There are 9 kinds of commonly used disinfectants in disinfection products: chlorine disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide disinfectants, aldehyde disinfectants, alcohol disinfectants, iodine disinfectants, phenol disinfectants, ethylene oxide disinfectants, biguanides disinfectants and quaternary ammonium disinfectants. According to the disinfection effect, it can be divided into three types: high efficiency disinfectant, medium efficiency disinfectant and low efficiency disinfectant.
Chlorine-containing disinfectant: refers to a disinfectant that dissolves in water to produce hypochlorous acid with microbiocidal activity, and its microbiocidal effective components are often represented by available chlorine. Hypochloric acid has a small molecular weight, which easily spreads to the surface of bacteria, penetrates the cell membrane and enters the interior of bacteria, causing protein oxidation of bacteria and death of bacteria. Chlorine-containing disinfectants can kill various microorganisms, including bacterial propagules, viruses, fungi, mycobacterium tuberculosis and the most drug-resistant bacterial spores. Such disinfectants include inorganic chlorine compounds (such as sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite and trisodium phosphate chloride) and organic chlorine compounds (such as sodium dichloroisocyanurate, trichloroisocyanuric acid and ammonium chloride T). Inorganic chlorine is unstable, easily affected by light, heat and humidity, and loses its effective components, while organic chlorine is relatively stable, but it is unstable after being dissolved in water.
Peroxide disinfectant: It has strong oxidation ability, and all kinds of microorganisms are very sensitive to it, which can kill all microorganisms. This disinfectant includes hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide and ozone. Their advantage is that there is no residual toxicity on the articles after disinfection.
Aldehyde disinfectants: including formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. The disinfection principle is that the active alkylating agent acts on amino groups, carboxyl groups, hydroxyl groups and sulfhydryl groups in microbial protein, thus destroying protein molecules and killing microorganisms. Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde can kill all kinds of microorganisms, because they have * * * and curing effects on human skin and mucosa, and can make people allergic, so they can't be used for disinfection of air and tableware. Generally, it is only used for disinfection or sterilization of medical devices in hospitals. After disinfection or sterilization, the articles need to be washed with sterilized water before they can be used.
Alcohol disinfectants: The most commonly used are ethanol and isopropanol, which can coagulate protein and cause microbial death. Belonging to Zhongxiao Yu disinfectant, it can kill bacterial propagules and destroy most lipophilic viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus. The germicidal efficacy of alcohols will also be affected by organic matter. Because of its volatility, soaking disinfection or repeated wiping should be adopted to ensure its action time. Alcohols are often used as solvents for some disinfectants, and they have synergistic effects. The common concentration is 75%. According to foreign reports, 80% ethanol has a good inactivation effect on the virus. In recent years, many compound alcohol disinfectants have appeared at home and abroad, and these products are mostly used for hand skin disinfection.
Iodine-containing disinfectants: including tincture of iodine and iodophor, can kill bacterial propagules, fungi and some viruses, and can be used to disinfect skin and mucous membranes. Hospitals are often used for surgical hand washing and disinfection.
Phenolic disinfectants: including phenol, cresol, halogenated phenol and its derivatives. The commonly used coal phenol soap is also called Suer, and its main component is methylphenol. Halogenated phenol can enhance the bactericidal effect of phenol. For example, trichlorodiphenyl ether as a preservative has been widely used in clinical disinfection and antisepsis.
Ethylene oxide: Also known as ethylene oxide, it is an efficient disinfectant that can kill all microorganisms. Because of its strong penetrating power, it is often used for disinfection or sterilization of leather, plastics, medical devices and medical supplies after packaging, and has no damage to most items. It can be used to disinfect precision instruments and valuables, especially books and text files.
In addition, there are biguanides and quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants, which belong to cationic surfactants and have sterilization and decontamination effects. It is generally used for cleaning and disinfection of non-critical items in hospitals, and can also be used for hand disinfection. Dissolving them in ethanol can enhance their bactericidal effect as skin disinfectants. Because these compounds can change the permeability of bacterial cell membrane, they are often compounded with other disinfectants to improve their bactericidal effect and speed.
Classification of disinfectants
There are 9 kinds of commonly used disinfectants in disinfection products: chlorine disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide disinfectants, aldehyde disinfectants, alcohol disinfectants, iodine disinfectants, phenol disinfectants, ethylene oxide disinfectants, biguanides disinfectants and quaternary ammonium disinfectants.
According to the disinfection effect, it can be divided into three types: high efficiency disinfectant, medium efficiency disinfectant and low efficiency disinfectant. Chlorine-containing disinfectant: refers to a disinfectant that dissolves in water to produce hypochlorous acid with microbiocidal activity, and its microbiocidal effective components are often represented by available chlorine.
Hypochloric acid has a small molecular weight, which easily spreads to the surface of bacteria, penetrates the cell membrane and enters the interior of bacteria, causing protein oxidation of bacteria and death of bacteria. Chlorine-containing disinfectants can kill various microorganisms, including bacterial propagules, viruses, fungi, mycobacterium tuberculosis and the most drug-resistant bacterial spores.
Such disinfectants include inorganic chlorine compounds (such as sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite and trisodium phosphate chloride) and organic chlorine compounds (such as sodium dichloroisocyanurate, trichloroisocyanuric acid and ammonium chloride T). Inorganic chlorine is unstable, easily affected by light, heat and humidity, and loses its effective components, while organic chlorine is relatively stable, but it is unstable after being dissolved in water.
Peroxide disinfectant: It has strong oxidation ability, and all kinds of microorganisms are very sensitive to it, which can kill all microorganisms. This disinfectant includes hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide and ozone.
Their advantage is that there is no residual toxicity on the articles after disinfection. Aldehyde disinfectants: including formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.
The disinfection principle is that the active alkylating agent acts on amino groups, carboxyl groups, hydroxyl groups and sulfhydryl groups in microbial protein, thus destroying protein molecules and killing microorganisms. Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde can kill all kinds of microorganisms, because they have * * * and curing effects on human skin and mucosa, and can make people allergic, so they can't be used for disinfection of air and tableware. Generally, it is only used for disinfection or sterilization of medical devices in hospitals. After disinfection or sterilization, the articles need to be washed with sterilized water before they can be used.
Alcohol disinfectants: The most commonly used are ethanol and isopropanol, which can coagulate protein and cause microbial death. Belonging to Zhongxiao Yu disinfectant, it can kill bacterial propagules and destroy most lipophilic viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus. The germicidal efficacy of alcohols will also be affected by organic matter. Because of its volatility, soaking disinfection or repeated wiping should be adopted to ensure its action time.
Alcohols are often used as solvents for some disinfectants, and they have synergistic effects. The common concentration is 75%. According to foreign reports, 80% ethanol has a good inactivation effect on the virus.
In recent years, many compound alcohol disinfectants have appeared at home and abroad, and these products are mostly used for hand skin disinfection. Iodine-containing disinfectants: including tincture of iodine and iodophor, can kill bacterial propagules, fungi and some viruses, and can be used to disinfect skin and mucous membranes. Hospitals are often used to disinfect surgical hands.
Phenolic disinfectants: including phenol, cresol, halogenated phenol and its derivatives. The commonly used coal phenol soap is also called Suer, and its main component is methylphenol. Halogenated phenol can enhance the bactericidal effect of phenol. For example, trichlorodiphenyl ether as a preservative has been widely used in clinical disinfection and antisepsis.
Ethylene oxide: Also known as ethylene oxide, it is an efficient disinfectant that can kill all microorganisms. Because of its strong penetrating power, it is often used for disinfection or sterilization of leather, plastics, medical devices and medical supplies after packaging, and has no damage to most items. It can be used to disinfect precision instruments and valuables, especially books and text files.
In addition, there are biguanides and quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants, which belong to cationic surfactants and have sterilization and decontamination effects. It is generally used for cleaning and disinfection of non-critical items in hospitals, and can also be used for hand disinfection. Dissolving them in ethanol can enhance their bactericidal effect as skin disinfectants. Because these compounds can change the permeability of bacterial cell membrane, they are often compounded with other disinfectants to improve their bactericidal effect and speed.
What are the classifications of chemical disinfectants?
The classification of chemical disinfectants is as follows: (1) Phenols include phenol, coal phenol and compound phenol.
Compound phenol is the earliest high-efficiency broad-spectrum disinfectant in China, which can completely kill all kinds of bacteria, spores, fungi and viruses when used correctly, and can be used for various environmental disinfection. However, the compound phenol has a strong smell, is corrosive to pens and houses, and cannot be used for disinfection. Other limulus species are ineffective against bacterial spores, fungi and viruses. (2) Acidic organic acids and inorganic acids, including boric acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid and citric acid.
Acids, mainly hydrogen ions, have bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, mainly bacteriostasis, and generally cannot kill microorganisms, so they are not commonly used in production practice. (3) Aldehydes include formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. The 35%~40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde is called formalin, which is volatile and can kill bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores. It is a common disinfectant, mainly used for fumigation and so on. It is very harmful to people and livestock, but the compound high-efficiency glutaraldehyde preparation has a very good effect.
(4) The bactericidal effect of alkaline alkali mainly depends on the concentration of hydroxyl ions. The higher the concentration, the stronger the bactericidal effect, which has a strong bactericidal effect. Include sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), calcium oxide (quicklime), etc. , often used for terminal disinfection and empty column disinfection after epidemic disease.
However, alkali is toxic to the skin, which will damage pens, utensils, equipment and floors, and will cause environmental pollution if used in large quantities. (5) Iodine preparation iodine can iodinate and oxidize the protein of microorganisms and inhibit their metabolic enzyme activities, thus having a strong bactericidal effect.
The bactericidal effect is almost non-selective, and the effective concentration of bacteria, spores, fungi, viruses and other microorganisms is almost the same. It is a good disinfectant. However, in alkaline environment and when there are a large number of organic substances, its bactericidal effect is weakened, including iodophor, iodoform, tincture of iodine and so on.
It has the advantages of lasting effect, low toxicity and wide sterilization spectrum, but it is mainly used for disinfection of sow houses, delivery rooms and nursery rooms because of its relatively high price. (6) Chlorine preparation includes organic chlorine and inorganic chlorine, mainly bleaching powder and sodium dichloroisocyanurate.
Sodium dichloroisocyanurate has a broad bactericidal spectrum, can kill various microorganisms and has low use cost. The active ingredient of pure sodium dichloroisocyanurate has certain volatility and corrosive effect, and it is also relatively strong, so the concentration should not be too high.
Therefore, only through synergism, enhanced penetration and high-temperature preparation can low-concentration and high-efficiency disinfection be realized and the harm to livestock and poultry be reduced. (7) Commonly used peroxides include peracetic acid, ozone and ethylene oxide. , are highly effective disinfectants.
However, it is often inconvenient to use, difficult to preserve and dangerous. (8) Quaternary ammonium salts, including bromogeramine and domiphen, are a kind of cationic surfactants, which have wide sterilization, quick action, low toxicity and low use cost.
But it can't kill mycobacterium tuberculosis, spores, lipophilic viruses and * * * viruses. Its disinfection function can be weakened by organic matter or acidic environment and strengthened in alkaline environment. Commonly used for disinfection of skin mucosa and external environment and interval disinfection of poultry and livestock.
Therefore, the quaternary ammonium salt preparations sold in the market are generally compound preparations.
Types of disinfectants
A. Oxidation: the sterilization mechanism is to release new ecological atomic oxygen and oxidize the active groups in bacteria; Sterilization is characterized by rapid and intense action, which can kill all microorganisms, including bacterial spores and viruses. Mainly surface disinfection, such as chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, etc. Such a disinfectant is a disinfectant.
B, aldehydes: the sterilization mechanism is to denature or alkylate protein; The characteristic of sterilization is that it is effective for bacteria, spores, fungi and viruses. But the temperature has a great influence. Such as formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, etc. This disinfectant can be used as a disinfectant.
C. Phenols: the sterilization mechanism is to denature and precipitate protein or inactivate the enzyme system; The characteristic of sterilization is that it is effective for fungi and some viruses. D, alcohols: the sterilization mechanism is to denature protein and interfere with metabolism; Sterilization is effective for bacteria, but not for spores, fungi and viruses, such as ethanol and ethyl propanol. This disinfectant belongs to intermediate disinfectant and can only be used for general disinfection.
E, alkali and salt: the sterilization mechanism is to denature, precipitate or dissolve protein; The characteristic of sterilization is that it can kill bacterial propagules, but it can't kill tiny spores, viruses and some microorganisms that are difficult to kill. Weak bactericidal effect and strong corrosiveness, such as nitric acid, caustic soda and salt. Can only be used as a general preventive disinfectant.
F. Halogen: The sterilization mechanism is to oxidize the active genes in bacteria, and combine with amino groups to denature protein. It is characterized by killing most microorganisms, mainly surface disinfection, with unstable properties, and its sterilization effect is greatly influenced by environmental conditions, such as sodium hypochlorite, "84" disinfectant, excellent chlorine and so on. This disinfectant is an intermediate disinfectant and can be used as a general disinfectant.
G, surfactant: sterilization mechanism is to change the permeability of cell membrane, make cytoplasm leak, hinder breathing or denature protease. The characteristic of sterilization is that it can kill bacterial propagules, but it has poor effect on spores, fungi, viruses and tuberculosis. It works well in alkaline and neutral conditions, such as bromogeramine and chlorpyrifos. This kind of disinfectant has low efficiency and can be used as a general disinfectant.
Classification and disinfection methods of commonly used disinfectants
1. There are 9 kinds of commonly used disinfectants according to their components: chlorine-containing disinfectants, peroxide disinfectants, aldehyde disinfectants, alcohol disinfectants, iodine-containing disinfectants, phenol disinfectants, ethylene oxide, biguanides disinfectants and quaternary ammonium disinfectants; According to the disinfection effect, it can be divided into three types: high efficiency disinfectant, medium efficiency disinfectant and low efficiency disinfectant. Now the society advocates non-toxic and environmental protection, and Huankai has launched an efficient and environmentally friendly disinfectant.
2. Common chemical disinfection and sterilization methods
(1) Soaking method selects a water-soluble disinfectant with broad bactericidal spectrum and weak corrosiveness, and soaks the articles in the disinfectant to achieve the purpose of disinfection and sterilization within the standard concentration and time.
(2) The wiping method uses a disinfectant that is easily soluble in water and has strong permeability to wipe the surface of the article, so as to achieve the purpose of disinfection and sterilization within the standard concentration and time.
(3) By fumigation heating or adding oxidant, the disinfection gas can achieve the purpose of disinfection and sterilization within the standard concentration and time. Suitable for indoor items and air disinfection or sophisticated and expensive instruments and items that cannot be steamed, boiled or soaked (sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, tickets used by infected people, etc.). ), can be disinfected in this way.
① Pure lactic acid is often used for air disinfection in operating rooms and wards. Every 100m2 space, add 12ml lactic acid with the same amount of water, put it into a processing bowl, seal the doors and windows, heat and fumigate, remove the heat source after evaporation, continue sealing for 2 hours, and then open the window for ventilation.
(2) vinegar 5- 10ml/m3 hot water 1-2m3, heated and fumigated behind closed doors until the vinegar evaporates. Because vinegar contains 5% acetic acid, it can change the acid-base environment of bacteria, has antibacterial effect, and can disinfect the air in influenza and meningitis wards.
In addition, formaldehyde or peracetic acid can be used for fumigation and disinfection.
(4) Spray method With the help of ordinary sprayer or aerosol sprayer, the particulate aerosol generated by disinfectant is dispersed in the space to disinfect the air and the surface of articles. Such as 1% bleaching powder clear solution or 0.2% peracetic acid solution as air spray. Spraying 8 ml of 2% peracetic acid solution per cubic meter for 30 minutes (above room temperature 18℃) on the surface contaminated by bacterial spores can kill 99.9%.
(5) Ethylene oxide gas sealing disinfection method is to put ethylene oxide gas in a closed container, and achieve the purpose of disinfection and sterilization within the standard concentration, humidity and time. Ethylene oxide is a broad-spectrum gas bactericide, which can kill bacterial propagules and spores, as well as fungi and viruses. Strong penetration, no damage to most articles, and rapid volatilization after disinfection, especially suitable for articles that are not resistant to high heat and temperature, such as precision instruments, electronic instruments, optical instruments, heart-lung machines, pacemakers, books and documents, etc. No side effects such as damage and corrosion. The boiling point of this product is 10.8℃, and it can only be filled in pressure-resistant metal cans or special ampoules.