculation.
Building materials industry Building materials industry is one of the traditional industrial sectors in Russia, which had a certain production base before the October Revolution. The main sectors are cement, concrete prefabricated parts and glass products industry. 70% of Russian building materials industry is concentrated in Europe. The basic direction of developing building materials industry in Russia is to give priority to the development of building materials that can not only reduce the amount of metal, reduce the cost and labor, reduce the weight of buildings, but also improve their warmth retention; Expand the production of high-grade, multi-component and special cement; Increase the production of polished glass, strengthened glass and glass fiber cloth, building ceramics and other efficient decorative materials. Further research and develop new products, and pay attention to improving the quality of traditional products.
Light industry is one of the most important traditional industrial sectors in Russia. Before the October Revolution, Russian light industry had begun to take shape. The main sectors of light industry are textiles, leather shoes and knitting. Russia's light industry is mainly concentrated in some densely populated areas in Europe. The former Soviet Union unilaterally implemented the policy of giving priority to the development of heavy industry for a long time, which seriously restricted the development of light industry. Russia's textile industry is backward in equipment, with poor production quality and outdated product styles for a long time. In order to change these phenomena, both the former Soviet Union and the new Russian government tried to speed up the development of light industry. However, the whole national economic system has been working hard for decades, and it is difficult to reverse it for a while. Coupled with the economic recession in recent years, light industry production tends to decline.
The food industry plays an important role in Russian industry. The food industry consists of 24 sub-industries. The main sectors are meat and canned food processing industry, milk and dairy products industry, fishery, sugar industry, beverage and pasta products industry. The meat food industry is the largest sub-sector in this sector, and its output value accounts for about 1/4 of the total output value of the food industry. Large joint ventures in meat products are mostly built in large and medium-sized cities. In recent years, due to the overall economic recession, the output of the meat food industry has also dropped significantly. In addition, in recent years, pasta products have also fallen sharply. For a long time, the development of food industry has been relatively slow due to insufficient investment and unstable agricultural production. Because the long-term shortage of market supply cannot be improved in the short term.
[agriculture]
Since the 1960s, intensive management based on mechanization, electrification, chemistry, water conservancy, science and knowledge has gradually changed the previous extensive economic management mode and improved the level of agricultural production.
The main agricultural projects in Russia, such as grain, potatoes, flax, meat and milk, account for 1/2 to 1/3 of the former Soviet Union. In recent years, the level and speed of agricultural production development have been affected by the turbulent situation. The total output value of agro-industrial complex 199 1 year, including agricultural output value, decreased by 5% compared with 1990, which was lower than the average output value in the last five years. 199 1 year, the national grain purchase volume reached 22.5 million tons, which was 34% lower than that of 1990, the lowest year in the last 25 years. 199 1 annual national sunflower purchase 1.7 million tons, 25% less than 1990. The national potato purchase of 4.7 million tons is 6% less than that of 1990, and the national vegetable purchase of 4.4 million tons is 28% less than that of 1990. 199 1 year is the lowest in the last six years, and the sales of potatoes and vegetables are the lowest in the last 18 years. However, during the period of 1992, the state has purchased grain1230,000 tons, an increase of1500,000 tons over last year, and the grain output was 2.5 million tons, an increase of 500,000 tons over last year, and the potato output was basically the same as last year.
Russia before the October Revolution was a backward agricultural country. The agricultural population accounts for 82% of the total population of China. The agricultural output value accounts for 57% of the total industrial and agricultural output value. After the October Revolution, the former Soviet Union experienced a tortuous road of agricultural development.
Before 1950s, the former Soviet Union devoted all its efforts to the development of heavy industry. Due to the influence of the civil war, the Great Patriotic War and the policy mistakes of overall collectivization of agriculture, the development of agricultural production was slow. Since the mid-1950s, agriculture has been taken seriously, and the old agricultural system and policies have been adjusted and reformed. In 1960s, it began to change from extensive management to intensive management, which expanded agricultural investment and promoted agricultural development. But from the 1970s to the early 1980s, agricultural production was almost at a standstill. After Gorbachev took office, he implemented measures such as expanding farm autonomy, improving rural economic relations, adopting various contracting and leasing systems, changing the direction of agricultural investment, strengthening infrastructure and agricultural social transformation, in an attempt to tap the development potential of agriculture, improve farmers' enthusiasm for production, and strive to solve the food supply problem in a short time.
However, in recent years, due to the chaos of the whole national economy, agriculture has been in a state of decline since the late Soviet Union. From 1990, the agricultural output value showed negative growth. 199 1 year, Russia's agricultural output value decreased by 5%; By 1992, the agricultural output value declined faster, with a decline rate of 12%, and the decline rate of livestock products was even greater. For example, the output of meat products decreased by 27% in the first nine months.
Crop planting
Planting in Russia mainly includes cereal crops and cash crops (cotton, sugar beet, sunflower, flax, etc. ) and potato, vegetables, fruits, feed crops and other production departments.
Before the October Revolution, Russia's planting industry was mainly grain, and the sown area accounted for 90% of the total sown area. From 1909 to 19 13, the average annual grain output was 72.5 million tons, of which 15% was exported every year.
After the October Revolution, the planting industry was destroyed by the civil war, the Great Patriotic War and the agricultural collectivization movement, and the production development was slow. Since 1950s, the farming industry has made great progress and its internal structure has been adjusted. 1950, the planting area of grain crops accounts for 70% of the total sown area, cash crops account for 8. 1%, potatoes, vegetables, melons and fruits crops account for 7.4%, and feed crops account for 14.5%. During the period of 1988, the cultivated area of cereals accounted for 54%, cash crops accounted for 6,4%, potatoes, vegetables, melons and fruits crops accounted for 4%, and feed crops accounted for 34.6%. Compared with 1950 in 1988, the proportion of grain sown area decreased, while the proportion of feed crops increased obviously.
1. Grain
In the mid-1950s, due to large-scale reclamation, the area planted with grain expanded rapidly, and the grain output increased greatly. In the early 1960s, due to the serious mistakes in agricultural policies and the destruction of ecological balance in reclamation areas, the grain output increased slowly. In the mid-1960s, Russian agricultural production began to change from extensive management to intensive management, and measures such as increasing chemical fertilizers, cultivating fine varieties, improving soil and building water conservancy projects were taken. The average grain output of 1976 ~ 1980 increased by 56% compared with the first half of 1960s, and the single grain output increased by 54.9% and 6548+0976 ~ 1985 respectively in the same period. 56686866
For decades, although the grain output has greatly increased, Russia needs to import a large amount of grain every year because of the rising consumption of feed grain. In recent years, the import demand for grain is increasing.
In the grain planting area, wheat occupies an important position, and both the wheat yield and the national purchase amount rank first in grain. The sown area of wheat accounts for 40% of the total sown area, the output accounts for 39% of the total output, and the national acquisition accounts for 48%. In the wheat planting area, spring wheat accounts for 2/3, but the yield per unit area is low; The yield per unit area of winter wheat is much higher than that of spring wheat. The sown area and yield of barley are second only to that of wheat. The sown area accounts for 26% of the sown area, and the total output accounts for 27. 1% of the total grain output.
The sown area of oat is 40% less than that in 1940s, but its unit yield is higher than that of barley and spring wheat, so it is suitable for feed. The sown area accounts for about 10% of the total grain area.
The sown area of rye is shrinking, which is caused by low yield and no high output value.
In addition, rice is also grown in the Russian Far East. In addition, sorghum and wheat are also produced, but the planting area is not large and the output is not much, which does not occupy an important position.
2. Cash crops
The main cash crops in Russia are cotton, sugar beet, flax and sunflower.
After the October Revolution, the government adopted a series of preferential policies to develop cash crops, such as increasing investment and raising purchase prices. Therefore, the sown area of cash crops is increasing.
After the October Revolution, cotton production developed rapidly. The planting area has been expanding, and the output has increased by one and a half times.
Flax is one of the traditional textile raw materials in Russia. Its planting area has been decreasing, mainly due to the low mechanization of harvesting and processing, which consumes labor, while flax planting is mainly distributed in the central black soil area where labor is very scarce. The output of flax is also very low.
Sunflower seed is the most important oil crop in Russia, its sown area accounts for about 3/4 of all oil crops, and its output accounts for about 80%. In addition, there are flax seeds, cottonseed, soybean, rapeseed and hemp seeds as oil crops. But the output is not too much.
3. Supply beans, vegetables and melon and fruit crops
Potatoes are one of the basic foods for Russian residents. But potato production is declining. Mainly because some potato producers are individual sideline businesses, with the decrease of rural residents and the change of lifestyle, their potato production has declined. Second, the mechanization of planting potatoes is low.
After the war, the vegetable planting area has remained unchanged, and about two-thirds of it is irrigated land. The per capita annual consumption in Russia is 100 kg.
Cucumber crops mainly include watermelon, melon and pumpkin. Fruit and berries are very popular in Russia. In order to increase fruit production, Russia has established large orchards. At present, rural residents are encouraged to develop orchard cooperatives, and farms assist cooperatives in establishing infrastructure and providing agricultural technology and various services.
animal husbandry
Animal husbandry in Russia includes the following main departments: cattle raising, pig raising, sheep raising and poultry raising. In addition, it also includes small-scale departments, such as horse farming and sericulture. At present, the output value of animal husbandry accounts for 55% of the total agricultural output value.
Before the October Revolution, the management mode of Russian animal husbandry was backward, and the output of livestock products was not high. At the beginning of the October Revolution, the output of agricultural and livestock products decreased, and by the end of the 1920s, it had exceeded 19 13. However, during the period of overall collectivization of agriculture, due to serious policy mistakes, animal husbandry suffered heavy losses. Coupled with the huge trauma of World War II, the output of livestock products did not return to the level of 19 13 until after 1950.
Since the mid-1950s, Russia has taken measures such as increasing investment, accelerating specialization and centralized development, raising the purchase price of livestock products, expanding quality differences, strengthening scientific research, adopting scientific breeding technology and strengthening forage base, which greatly promoted the development of animal husbandry.
In recent years, with the economic recession in Russia, a series of problems such as investment crisis and inflation have led to a substantial stagnation of animal husbandry. The output of livestock products has fallen sharply. 1992 The output of livestock products decreased by 2 1% in the first nine months.
1. Cattle industry
This is a large-scale animal husbandry department in Russia. At present, the department provides 98% milk and more than 40% meat. In addition, it also provides high-quality leather raw materials.
80% of cattle raised in Russia are raised by farms, inter-unit organizations or other agricultural production enterprises; Another 20% is raised by personal sideline.
At the end of 1980s, the level of specialization and centralization of dairy industry was improved. In some places, cross-unit consortia or cattle joint companies have emerged, which are divided into specialized enterprises such as breeding, breeding, feeding, milk production, processing and feeding, so as to improve production efficiency.
2. Pig industry
This is the second largest animal husbandry department in Russia. According to the standard head count, the pig industry accounts for about 15% of the total head count of livestock. The pig industry provides meat, leather, bristles and other light industrial raw materials.
In recent years, the pig industry has gradually established many large-scale industrialized pig farms through technological transformation. Internally, it is divided into specialized breeding and fattening enterprises and other large-scale enterprises with complete technology. In addition, there are pig farms specializing in the breeding of improved livestock, which are responsible for providing excellent breeding pigs.
3. Sheep industry
This is also a major sector of animal husbandry. According to the standard calculation, sheep and goats account for 14% of the total livestock. This department mainly provides meat, milk, grease, wool, sheepskin and so on. Because the price of sheep products is low, it is in a state of low profit. Therefore, the sheep industry has developed slowly.
4. The poultry industry
This is an increasingly important animal husbandry department in Russia. The poultry industry provides meat, eggs, fluff and feathers with high nutritional value.
At present, the main suppliers of poultry products in Russia are collective farms and state-owned farms, and their products greatly exceed by-products. This changed the situation that poultry products were mainly provided by personal sideline before 1960s. This is the result of Russia's vigorous development of mechanized poultry farms and the comprehensive mechanization of poultry raising process.