Submarine is a kind of submerged underwater activities and combat ships, also known as submarine, is one of the Navy's main ship types. The main role of the submarine in the battle is: the implementation of nuclear attacks on strategic land targets, destroy the enemy military, political and economic centers; eliminate transport ships, destroy the enemy sea lines of communication; attack large and medium-sized surface ships and submarines; the implementation of mines, reconnaissance, rescue and repatriation of special personnel to land and so on.
According to the combat mission is divided into attack submarines and strategic missile submarines; according to the power is divided into conventional submarines (diesel - battery-powered submarines) and nuclear submarines (nuclear-powered submarines); according to the displacement of submarines, conventional submarines have large submarines (more than 2,000 tons), medium-sized submarines (600 to 2,000 tons), mini-submarines (100 to 600 tons) and pocket submarines (100 tons). (below), nuclear-powered submarines are generally more than 3,000 tons; according to the hull structure is divided into double-hulled submarines, a half-hulled submarines and single-hulled submarines.
The reason why the submarine can be developed to today, because it has the following characteristics: can use the water cover for covert activities and the enemy to carry out surprise attacks; have a greater self-sufficiency, endurance and combat radius, can be far from the base, in a longer period of time and a larger sea area to the depth of the enemy's sea area to fight independently, have a strong power of surprise; can be launched underwater missiles, torpedoes and mines, attacking targets at sea and on land. Attack sea and land targets.
But its self-defense capability is poor, the lack of effective air defense weapons; underwater communication is more difficult, not easy to achieve two-way, timely, long-distance communication; detection equipment role of the distance is relatively close to the observation range is limited to grasp the enemy's situation is more difficult; conventional power submarines underwater speed is low, charging to be in the ventilator sailing state, easy to be exposed.
Edit paragraph composition
Mainly hull, maneuvering system, power plant, weapon system, navigation system, detection system, communication equipment, hydroacoustic countermeasures, life-saving equipment and living facilities.
Edit Hull
Double-hulled submarine hull is divided into the inner shell and outer shell, the inner shell is a steel pressure-resistant hull, to ensure that the submarine in the underwater activities, can withstand hydrostatic pressure corresponding to the depth; outer shell is a steel non-pressure-resistant hull, does not bear the seawater pressure. Between the inner hull and the outer hull are the main ballast water tanks and fuel tanks. Single-hull submarines have only pressure-resistant hulls, and the main ballast water tanks are arranged in the pressure-resistant hulls. A half-hull submarine, in the pressure-resistant hull on both sides with part of the shell is not pressure-resistant as the submarine's main ballast water tanks. Submarine hull is streamlined to reduce the resistance of underwater movement, to ensure that the submarine has good maneuverability. Pressure-resistant hull is usually separated into 3 to 8 sealed compartments, the compartments are set up to maneuver the command positions and weapons, equipment, devices, systems and crew living facilities to ensure that the crew of the normal work, life and the implementation of the battle. In the middle of the hull, there is a pressure-resistant command room and a non-pressure-resistant water command bridge. In the command room and its enclosure, there are periscopes arranged to work in the periscope depth, ventilation pipe and radio communication, radar, radar reconnaissance warning receiver, radio directional instrument and other antennae lifting device.
Edit section manipulation system
Used to realize the submarine dive up, underwater equilibrium, maintain and change course, depth, etc.. When the submarine's main ballast water tank is filled with water, it increases its weight to offset its reserve buoyancy, that is, it dives from the surface into the water. With compressed air to the main ballast water tank water discharge, weight reduction, reserve buoyancy recovery, that is, from the surface of the water to the surface. The boat is equipped with a special buoyancy adjustment tank, used to inject or discharge the appropriate amount of water to adjust the submarine underwater buoyancy changes caused by the consumption of supplies, ammunition and changes in seawater density. The bow and stern are also equipped with longitudinal inclination balancing tanks to eliminate the longitudinal inclination of the submarine underwater by adjusting the amount of water in the balancing tanks at the bow and stern. There are a pair of horizontal elevating rudders at the bow (or at the command room enclosure) and at the stern, which are used to maneuver the submarine to change and maintain the required depth of submergence. The stern is equipped with a propeller and rudder to ensure that the submarine navigates and changes course.
Edit this section of the power plant
Divided into conventional power plant and nuclear power plant.
Conventional power plant is mainly composed of diesel engines, batteries and main electric motors. Diesel engine is the main power unit of conventional submarine surface navigation, can make the submarine surface speed of 10 to 15 knots. The main motor is the main power unit of the conventional submarine underwater navigation, which can make the submarine underwater speed of 15 to 20 knots; also equipped with economic motor, underwater speed of 2 to 4 knots. Submarine underwater navigation by the battery power limitations, often have to surface or at a certain depth underwater, the use of diesel navigation, and drive the main motor for battery charging to replenish power. Nuclear power plant, mainly by the nuclear reactor, steam generator, main circulation pumps and steam turbines and other components.
Nuclear-powered submarines use nuclear reactors are mostly light-water pressurized water reactors; and the installation of diesel generator sets, batteries and electric motors, such as back-up power units and ventilation pipes, used in the need for nuclear submarines to provide emergency power. The use of nuclear energy for power, so that the submarine power fundamental change, propulsion power up to tens of thousands of kilowatts, a charge can be continuous operation for many years, the endurance increased to hundreds of thousands of nautical miles, so that the submarine can be a long period of time in the submerged navigation, and greatly improve the stealth.
Edit Weapon System
Mainly ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, anti-submarine missiles, torpedoes, mine weapons and their control systems and launchers. Ballistic missiles, is the main weapon of the strategic missile submarine, used to attack important land targets, a strategic missile submarine equipped with ballistic missiles 12 to 24. 1 attack submarine can carry cruise missiles, anti-submarine missiles 8 to 24 or torpedoes 12 to 24. Cruise missiles, tactical cruise missiles and strategic cruise missiles. Tactical cruise missiles, mainly used to attack large and medium-sized surface ships; strategic cruise missiles, mainly used to attack land targets. Anti-submarine missiles, is a rocket-assisted torpedo or depth charges, some using nuclear charges, mainly used to attack underwater submarines. Torpedoes, acoustic self-guided torpedoes and wire-guided torpedoes, mainly used for ship and submarine attacks. Submarine mines, mostly submerged mines, mainly laid in enemy bases, harbors and shipping lanes, used to destroy enemy ships. Weapons control system using digital computers, can be calculated at the same time to track a number of targets, to provide a basis for decision-making, to find the best attack on the target of the shooting position, and calculate the shooting plurality of several targets, to realize the weapons firing command automation.
Edit navigation system
Including magnetic compass, gyro compass, range meter, depth sounder, sextant, track self-painter, automatic steering instrument and radio, starlight, satellite, inertial navigation equipment. Inertial navigation system can continuously and accurately provide the submarine underwater position and heading, speed, longitudinal and transverse inclination and other information. "Navigation Star" global positioning system used, submarines in the sea instant positioning accuracy of about 10 meters.
Detection equipment mainly periscope, radar, sonar and radar reconnaissance alarm receiver. Submarine underwater periscope lens rises out of the water, can visually observe the sea, air and coastal conditions, determination of the target's orientation, distance and measurement of its movement elements. Modern submarines have laser ranging, thermal imaging, microlight night vision and other sensors installed on the periscope, with night observation, photography and celestial positioning and other functions (see submarine periscope). Radar, through the radar lifting antenna can be underwater at a certain depth to determine the target's orientation, distance and movement elements, to ensure the safety of submarine navigation and the implementation of torpedo or missile attacks on surface ships, radar reconnaissance alarm receiver antenna using a specialized lifting mast or parasitic on other lifting devices to ensure that the submarine in the submarine periscope sailing state when the enemy radar reconnaissance alarm. Sonar is the main detection tool when the submarine underwater activities, there are noise sonar and echo sonar. Noise sonar can ship passive identification, tracking, direction measurement and ranging; echo sonar can actively determine the target's orientation, distance and movement elements. In addition, there are mine-detecting sonar, ice-measuring sonar, identification sonar, and acoustic trajectory instruments.
Edit Communications Equipment
The main short-wave, ultra-short-wave transceivers, very long-wave transceivers, satellite communications and hydroacoustic communications equipment. Submarines to shore command center to report the situation mainly using short-wave communications, receiving shore command center telecommunication mainly with very long wave transceiver, with other ships, aircraft or coastal implementation of close-range communications mainly using ultra-short-wave communications. Submarines can use lifting antennas to receive messages at a certain depth, and if they use towed antennas, they can receive messages at a greater depth. Satellite communications, the submarine can make the satellite and the shore command center to implement communication, communication distance. Hydroacoustic communication, used for underwater communication and identification with other submarines and surface ships. In order to ensure the covert nature of communication, submarines generally use one-way communication, the use of ultra-fast communication system, can make the submarine in a very short moment to the shore command center to send a letter.
Hydroacoustic countermeasures mainly have reconnaissance sonar and hydroacoustic interference equipment. Reconnaissance sonar, used to detect the target active sonar sound wave information and its technical parameters. Hydroacoustic jamming equipment mainly has hydroacoustic jammers, hydroacoustic decoys (submarine simulators) and air curtain bombs, which are used to suppress, confuse, and lure away the tracking of the enemy's sonar or the attack of acoustic self-guided torpedoes.
Edit Life-saving equipment
There are wreck buoys and single life-savers. When a submarine is wrecked, a wreck buoy is released to mark the location of the wreck and to make contact with the outside world. The single lifeguard can be used by the crew through the torpedo tube, the command room, or for the escape of the life jacket out of the boat out of the water. In the submarine's main ballast water tank is also equipped with an emergency blowing drainage system, submarine wrecks, the submarine or lifeboat can be injected by the high-pressure gas to drain the main ballast water tank water, so that the submarine surfaced.
Edit this section of the residence and living facilities
Including air regeneration, atmospheric control, radioactive contamination detection, temperature and humidity regulation system, living and living, as well as food, water, lighting, excretion, medical and other facilities, used to maintain a suitable environment for the survival and activities of the boat, and to safeguard the health of the crew.
The source of oxygen in the submarine
The oxygen breathed by the submarine crew comes from four main sources: the ventilator, air conditioning, air regeneration and air purification.
The ventilator device is a tube that can be raised and lowered, in offshore waters or at night, the submarine sometimes floats to the depth of the periscope, a few meters from the surface of the water or a dozen meters deep to extend the periscope to observe the water surface and the enemy in the air, such as the conditions allow, can be risen out of the surface of the air through the tube into the submarine compartments, the compartment of the dirty air can be located in the back of the shell of the command deck with the exhaust device, so that the cabin can be discharged with an exhaust fan. The exhaust fan is discharged, so that the air convection in the boat can keep fresh air. Periscope depth in tactical terminology called dangerous depth, in order to conceal the submarine generally do not dare to use this working condition, because it is very easy to be found by the enemy anti-submarine forces, in the offshore is also prone to collision or churn fishing nets, etc..
The air-conditioning device is mainly to maintain the temperature and humidity of the boat, so that the crew has a comfortable living environment and working conditions, while ensuring the normal operation of electronic equipment, it can not produce oxygen.
The air regeneration device is a device that can generate oxygen, which consists of regeneration fan, oxygen generation device, carbon dioxide absorption device and so on. When working, the fan will cabin dirty air through the duct to the carbon dioxide absorption device to eliminate carbon dioxide, and then in the processed air into the oxygen produced by the oxygen generation device, and then through the duct to the cabin for the crew to breathe, and so on, in order to achieve the purpose of air regeneration. This air regeneration device can also be used to electrolyze water to produce oxygen, which decomposes the oxygen for 70 to 100 people to breathe for several hours, but due to excessive power consumption, not suitable for conventional submarines. In addition, there are some methods of pre-storage of oxygen, such as regeneration panels, oxygen cylinders, liquid oxygen and oxygen candles. Regeneration plate is a kind of porous plate made of various chemicals and fillers, when air flows through, it can produce chemical reaction and generate oxygen. The regenerative drug plate carried on a typical submarine can be used for 500 to 1,500 hours. Oxygen cylinder is a kind of high-pressure container to store oxygen, open the valve can be deflated when using, mainly for diving bell, deep submarine, etc.. Liquid oxygen is also a kind of high-pressure container similar to the oxygen cylinder, which can be used by 100 crew members for 90 days. Oxygen candle is a kind of candle-like combustible material made of chemical material, which can make oxygen when it is ignited. A 1-foot-long, 3-inch-diameter oxygen candle can release oxygen for 40 people to breathe for an hour.
Air purification device is the boat air in the harmful gases and impurities in the air control in the allowable standard value of a processing device, commonly used in the following four: First, hydrogen combustion device, which is mainly used in the flow of electric heaters to warm the air, and then in the catalytic combustion bed catalytic effect of hydrogen, oxygen and chemical reaction to generate water vapor, hydrogen is burned off. The second is the harmful gas combustion device, which works in the same way as the first one, except that it burns off the harmful gas. The third is a carbon dioxide purification device, which absorbs carbon dioxide through a special liquid. The fourth is the activated carbon filter, which uses activated carbon as the filter material, is composed of special carbon porous adsorbent to absorb all kinds of harmful gases, and then achieve the purpose of purifying the air.
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