The 2018 China College Student Employment Report was released recently. What is the overall employment rate status of college students? What are the majors with the highest and lowest employment rates? How about the changes in the major industries, occupations, employers, and regions of employment?
The reporter has sorted out for the students who are filling out their volunteers--
Employment rate of college graduates is stable on the whole
The employment rate of the class of 2017 after graduating for six months (91.9%) is the same as that of the classes of 2016 and 2015 (91.6% and 91.7%, respectively) It is basically the same as that of 2016 and 2015 (91.6% and 91.7%, respectively). Among them, the employment rate of the 2017 undergraduates six months after graduation was 91.6%, basically the same as that of the 2016 class (91.8%), and the employment of fresh undergraduates has been stable overall in the past six years.The employment rate of the 2017 senior college graduates six months after graduation was 92.1%, which was slightly higher than that of the 2016 class (91.5%), and the employment rate of fresh graduates of senior colleges has been rising steadily in the past decade. Notably, the employment rate of the 2017 senior college class exceeded that of undergraduates for the first time.
The figure shows the trend of employment rate six months after graduation of the 2015 to 2017 college students
The proportion of college graduates pursuing further studies after graduation rose slightly
The proportion of college students in the 2017 class who were "employed full-time" six months after graduation (77.1%) was slightly higher than the proportion of college graduates in the 2016 class and the 2015 class ( 77.3% and 77.4% respectively); the proportion of "starting their own business" (2.9%) is basically the same as that of the classes of 2016 and 2015 (both 3.0%); the proportion of "studying for graduate school/graduate school" (10.8%) is slightly higher than that of the classes of (10.8%) slightly higher than that of the Class of 2016 and the Class of 2015 (10.3% and 10.1%, respectively); and the proportion of "no job, continuing to look for a job" (3.4%) slightly lower than that of the Class of 2016 and the Class of 2015 (4.0% and 3.9%, respectively).
In addition, among the unemployed (7.2%) of the Class of 2017 college graduates, nearly half are continuing to look for jobs. Among them, among the unemployed undergraduates (7.0%), 2.6% are "still looking for a job", and 1.7% are "to be determined" (not seeking education and not looking for a job); among the unemployed graduates of higher vocational colleges and universities (7.5%) "still looking for work" for 4.3%, "to be determined" for 3.2%.
Electrical category has the highest employment rate, and law category has the lowest employment rate
The disciplinary category with the highest six-month employment rate of 2017 undergraduates is engineering (93.5%), followed by management (93.2%); the lowest is law (85.3%).The professional category with the highest six-month employment rate of 2017 undergraduates is electrical category (95.6%), and the lowest is Law (85.3%).The top three majors with the highest six-month employment rate of 2017 undergraduates are Software Engineering (96.7%), Energy and Power Engineering (95.8%), and Electrical Engineering and Automation (95.6%).
Name of undergraduate disciplines
Class of 2017
Class of 2016
Class of 2015
Engineering
93.5
93.5
93.6
Management
93.2
93.6
94.0
Economics
91.5
91.7
92.3
Medicine
91.3
90.8
91.5
Education
91.0
91.2
90.5
Agriculture
90.9
91.0
91.0
Science
90.5
90.9
90.7
Literature
90.2
90.1
90.4
Arts
88.1
88.8
89.9
History
86.3
86.1
86.4
Law
85.3
84.9
86.9
National Undergraduate
91.6
91.8
92.2
(The chart shows the trend of employment rate changes six months after graduation of each subject category of the undergraduate class from 2015 to 2017*)
The major category with the highest employment rate six months after graduation of the 2017 high school graduates was the major category of Biochemistry and Pharmaceuticals (93.5 percent ), and the lowest is the major category of Resource Development and Mapping (88.7%).The major category with the highest employment rate after six months for the 2017 senior college graduates is Electric Power Technology (94.2%), and the lowest is Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (89.7%).The top three majors with the highest employment rate after six months for the 2017 senior college graduates are High Voltage Transmission and Distribution Line Construction Operation and Maintenance (96.7%), Pre-school Education (96.0%), and electrified railway technology (96.0%).
Name of Higher Education Major Categories
The Class of 2017
The Class of 2016
The Class of 2015
Biochemistry and Pharmaceuticals Major Category
93.5
93.4
93.5
Public **** Business Major Category
93.4
92.9
92.6
Materials and Energy Major
93.3
92.7
92.2
Manufacturing Major
93.0
92.3
92.0
Civil Construction Major
92.9
92.1
91.2
Environmental Protection, Meteorology and Safety
92.8
92.5
92.7
Transportation
92.7
92.3
92.1
Textile and Food
92.3
92.0
92.9
Finance and Economics
92.3
91.8
91.7
Culture and Education
92.3
91.3
91.5
91.5
Electronics and Information Technology
92.7
92.3
92.3
91.3
91.3
91.5
Electronic Information
92.1
91.3
91.3
Water Conservancy
92.0
91.8
-
Art, Design and Media
91.3
90.6
90.2
Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries
90.6
90.1
90.4
Medicine and Health
90.6
89.7
90.1
Tourism
90.1
90.0
89.8
Resource Development and Mapping Major
88.7
87.5
87.4
National Higher Education
92.1
91.5
91.2
(The chart shows the Trend of Employment Rate after Six Months of Graduation in Each Major Category of Higher Vocational College from 2015 to 2017*)
From the trend of employment rate change in the three terms, it can be seen that the employment rate of graduates from management, economics and arts in the undergraduate disciplinary categories has continued to decline after six months of graduation. The employment rate six months after graduation of graduates of public **** business, materials and energy, manufacturing, civil engineering, art design and media in the major categories of higher vocational and tertiary education continues to rise.
Red and Green Medal Majors Refreshed
The green medal majors for undergraduate employment in 2018 include: information security, software engineering, network engineering, Internet of Things engineering, digital media technology, communication engineering, and digital media art. Among them, software engineering, network engineering, and communication engineering have been green-medal majors for three consecutive terms.2018 senior college employment green-medal majors include: social sports, marketing, information security technology, software technology, electrified railway technology, and power system automation technology. Among them, marketing and power system automation technology are green-medal majors for three consecutive years.
Green-medal majors refer to majors with less unemployment and higher combined employment rate, salary and job satisfaction, and are demand-growth majors. The growth of industry demand is the main factor that creates the green-medal majors. Whether undergraduate or post-secondary, the main flow of graduates of green-medal majors to the industry, Internet operations and network search engine industry and software development industry demand growth is obvious.
(The chart shows the "green medal" majors of undergraduates and senior colleges in 2018)
The red medal majors of undergraduate employment in 2018 include: painting, chemistry, fine arts, music performance, law, and history. Among them, fine arts and music performance are red-medal majors for three consecutive terms.2018 senior college employment red-medal majors include: legal affairs, Chinese language, food nutrition and testing, elementary education, and language education. Among them, legal affairs and language education were red-medal majors for three consecutive terms.
Red-medal majors refer to those majors with a large amount of unemployment and a lower combined employment rate, salary and employment satisfaction. Red and green card majors reflect the overall national situation, which may vary by province, region and university.
In-depth analysis of the reasons for the red card majors, which is related to the contradiction between the supply and demand of graduates of related majors. Undergraduate red card majors are mostly art majors, and the growth rate of art enrollment from 2011 to 2013 was as high as 17.7%, higher than the national undergraduate enrollment growth rate of 10 percentage points. Graduates of many majors listed in the red card mainly flow to primary and secondary educational institutions for employment, but the growth rate of their employment ratio is only 4.8%. The oversupply of graduates is one of the main reasons why majors are red-labeled. In terms of higher vocational education, elementary education and language education are significantly larger than the size of graduates of the same type of majors, so their employment rates are even lower compared to other majors of the same type.
(The chart shows the "red card" majors of undergraduate and higher vocational colleges in 2018)
Education, information industry, and medical industry are in strong demand
The industry category in which the 2017 undergraduate graduates were most employed after half a year was "education industry
The largest number of undergraduates employed after six months in 2017 was "education" (14.7%), and the proportion of undergraduates employed in "education" rose from 10.0% in 2013 to 14.7% in 2017, with about 60% of them concentrated in primary and secondary educational institutions.
The industry category in which the 2017 graduates were most employed after six months was "construction" (12.5%), while the largest increase in the proportion of employment was in the education industry. The proportion of graduates who entered the "education industry" has been on the rise for five consecutive years, up 2.8 percentage points from the Class of 2013 (the proportion of graduates employed in the Class of 2017 was 6.5 percent). Among the "education industry", the proportion of those employed in kindergartens and pre-schools has risen faster, from 25% in the Class of 2013 to 33% in the Class of 2017.
"Media, Information, and Communication Industries" (10.3% employed) was the second most popular industry category for the Class of 2017 undergraduates to be employed six months later, and the percentage of graduates employed in this type of industry rose from 8.7% in the Class of 2013 to 10.3% in the Class of 2017.
"Health and Social Care Services" (7.7% employed) was the second most employed industry category after six months for the 2017 senior graduates. The percentage of graduates employed in this industry category increased from 5.2% in the Class of 2013 to 7.7% in the Class of 2017.
In a nutshell, there is a strong demand for graduates from the education, information and medical industries, while the traditional manufacturing industry faces challenges.
Micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), prefectural-level cities and below remain the main employment destinations
The proportion of university graduates employed in private enterprises rose from 54% in the Class of 2013 to 60% in the Class of 2017, while at the same time, the proportion of those employed in state-owned enterprises dropped from 22% in the Class of 2013 to 18% in the Class of 2017, and the proportion of those employed in Sino-foreign equity joint ventures/foreign equity joint ventures/wholly owned enterprises proportion decreased from 11% in the Class of 2013 to 7% in the Class of 2017. These changes reflect that the slowdown in recruitment by foreign and state-owned enterprises has had an impact on the employment of college students, while the support of private enterprises for the employment of college students has highlighted its importance.
(The chart shows the trend of the proportion of college graduates employed in different types of employers from the Classes of 2013 to 2017)
The proportion of college graduates employed in large-scale employers with more than 3,000 employees from the Classes of 2013 to 2017 dropped from 23% to 21%, while the proportion of college graduates employed in small, medium and micro-enterprises with fewer than 300 employees rose from 51% to 55%. Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises employ more than half of the university graduates.
(The chart shows the trend of the proportion of university graduates employed in different-sized employers from the class of 2013 to 2017)
The proportion of university graduates employed in prefectural-level cities and below rose from 52% in the class of 2013 to 58% in the class of 2017.
(The figure shows the trend of the proportion of university graduates employed in different types of cities from the class of 2013 to the class of 2017)
The proportion of undergraduates employed in "Beijiang, Guangshen and Shenzhen" who left after three years continued to climb
Cities "snatching people wars In addition to fresh graduates, the proportion of undergraduates who had been employed in "North, South, Guangzhou and Shenzhen" half a year after graduation and left after three years also increased from 13.7% in the class of 2012 to 21.7% in the class of 2014. The attraction of "north, Guangzhou and Shenzhen" to university graduates is weakening.
Hangzhou, Tianjin and Guangzhou become more attractive
The employment choices of college graduates from other provinces better reflect the cities' attractiveness. Data show that the proportion of undergraduates from other provinces who flocked to the new first-tier cities for employment has been rising, with the proportion of the 2015-2017 class at 28.2%, 32.0% and 35.6% respectively, an increase of 7.4 percentage points. Among them, the proportion of foreigners in the last three classes of undergraduates employed in Hangzhou was the highest at 55.3%, followed by Tianjin (54.4%) and higher than Guangzhou (45.3%).
Proportion of foreigners among 2015-2017 undergraduates employed in each city (%)
City
Percentage of foreigners among undergraduates employed in that city
City
Percentage of foreigners among undergraduates employed in that city
Beijing
82.6
Hangzhou
55.3
Shanghai
79.5
Tianjin
54.4
Shenzhen
68.2
Suzhou
43.4
Guangzhou
45.3
Nanjing
40.7
Wuhan
26.7
Ningbo
26.2
Chengdu
25.8
Xi'an
25.5
Chongqing
22.3
Zhengzhou
10.9
Central and western regions absorb more and more undergraduates
The proportion of undergraduates employed in the eastern region (excluding the three northeastern provinces) dropped from 65.7% in the class of 2013 to 56.7% in the class of 2017, while the proportion of undergraduates employed in the central and western regions rose from 32.4% in the class of 2013 to 39% in the class of 2017, respectively. From the perspective of comprehensive employment city types, the absorption degree of graduates from prefecture-level and below cities in the central and western regions increased more significantly, and the proportion of graduates employed in prefecture-level and below cities in the central and western regions increased from 21.0% in the Class of 2013 to 30.5% in the Class of 2017.
Difficulty in retaining graduates in the Northeast
The employment rate of undergraduates in the Northeast regional economies has continued to be at the bottom of the list in the past three years, with the employment rates of the Class of 2017 at 88.5%, the Class of 2016 at 89.2%, and the Class of 2015 at 89.8%, which is 3.1, 2.6, and 2.4 percentage points lower than the national average employment rate of undergraduates (91.6%, 91.8%, and 92.2%), respectively. Meanwhile, retention is difficult in the Northeast. Compared with the national percentage of local employment for local students, the percentage of local employment for the 2017 undergraduate Northeastern students (46.7%) is 27.6 percentage points lower than the national average (74.3%).
(The chart shows the trend of the proportion of undergraduates from the Classes of 2015 to 2017 who were employed in their place of origin)
Employment Satisfaction Continues to Rise
The employment satisfaction of the Class of 2017 undergraduates was 67%, 2 percentage points higher than that of the Class of 2016 (65%). Among them, the employment satisfaction of the 2017 graduates of undergraduate colleges and universities was 68%, 2 percentage points higher than that of the 2016 class (66%); the employment satisfaction of the 2017 graduates of higher vocational colleges and universities was 65%, 2 percentage points higher than that of the 2016 class (63%). The employment satisfaction of the last five college graduates has continued to rise (the employment satisfaction of the college graduates of the class of 2013 was 56%).
(The chart shows the employment satisfaction of the 2016 and 2017 college graduates six months after graduation)
"Tax Specialist" undergraduate satisfaction is the highest "Porter" senior college satisfaction is the lowest
2017 class The main reasons why college graduates are dissatisfied with their employment status are "low income" (64% for undergraduates and 65% for senior colleges) and "not enough room for development" (54% for undergraduates and 55% for senior colleges).
In the 2017 undergraduate subject categories, the highest employment satisfaction of graduates six months after graduation was in education (71%), and the lowest employment satisfaction was in history (64%).In the 2017 senior college major categories, the highest employment satisfaction of graduates six months after graduation was in culture and education (68%), and the lowest was in resource development and mapping (60%).
The occupation with the highest level of employment satisfaction after six months for the graduates of 2017 undergraduates is "Taxation Specialist" (85%), and the lowest is "Chemical Equipment Operator and Administrator" (47%). The occupation with the highest level of job satisfaction after six months was "airline cabin crew" (87%), and the lowest was "porters (excluding machine operators)" (34%).
The industry with the highest level of job satisfaction after six months for 2017 undergraduates was "Undergraduate Colleges and Universities" (81%), and the lowest was "Plastic Supplies Manufacturing," "Pesticides, Fertilizers and Other The industry with the highest level of job satisfaction after six months for 2017 graduates was "Railroad Transportation" (85%), and the lowest was "Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing" (52%). " (52%).
The 2017 undergraduate graduates have the highest job satisfaction after six months in "government agencies/research or other institutions" (77%), and the lowest in "private enterprises/individuals", "nongovernmental or nonprofit organizations (NGO, etc.)" and "non-governmental organizations (NGO, etc.)". ", and the lowest employment satisfaction in "non-governmental or non-profit organizations (NGO, etc.)" (both 63%).
From the perspective of different cities, Beijing is the city with the highest job satisfaction among the four cities of "North, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen", and Hangzhou is the city with the highest job satisfaction among the new first-tier cities.
Table 1 Employment Satisfaction of 2017 Undergraduates in Major Cities
Employment Satisfaction Six Months after Graduation (%)
Tier 1 Cities
Employment Satisfaction
New Tier 1 Cities
Employment Satisfaction
Beijing
75.9
Hangzhou
75.3
Shanghai
73.9
Ningbo
72.0
Guangzhou
71.0
Tianjin
71.6
Shenzhen
70.2
Nanjing
69.7
Suzhou
68.7
National Undergraduate
68.2
Chengdu
67.4
Wuhan
66.1
Xi'an
64.9
Chongqing
64.8
Zhengzhou
63.1
Employment satisfaction is a subjective judgment by employed graduates on their current employment status, which may be affected by various factors such as salary, industry development, career development space, working environment, work pressure, etc., and is also closely related to the graduates' own experiences and feelings.
Higher income for undergraduates engaged in IT occupations
In the 2017 undergraduate subject categories, the highest monthly income of graduates after six months of graduation was in engineering (5,067 yuan), and the lowest was in history (4,023 yuan).In the 2017 senior college professional categories, the highest monthly income of graduates after six months of graduation was in the transportation category (4,319 yuan), and the lowest is the major category of culture and education (3418 yuan).
The occupational category with the highest monthly income six months after graduation for the 2017 undergraduates is "Internet Development and Application" (RMB 6,082), followed by "Computer and Data Processing" (RMB 6,042).
The occupational category with the highest monthly income six months after graduation for the 2017 graduates is "Transportation" (RMB 4,319), followed by "Cultural Education" (RMB 3,418). The occupational category with the highest monthly income after six months is "Management" (RMB 4,818), followed by "Real Estate Management" (RMB 4,665), "Aviation Mechanical/Electronic" (RMB 4,625). ($4625).
The industry category with the highest monthly income after six months for 2017 undergraduates is "media, information and communication industry" (5634 yuan), followed by "transportation industry" (5567 yuan). 2017 graduates of higher vocational college graduates have the highest monthly income after six months. The industry category with the highest income was "transportation" (RMB 4,536), followed by "finance (banking/insurance/securities)" (RMB 4,422).
Education and retail are the main industries for college graduates to start their own businesses
The proportion of college graduates who started their own businesses after six months was 2.9% in the class of 2017, which is basically the same as that of the class of 2016 and the class of 2015 (both 3.0%). 2017 graduates from higher vocational colleges started their own businesses after six months, which was higher than that of graduates from undergraduates (1.9%) (3.8%). The trend of the last three sessions shows that the proportion of university graduates starting their own business has shown a steady trend.
(The figure shows the trend of the proportion of university graduates starting their own business after six months from 2015 to 2017)
Estimated based on the number of ordinary undergraduate and college graduates of 7,358,000 published in the National Bureau of Statistics' 2017 National Economy and Social Development Statistical Bulletin, about 213,000 university graduates of the class of 2017 chose to start their own business. The main motivation for college graduates to start their own business is "the ideal is to become an entrepreneur" and "there is a good business project", and graduates belonging to the opportunity type of entrepreneurship accounted for the majority of the overall entrepreneurship (86% of undergraduates and 84% of senior colleges and universities).
The employment economic region with the highest proportion of self-employed entrepreneurs among 2017 undergraduates is the Pan-Yangtze River Delta regional economy (2.7%).The employment economic region with the highest proportion of self-employed entrepreneurs among 2017 senior college graduates is the Central Plains regional economy (4.9%).
The 2017 undergraduate graduates' self-employment after six months is mainly concentrated in the education industry (22.7%).The 2017 senior college graduates' self-employment after six months is mainly concentrated in retail business (12.3%).
The risk of entrepreneurial failure should not be ignored
What is more noteworthy is that 46.9% of the 2014 undergraduates who started their own businesses six months after graduation were continuing to start their own businesses three years later, which is basically the same as that of the Class of 2013 (46.2%), and 45.8% of the 2014 senior college graduates who started their own businesses six months after graduation were continuing to start their own businesses three years later, which is basically the same as that of the Class of 2013 (46.2%). self-employment, slightly lower than the Class of 2013 (46.8%). Within three years, more than half of the entrepreneurial population exited the entrepreneurial market, and the risk of entrepreneurial failure cannot be ignored.
This report is based on the tracking data of college graduates in 2018 by McKesson, reflecting the tracking evaluation and public release of college student employment information by a social third-party professional organization. Since 2007, McKinsey & Company has conducted an annual national study on the employment status and work ability of college students six months after graduation, and since 2010, it has tracked the career development of previously tracked college graduates from the nation's 2006-2014 classes for nine consecutive years three years after graduation, and established a database on the employment of Chinese college graduates from the 2006-2017 classes.
(Photo courtesy of McKinsey Research Institute)