Liaoning Environmental Protection Bureau
PrefaceThe Thames River is the famous "mother" river in the United Kingdom. With a length of 402 kilometers, it cuts across London, the capital of the United Kingdom, and more than 10 cities along the river, with a watershed area of 13,000 square kilometers. After the industrial revolution, the population is concentrated, a large number of urban sewage and industrial wastewater is directly discharged into the river without treatment, coupled with a large number of garbage and dirt piled up along the coast, so that the river has become a sewage ditch in London. Summer stench, resulting in foreign buildings along the river, London Clock Tower, had to close the doors and windows. Dirty river water also caused disease epidemics in coastal areas, from 1849 to 1954, the riverfront area of about 25,000 people died of cholera. 1858, the British government began to carry out governance of the Thames River, the entire governance restoration process *** with a 120-year period of time, to take the legislation, governance of industrial wastewater, the construction of municipal sewage network and the construction of municipal sewage treatment plants and other measures, costing tens of billions of pounds, now the Thames River. Tens of billions of pounds, and now the Lower Thames is considered to be the world's clearest river through the capital city. We can see from the successful experience of the Thames River governance, river governance can not be achieved overnight, the province is still in the period of rapid economic growth, Liaohe River governance needs decades or even hundreds of years, a long way to go. First, the status of water pollution in the Liaohe River Basin and characteristics of the Liaohe River Basin is one of the country's seven major water systems, consisting of the Liaohe River and Daliao River two water systems. Among them, the Liao River originates from Hebei Province, flows through Inner Mongolia, Jilin, West Liao River and originates in Jilin Province, East Liao River in Liaoning Province, Changtu County, convergence of the Bohai Sea into Panjin City, a total length of 1,345 kilometers; the Daliao River by the origins of the Hun River in Qingyuan County, and the origins of the Xinbin County of the Taizi River in the city of Panjin convergence of the city of Yingkou into the Bohai Sea, a total length of 511 kilometers. The Liao River basin covers an area of 69,100 square kilometers, with a total population of more than 24 million people. The region is China's agricultural and animal husbandry production base, but also one of China's important industrial production base. (I) Basin water resources situation 1956 to 2000, the Liaohe River Basin multi-year average surface water resources of 9.649 billion cubic meters, the underground water resources of 7.323 billion cubic meters, the total water resources of 13.047 billion cubic meters, the duplication of water 3.925 billion cubic meters. Total surface water resources. The multi-year average surface water resources of Liaohe River Basin in Liaoning Province is 9.649 billion cubic meters. The total water resources of Liao River, Taizi River and Daliao River in Liao River Basin of Liaoning Province are the largest; Fushun and Tieling have the largest total water resources.
Basin surface water resources (billion cubic meters) calculated area (square kilometers) Xilamulun River and Laoha River 0.953494 East Liao River 0.61415 Liao River 35.9937927 Hun River 24.0411481 Taizi River and the main stream of the Daliao River 34.9015846 Total 96.4969163 total groundwater resources. The amount of underground water resources in the Liao River Basin of Liaoning Province is 7.323 billion cubic meters. The total amount of underground water resources of Liao River, Taizi River and Daliao River in Liao River Basin of Liaoning Province is the largest; the total amount of underground water resources of Tieling and Shenyang is the largest. Basin surface water resources (billion cubic meters) Xilamulun River and Laoha River 0.45 East Liao River 0.21 Liao River 37.8 Hun River 16.66 Taizi River and the main stream of Daliao River 18.11 Total 73.23 Table 3 Liaohe River Basin municipalities of the total multi-year average of water resources table
Administrative region of the total amount of surface water resources (billion cubic meters) the total amount of groundwater resources (billion cubic meters) Shenyang City 11.0322.54 Anshan 5.816.93 Fushun 26.166.56 Benxi 14.463.24 Jinzhou 3.044.86 Yingkou 0.741.04 Fuxin 2.974.68 Liaoyang 8.869.54 Tieling 19.911.71 Chaoyang 0.950.45 Panjin 2.391.67 Dandong 0.200.05 Total 96.4973.23 (II) Basin Water Pollutant Emission Situation In 2004, point sources (including large-scale farms) in the Liaohe River Basin discharged a total of 411,800 tons of COD, of which 125,500 tons were discharged by industrial sources, accounting for 30.5%, 267,300 tons were discharged by domestic sources, accounting for 64.9%, and 19,000 tons were discharged by large-scale livestock and poultry breeding sources, accounting for 4.6%; ammonia nitrogen emissions totaled 36780.9 tons, of which industrial sources emitted 3944.9 tons, accounting for 10.7%, living sources emitted 29,021.4 tons, accounting for 78.9%, and large-scale livestock and poultry breeding sources emitted 3814.6 tons, accounting for 10.4%. It is estimated that the amount of COD discharged into the river from non-[11] point sources in Liaohe River Basin (urban runoff sources, rural runoff sources, mine runoff sources and rural domestic sources) is 51,800 tons, and the amount of ammonia nitrogen discharged into the river is 2,050 tons.In 2004, Shenyang City's COD emission was significantly higher than that of other cities, and the order of the total amount of emission from highest to lowest was Shenyang (20.8%), Yingkou (17%), Anshan ( 13.0%), Fushun ( 13.0%), and Fushun ( 13.0%). 13.0%), Fushun (12.6%), Benxi (10.7%), Tieling (9.1%), Panjin (6.9%), Liaoyang (6%), Chaoyang (1.7%), and Fuxin (0.5%). In 2004, Shenyang's ammonia and nitrogen emissions were significantly higher than those of other cities, with the total emissions in ascending order being Shenyang (20.8%), Yingkou (17%), Anshan (13.0%), Fushun (12.6%) and Fuxin (13.0%). ), Fushun (12.6%), Benxi (10.7%), Tieling (9.1%), Panjin (6.9%), Liaoyang (6%), Chaoyang 1.7%, and Fuxin 0.5%. (C) Basin water quality conditions of the Liaohe River Basin water quality pollution is more serious, belonging to the organic pollution, the main pollution factor is chemical oxygen demand (COD). River pollution is the heaviest water period for the dry season, the heaviest section for the city section. 2005, the Liaohe River Basin water quality is heavily polluted. Basin 21 major monitoring section (chemical oxygen demand COD) to poor V water quality, accounting for 52.4%; V water quality accounted for 14.3%; VI water quality accounted for 19.0%; good water quality (Ⅰ - Ⅲ) accounted for only 14.3%. According to the evaluation of the water period, the dry period of the most polluted water quality, followed by flat water period, the water quality of the water period is better. 21 sections, the highest value of COD appeared in the dry period of the Chenjia section of the River, more than the V water quality standards 6.4 times; ammonia nitrogen also appeared in the dry period of the Chenjia section of the River, more than the V water quality standards 18.4 times. Liaohe River Basin in our province, West Liaohe, East Liaohe, Zhaosutai River, strip of the river into the province of four rivers, four provincial boundary cross-section in addition to the West Liaohe Sanmen Guojia cross-section of Class V water quality, the rest are inferior to Class V water quality. The most heavily polluted river, COD, ammonia nitrogen annual average value of 167mg / L and 17.7mg / L, exceeding the Class V water quality standards 3.2 times and 7.9 times. (D) Liaohe River Basin water pollution characteristics and causes lack of ecological water. Liaohe River Basin is a seasonal, controlled rivers, precipitation, runoff inter-annual variation. 80% of the average annual precipitation occurs in June-September, and the runoff in July and August accounts for 60% of the annual runoff. 2000 and 2001, the East and West Liaohe and the main stream of the Liaohe River continued to experience a break in the flow. The capacity of large and medium-sized reservoirs accounts for 34.4% of the total water resources, of which the Liao River reaches 64.1%, the lack of runoff from the river, and many urban river sections have become sewage ditches. Structural pollution is serious. The proportion of heavy chemical industries in the basin is large, and the total amount of pollutants discharged is high, far exceeding the environmental capacity. Metallurgy, petrochemical, electric power, paper and coal industry water consumption accounted for 70% of the total industrial water consumption, in 2002, 10,000 yuan GDP COD emissions of 10.44 kg, nearly twice the national average. The main sources of pollution in the two water systems are very different. The main source of pollution in the Liao River system for surface pollution, including the West Liao River upstream of the Laoha River average sand content of 47.1 kg per cubic meter, the annual sand transfer to the Liao River amounted to more than 80 million tons of soil erosion will be a large number of organic matter into the formation of surface pollution in the river. Huntai water system due to flow through the central Liaoning Province urban agglomeration, the main source of pollution from industrial wastewater and domestic sewage. Non-industrial pollution is becoming more and more prominent. With the improvement of living standards, the amount of domestic sewage discharge is increasing, and the proportion of domestic pollution is rising. The application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is increasing, but the effective utilization rate is only 30%-40%. The scale and layout of livestock and poultry breeding has not been effectively controlled, the proportion of manure returned to the field and comprehensive utilization is very low, breeding pollution has become another major source of pollution after industry and life. Some cross-border tributaries are seriously polluted. Years of water quality monitoring results show that Jilin Province into Liaoning Province, the strip of the River and Zhaosutai River water quality pollution is very serious, the river water quality of all more than five types of standards, the highest exceeded the standard more than ten times. Second, the Liaohe River Basin water pollution prevention and control progress and problems in 1996, the State Council listed the Liaohe River Basin as one of the national key management of the "three rivers and three lakes", in 1999 and 2003, the State Council has approved the "Liaohe River Basin Water Pollution Prevention and Control" Ninth Five-Year Plan and the 2010 plan. In 1999 and 2003, the State Council successively approved the "Ninth Five-Year Plan and 2010 Plan for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Liaohe River Basin" and "Tenth Five-Year Plan for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Liaohe River Basin". The provincial government also attaches great importance to the prevention and control of water pollution in the Liaohe River, as a key task to grasp, and seriously organize the implementation of pollution prevention and control plans, through the implementation of industrial restructuring, and actively implement cleaner production, accelerate the construction of urban environmental infrastructure, and carry out the prevention and control of surface pollution in the rural areas and other initiatives, Liaohe River Basin Water Pollution Prevention and Control has achieved significant results. By the end of 2005, the State Council approved the "Liaohe River Basin Water Pollution Prevention and Control" Tenth Five-Year Plan "in 86 key projects, 57 completed, accounting for 66%, 13 under construction, accounting for 15%. In order to promote the prevention and control of pollution in the basin, the following major measures have been taken: (a) vigorously adjust the industrial structure. Industrial structure is unreasonable, high pollution emission intensity, serious structural pollution is a prominent feature of water pollution in the Liaohe River Basin. In view of this feature, the industrial structure adjustment as a promotion of industrial pollution prevention and control, improve the quality of the economy as a fundamental policy, reduce the emission of pollutants at the source, and promote the coordinated development of the environment and the economy. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, Liaoning Province shut down more than 600 enterprises with poor economic efficiency and serious pollution, banned more than 1,700 "fifteen small" and "five new small" enterprises, and closed down paper mills with a pulping scale of less than 20,000 tons. 12 paper mills with a pulping scale of less than 20,000 tons, reducing sewage emissions by more than 2 million tons and COD by 31,100 tons per year. (ii) deepen industrial pollution prevention and control. Industrial pollution sources is the second largest source of pollution in the basin, in 2004, the total amount of COD emissions reached 125,500 tons. 2000 industrial pollution sources to meet the discharge standards, the government vigorously promote cleaner production, and constantly deepen the prevention and control of industrial pollution. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, Liaoning Province has carried out cleaner production audits for more than 480 key enterprises, ****implemented more than 9,420 cleaner production programs, saving 167 million tons of water annually, and reducing wastewater discharges by 243 million tons, of which 33,590,000 tons of COD and 4,554 tons of petroleum products, and realizing economic benefits of 1,942 million yuan. . More than 50 enterprises with zero wastewater discharge have been established in high water-consuming industries such as metallurgy, electric power, coal and mineral processing. Compared with 2000, the amount of fresh water taken by industrial enterprises has been reduced by 24.5%. (c) Accelerating the construction of urban environmental infrastructure. 2004, the total COD discharge in the Liaohe River Basin was 411,800 tons, of which 267,300 tons came from domestic pollution, which has become the first major source of pollution in the basin. The construction of urban sewage treatment plant is the fundamental policy to combat domestic pollution, sewage treatment plant construction speed, good or bad operation is directly related to the effectiveness of the Liaohe River water pollution prevention and control. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, a large amount of money has been raised for the construction of sewage treatment plants by means of levying sewage treatment fees and promoting the industrialization of sewage treatment. By the end of 2005, the Liaohe River Basin has built 17 urban sewage treatment plants, forming a daily treatment capacity of about 2.585 million tons, 10 sewage treatment plants under construction. Through several years of unremitting efforts, the Liaohe River Basin water pollution prevention and control work has achieved stage-by-stage results, but there are still some problems in the work, restricting the prevention and control of water pollution in the basin, mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, the degree of importance is not enough. Part of the region did not really establish and implement the scientific concept of development, did not implement the sustainable development strategy, still at the expense of the environment and public health in pursuit of pure GDP growth; part of the region also exists in the governance of their own damage, the downstream gain the idea of negative treatment of water pollution prevention and control work. Second, the governance of the lack of financial input. Insufficient funds is the main reason for the slow progress of the project, some of the projects under construction can not be completed on time, there are still 20% of the project has not started. Liaoning Province, "Tenth Five-Year" period should be invested in key pollution prevention and control project construction funds 9.343 billion yuan, accounting for only about four thousandths of GDP, the actual end of 2005 to complete the investment of about 5.5 billion yuan, less than 60% of the total investment. Third, the completed sewage treatment plant is difficult to maintain long-term stable operation. The province's sewage charges collection rate is generally low, most of the city's sewage charges collection rate of less than 50%, especially the water supply users sewage charges collection rate is even lower. The main reason is that the urban sewage treatment fee collection department is not strong, measurement is not allowed and leakage rate is higher, it is difficult to ensure that the long-term stable operation of sewage treatment plant needs. Fourth, the slow pace of industrialization of sewage treatment plants. Our province has been built in the sewage plant, most of the sewage treatment plant in essence also belongs to the government set up institutions, the government invested in the construction of government-funded operations, the government is responsible for repayment of loans to the institutions, the government bears unlimited responsibility. At the same time, the sewage treatment plant personnel is the same kind of domestic advanced enterprises 2 to 5 times, resulting in more personnel, high costs, not easy to manage. Third, the next step in the prevention and control of water pollution in the watershed goals and countermeasures to strengthen the prevention and control of water pollution in the Liaohe River Basin, to safeguard the immediate interests of the people in the basin, the coordinated development of the regional economy, are of great significance. In the coming period, in the prevention and control of water pollution in the basin should adhere to the people-oriented, firmly establish and conscientiously implement the scientific concept of development, to control the total amount of pollutant discharges as the main line, and effectively improve the quality of the water environment in the basin, to create a good production and living environment for the masses, and to achieve the coordinated development of the regional economy, society and the environment. (A) the overall goal of the State is organizing the preparation of the Liaohe River Basin Water Pollution Prevention and Control "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" puts forward the overall goal is: by 2010, the total discharge of major pollutants by 10% compared with 2005. Liaohe River Basin in the abundance of dry water in the period of elimination of super V water quality; dry water in the "Tenth Five-Year" basis to continue to improve, more than five types of water quality standards of pollutant concentrations in the water body by not less than 20%. Urban sewage treatment rate of not less than 70%, water reuse rate of not less than 20%. (B) the main work since 99 years, the Liaohe River governance has gone through a course of mainly governance, to governance, protection, and then governance, protection, utilization; governance measures from the governance of industrial enterprises, the construction of sewage treatment plants, to the development of cleaner production, the construction of sewage treatment plants, to promote water reuse, to carry out comprehensive measures for the prevention and control of agricultural pollution. In order to further improve the quality of water environment in the basin, the future prevention and control of water pollution in the basin should be in accordance with the combination of pollution control and industrial restructuring, pollution control and water conservation, point source treatment and surface treatment, engineering measures and ecological measures combined with the principle of governance, focusing on the following work: First, industrial restructuring. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, localities should increase the industrial structure adjustment in the basin according to the national industrial policy, regional resources and environmental carrying capacity, as well as the needs of industrial upgrading. First of all, the existing enterprises should implement a stricter elimination system, banning the closure of high water consumption, serious pollution, poor economic efficiency of the technology, process, equipment and production capacity, especially on the scale of the uneconomical, seriously polluting paper, brewing, pharmaceutical, printing and dyeing, chemical and other polluting industries or backward processes and equipment to achieve the mandatory elimination of enterprises. Recent should be eliminated as soon as possible in the basin annual pulping capacity of 34,000 tons of chemical pulp production line, the annual production capacity of 20,000 tons of yellow paper enterprises, 10,000 tons of waste paper papermaking enterprises, 10,000 tons of alcohol production line, 10,000 tons of starch production line. Secondly, strict environmental access, new projects should give priority to the development of water conservation, pollution reduction of high-tech industries, must strictly implement the environmental assessment and "three simultaneous" system, from the source and the process of reducing water pollution brought about by new projects; expansion projects should be through the new with the old, so as to achieve the increase in production does not increase the sewage or increase the sewage reduction. Second, industrial pollution prevention and control. First of all, we should conscientiously implement the Cleaner Production Promotion Law, all key polluting enterprises in the basin should implement cleaner production, control water consumption from the whole production process, reduce wastewater emissions, and gradually make the water consumption per unit of product, pollutant emissions intensity to reach or approach the domestic advanced level. Secondly, accelerate the development of circular economy, encourage the development and utilization of multi-purpose water and recycled water, maximize the return of treated water to the production process, and the reuse rate of industrial water in the basin should be increased to more than 80%. Metallurgy, electric power, petrochemical, coal and other large water-consuming industries, should be carried out through the reuse of wastewater treatment, and gradually realize the "zero discharge" of wastewater. Again, the management of sewage discharge licenses should be strengthened. The total amount of control objectives in the form of emission permits to each enterprise, no total amount of targets, new projects will not be approved, and those that do not meet the standards will be shut down. Third, the urban environmental infrastructure. First of all, to grasp the construction of urban sewage treatment facilities. The construction of sewage treatment facilities should be scientifically determined scale and site selection, in accordance with the large, medium, small, micro-scale, as well as conducive to sewage collection, reuse after treatment and other principles, to accelerate the progress of construction of sewage treatment facilities to the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" by the end of the watershed sewage treatment rate to reach more than 70%, Liaoning Province, within the new sewage treatment capacity of 1,750,000 tons per day. 1.75 million tons. Secondly, to strengthen the built sewage treatment plant operation supervision. In order to ensure that the sewage treatment plant running at full capacity, all built sewage treatment plants must be installed online monitoring devices, and networking with environmental protection departments to realize the water quality, water quality real-time online monitoring. Again, should increase the urban sewage treatment plant water reuse efforts to supplement industrial water. Completed sewage treatment plants should actively implement water users, the construction of water reuse projects, new construction of sewage treatment plants should be accompanied by the construction of water reuse projects, water reuse rate in the basin should reach more than 20%. Fourth, the new sewage treatment plant should be implemented enterprise operation, the implementation of the separation of government and enterprises; through the bidding method, has been built and under construction of sewage treatment plants to implement the overall transfer of investment and operation, to achieve the diversification of investment and operation of the main body of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" at the end of the period, the watershed of the 80% of the sewage treatment plant to achieve the market-oriented operation. Fourth, the protection of drinking water sources. First of all, to delineate the drinking water source protection zone, the drinking water source management in accordance with the law, and effectively protect the people's drinking water safety. Secondly, the province's surface water environment functional zoning, clearly put forward the objectives and levels of protection of various waters. Once again, strictly control livestock and poultry breeding pollution, carry out large-scale livestock and poultry breeding pollution control in the Liaohe River Basin, and realize standard discharge for all large-scale breeding enterprises; the construction of large-scale livestock and poultry farms should be strictly prohibited in the protected areas of drinking water sources and the areas where water pollution seriously exceeds the standard. Fourth, strengthen the water quality monitoring of drinking water sources. Carry out monitoring of water resources quality in centralized water supply sources and release of monthly reports, and form a monitoring network for the province's water environment. Fifth, guarantee the safety of rural drinking water. Carry out the work of fluoride prevention and water reform, and the construction of basic rural drinking water well projects. (C) the main measures in order to complete the key work, to achieve the Liaohe River Basin water pollution prevention and control objectives, the following safeguard measures should be taken: First, strengthen the leadership, to realize the basin governance upstream and downstream linkage. Liaohe River governance is a systematic project, relying only on the efforts of a region is not enough, it is necessary to establish a division of labor, coordination and cooperation of the work mechanism. Should further improve the Liaohe River Basin Water Pollution Prevention and Control Leading Group function, regular joint meetings, on the protection of the Liaohe River Basin water environment, unified deployment, unified action. Secondly, improve the laws and regulations, and increase law enforcement. In the country on the basis of existing laws and regulations, and gradually improve the basin supporting regulations and the development of more stringent standards, in order to prevent and control water pollution in the watershed have a law to follow, there are rules to follow. Increase penalties for environmental violations, seriously investigate and deal with illegal discharge, new projects should strictly implement the "environmental assessment" and "three simultaneous" system. Environmental protection departments should be given the right to decide on the time-limited treatment and production restriction and suspension of remediation of environmentally unlawful units, so as to effectively solve the problem of "high cost of law enforcement and low cost of violating the law". A strict accountability system for law enforcement and faults should be established to eliminate the phenomenon of inaction and dereliction of duty. Third, multi-channel financing, accelerate the pace of market-oriented sewage treatment. From the advanced experience of Jiangsu and other provinces, only the establishment of government-led, multi-channel financing, market-oriented operation mechanism, in order to better solve the problem of slow progress in the construction of pollution prevention and control projects. The government should mainly play a leading role in unifying supervision, formulating planning, strictly enforcing the law, setting charges and introducing preferential policies to create a good internal and external environment for pollution prevention and control. It is necessary to raise funds through multiple channels, actively strive for national bond funds, make full use of international financial organizations such as the World Bank and foreign government loans, and encourage social capital to participate in the construction and operation of urban sewage treatment facilities. In accordance with the principle of "polluter pays, treatment benefits", we should actively promote the enterprise, marketization and industrialization of pollution treatment in the basin. Fourth, improve the cross-border cross-section assessment system to promote the improvement of water environment quality. Should improve the cross-border cross-section of the water environment quality assessment system, the city of the water environment quality within the jurisdiction is responsible for determining the different stages of the outbound water environment quality objectives, and as an important part of the assessment of regional performance and cadres' performance, the main pollutants out of the territory in excess of the target value, we must take certain measures to hold accountable for the implementation of the proposed pollution payment compensation system. Fifth, strengthen publicity and expand public participation. Liaohe River Basin water pollution prevention and control work is a systematic project, is the work of a thousand years, the benefits of the current generation of major events, to mobilize the strength of the whole society **** with the promotion. Should improve the procedures and rules of public participation, expand public participation. Environmental protection training should be strengthened to raise the environmental awareness of decision-makers at all levels, the general public, and primary and secondary school students. Environmental publicity should be strengthened through television, radio, newspapers and the Internet to publicly expose cases of environmental violations and vigorously publicize good experiences in protecting the environment; in-depth reporting on environmental issues should be strengthened to create a good social atmosphere and encourage public supervision and public opinion monitoring.
The panelists: Wen Yi, deputy director of the Liaoning Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau
Hu Cheng (author), deputy director of the Liaoning Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences
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