In the past 27 years since the reform and opening up, the Chinese people, with their diligence, courage and perseverance, have maintained an average annual economic growth rate of 9.6%, creating a miracle in the East that has attracted the attention of the world.During the past 27 years, China's economic output has increased by a factor of 11, and its comprehensive national strength has been significantly strengthened, with the life of the people realizing several historical leaps from getting rid of poverty, solving the problem of subsistence to basically realizing a moderately prosperous life. The people's life has realized several historic leaps from getting rid of poverty, solving the problem of subsistence to basically realizing moderately prosperous life. The influence of the "China Factor" has been expanding, and China has become a real economic power, and the Chinese economy has become an important force driving the world's economic growth.
(1) Total economic output ranks fourth in the world
In 2005, China's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 1,830.85 billion yuan, or 223.5 billion U.S. dollars according to the average exchange rate of that year, and its share of the world economy increased from 1.8% in 1978 to about 5% in 2005, making it the fourth-largest economy after the U.S., Japan and Germany.
(2) Many products rank among the world's top producers
In 2005, China's output of steel, coal and cement was 350 million tons, 2.19 billion tons and 1.06 billion tons, respectively, accounting for about one-third of the world's total output. The output of agricultural products such as grains, meat, cotton, peanuts, rapeseed and fruit has also ranked first in the world for many consecutive years. Among manufactured goods, China has ranked first in the world in output of more than 130 products.
(3) Total Foreign Trade Ranks Third in the World
In 2005, China's total import and export volume reached 142.19 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 23.2% over the previous year, and the proportion of total world trade increased from 0.79% in 1978 to 6.73%, with the total trade volume ranking the world's third from the 29th in 1978, second only to the United States and Germany. China's development cannot be separated from the world. China's development cannot be separated from the world, the world's development needs China, and the interaction between China and the world economy is deepening.
(4) Foreign direct investment has ranked first among developing countries for many consecutive years
Great market potential, low factor prices, stable socio-political environment, and a constantly improving investment environment have made China a hot spot for foreign investors. From 1979 to 2005, China's actual utilization of foreign direct investment reached a cumulative total of 622.4 billion U.S. dollars, ranking first among developing countries in absorbing foreign direct investment for eleven consecutive years since 1995.
The rapid development of China's economy has made it increasingly influential in the international arena. By the end of May 2006, China's foreign exchange reserves had exceeded 900 billion U.S. dollars, ranking first in the world. China is becoming increasingly internationalized and an important part of the world economy, and its contribution to global economic growth is gradually expanding. According to the World Bank, from 2000 to 2004, China's economic growth contributed an average of 15% to world economic growth, second only to the United States, and has increasingly become an important booster of world economic growth.
Two, China is not yet an economic power
At the same time, we should also be soberly realized that, although China is already a global economic power, but not yet an economic power.
(A) the per capita level of China's economy is still in the world's major countries and regions ranked 110th
according to the International Monetary Fund's algorithm, China's per capita GDP in 2005 was only 1,703 U.S. dollars, only equivalent to the United States of America's 1/25th, Japan's 1/21st and the world's average level of 1/4, and roughly equivalent to the Congo, Ukraine, Morocco and other countries, and so on. It also ranks 110th in the world.
(2) China's economic efficiency is not high
Due to the low technological content and value-added products, China's rapid economic growth is still crude growth, relying to a large extent on high inputs, high consumption, and the use of resources is still relatively inefficient. 2004, China's consumption of raw coal, iron ore, steel, alumina, cement, respectively, accounted for 25-40 percent of the world's consumption, significantly higher than the economic output of the total amount of 25 percent. In 2004, China's consumption of raw coal, iron ore, steel, alumina and cement accounted for 25% of the world's total consumption -40%, which is significantly higher than the level of economic output of about 5% of the world. Compared with the world's advanced level, China's coal consumption in thermal power generation is 22.5% higher, the energy consumption of tons of steel in large and medium-sized iron and steel enterprises is 21% higher, and the comprehensive energy consumption of cement is 45% higher. Resources and the environment are increasingly becoming a constraint on China's economic growth.
(3) Low technological content and value-added products
In the 2006 ranking of international competitiveness of 60 major countries and regions in the world published by the Lausanne School of Management in Switzerland, although the international competitiveness of China's international competitiveness from the 31st in 2005 to the 19th, but with the total amount of the economy in the position is still obviously not commensurate.
From the point of view of the export composition of Chinese products, large scale and low price are our advantages, but most of the export products with real competitive advantages are produced by foreign-funded enterprises, and there are very few domestic independent research and development and mastery of independent intellectual property rights.
China's export totaled 762 billion U.S. dollars in 2005, of which the export of foreign-invested enterprises accounted for 58.3% of the share. The value of exporting 100 million pieces of textiles is only equivalent to an Airbus.
Enterprises with poor independent innovation ability, low self-sufficiency rate of key technologies is the main problem faced by China's enterprises. 2004 China's industrial enterprises above the size of the independent innovation activities to carry out the coverage of only 6.1%, the R&&D input intensity of only 0.56%, of which there is an independent innovation activities of the enterprise R&&D input intensity of 1.46%, much lower than the international community, the R&&D input intensity of 1.46 percent. 1.46%, much lower than the international generally recognized that only R&&D investment intensity of 5% or more of the enterprise has sufficient market competitiveness standards. Most of the world's invention patents, important scientific and technological innovation in the hands of a few developed countries. State Intellectual Property Office information reflects that China has independent intellectual property rights of the core technology of enterprises, accounting for only about three ten thousandths, 99% of enterprises did not apply for patents, 60% of enterprises do not have their own trademarks. In 2005, "the world's top 500 brands", the United States has 249, France has 46, Japan has 45, mainland China has only 6, is a typical "manufacturing country, brand small country", and the brand value is also very low.
China's large civil airliners, high-end medical equipment, integrated circuit manufacturing equipment and fiber optic manufacturing equipment, basically imported from abroad; China's chip more than 80% of the patents, CNC machine tools and textile machinery manufacturing more than 70% of the patents, more than 90% of the patents of the automobile manufacturing are in foreign hands. Due to the lack of core technology, China's production of cell phones, computers, program-controlled CNC machine tools had to pay 20% of its price, 30%, 40% as royalties.
Because of the lack of core technology, the lack of independent intellectual property rights, the lack of world-renowned brands, China in the international division of labor at the low end of the global value chain. From the perspective of global division of labor, the global value chain is divided into three major links: first, the technology link based on design and R&D; second, the production link based on processing; and third, the marketing link based on wholesale and retail and after-sales service. In terms of value-added capacity, the above three links show a U-shaped curve from high to low and then higher, which is called the "smile curve". At present, China is mainly engaged in low value-added production at the bottom of the "smile curve". Because it does not master the core technology of product production, product sales and service networks are mostly controlled by foreign companies, China can only earn a meager processing fees, in the international division of labor has long been in the low-tech, low value-added level. Personal computers pre-installed Windows operating system, some of which accounted for about 50% of the cost of sales of PCs; a more than a ton of domestic cars weighing more than the profits, sometimes less than a set of only a few kilograms of imported automotive EFI system profits.
Three, the realization of China's economy from big to strong measures must be taken
(a) the scientific concept of development as the guide, and strive to promote the transformation of the mode of economic growth
China's current "high-input, high-consumption, low-output" as the characteristics of the crude mode of growth, although in a relatively short period of time to achieve the Chinese Although the rapid economic growth and rapid expansion of the economy in a relatively short period of time, but at the same time also paid a heavy price. If the growth mode is not changed as soon as possible, it will certainly affect the sustainable development of the economy, and is not conducive to China's economy to become bigger and stronger.
To realize a fundamental change in the mode of economic growth, the first thing is to realize a change in the mindset, completely change the "speed of the length of the" performance appraisal system, a correct view of the GDP indicators, strengthen the social development, sustainable development and people's quality of life and other aspects of the content. It should be noted that the change of mindset is not to artificially suppress the development speed, not to mention not to develop, but to promote scientific development, sustainable development, quality development. Only sustainable development, the economy can consolidate the foundation of the bigger, to ultimately realize from big to strong, but also in the development of economic growth, "emphasis on incremental, light on stock", "emphasis on the scale, light on the quality of" and other issues. The second is to further deepen the institutional reform, accelerate the formation of a mechanism conducive to the transformation of the mode of economic growth, in particular, to accelerate the transformation of government functions, standardize government behavior, so that it is in place and not overstepping the bounds of the market to give full play to the fundamental role of the market in the allocation of resources.
(2) Efforts to make enterprises bigger and stronger
Enterprises are the backbone and cornerstone for realizing China's economic transformation from big to strong. Today's international economic competition is to a large extent the competition of enterprises in various countries, the number of large multinational corporations with international competitiveness often represents the economic strength of a country. Relevant research data show that the world's 64,000 transnational corporations control 1/3 of global production, 2/3 of international trade, 70% of technology patents, 90% of international direct investment.
In the market economy, enterprises directly face the market, out of the need for survival and development, the intrinsic need to become bigger and stronger and the strongest motivation. From the national strategic point of view, supporting enterprises to become bigger and stronger is also an important basis for coping with the fierce international competition and actively participating in international economic exchanges and cooperation. The key to supporting enterprises to become bigger and stronger is to create a favorable environment for the development of enterprises, and to form a favorable atmosphere of supporting enterprises and respecting entrepreneurs in the whole society. The government should strengthen the function of service and coordination, maintain the market order, break the regional and block division, and strive to create a fair, just and open competition environment for the development of enterprises. Through a variety of ways, to promote the establishment of a number of large multinational enterprise groups with international competitiveness, and actively encourage enterprises to develop and grow in international competition.
(3) Efforts to create a favorable environment for independent innovation
"Innovation is the soul of national progress, is the inexhaustible power of the country's prosperity", is an important foundation and guarantee of China's economy from big to strong. To a large extent, the ability of independent innovation determines national competitiveness. Improve the ability of independent innovation, need the government, enterprises, individuals, multi-faceted *** with efforts, need for system, mechanism of continuous reform and innovation, but also need to learn from the mature experience of developed countries, to give full play to the "latecomer's advantage", to catch up. To give full play to the central role of the government in the construction of innovation mechanism and innovation environment, accelerate the construction of enterprise as the main body, market-oriented, combined with the production, learning and research of technological innovation system, the implementation of support for independent innovation of tax, financial and government procurement policies. It is necessary to strengthen the main position of independent innovation of enterprises, encourage enterprises to increase investment in R&D, promote the construction of enterprise technology R&D centers, and focus on fostering a number of industry backbone enterprises that master core technologies. It is necessary to create an institutional environment that encourages and protects independent innovation. Vigorously safeguard the rights and interests of innovative enterprises and innovators, resolutely combat all kinds of monopolistic behavior that harms market competition, and stimulate technological innovation through competition. The foundation of independent innovation is education, we should adhere to the people-oriented, pay more attention to the development of education, pay attention to the investment of human capital, advocate the innovation culture that inspires people to strive for progress, and be good at discovering, cultivating and gathering all kinds of scientific and technological talents, so as to comprehensively improve China's capability of independent innovation.
Conclusion
More than 20 years of reform and opening up so that China has stepped into the ranks of the economic powers, today's China, social stability, sustained and rapid economic development, China's economy from big to strong is facing a good opportunity for development. As long as we are firm confidence, ride the wave, to enhance the ability of independent innovation as the main line, to stimulate the spirit of innovation of the whole nation, we will certainly be able to realize the historic leap of China's economy in a relatively short period of time, to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation!