The four modes of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), the Pearl River Delta (PRD), Wenzhou, and Southern Jiangsu
Since the 21st century, in the mainland of China, where reform and opening up has been underway for nearly 30 years, the vitality of the regional economy in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), the Pearl River Delta (PRD), Zhejiang Province, and the coastal area of Fujian Province has been no less vigorous than that of any small "dragons" or "tigers". The vitality of the regional economy in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Zhejiang and Fujian coastal areas is no less than that of any small "dragon" or "tiger". Wenzhou entering the "Keynesian" era? The Wenzhou model, once a textbook example of private economic development in China, is quietly undergoing a transformation. Wenzhou, this amazing place, produced 10% of the national market share of clothing, 20% of the shoes, 60% of the razor, 65% of the locks, 80% of the glasses, 90% of the metal lighters and 90% of the watercolor pencils. Industries such as electrical appliances, pumps, zippers, hardware products, automobile and motorcycle parts, and stationery also have a very important position in the country. In 1986, Professor Fei Xiaotong, a famous sociologist, summarized the Wenzhou Model in six words: "small commodities, big market", saying that its significance lies in the activation of a private spontaneous big market throughout the country and the establishment of a circulation network directly between producers and consumers. Wenzhou model" is summarized as "Wenzhou model". In recent years, Wenzhou reputation is actually difficult to match, "the front of the standard-bearer more and more far away, behind the pursuers aggressively", the traditional industries of low-tech content and low value-added, become an important factor affecting the competitiveness of Wenzhou and growth. "Wenzhou model" world-famous three "weapon" also appeared blunt signs: one is wenzhou cheap and beautiful light industrial products frequently encountered international trade barriers, exports are blocked; two is wenzhou capital is difficult to find a way out; three is wenzhou the first generation of entrepreneurs of the market spirit! In the second generation of successors has been difficult to find traces. Wenzhou municipal government in the early stage of economic development of the concept of governance for the free development of the private economy in Wenzhou opened the way, but the government's public **** service function in the banner of "do nothing" has been weakened. After 2005, wenzhou experienced a huge shift in government functions, from the always practiced "do nothing" to "have for", from "no matter" to "strong management", from "no matter" to "strong management". "Strong tube", investment promotion has become the prefecture-level city's "No. 1 project". Wenzhou municipal party secretary Wang Jianman said: "If there is no foreign capital investment, no introduction of advanced equipment, no introduction of advanced intelligence, Wenzhou to achieve fast and good development, it is very difficult." The emergence of Keynesianism marks the end of the Western laissez-faire economic era, Wenzhou after more than 20 years of free development, is also entering a sense of "Keynesian" era? What path will a strong government lead the Wenzhou model to? The Suzhou model is all bones and no meat? "Growing bones but not flesh" is perhaps the most controversial comment about Suzhou, China's brightest economic star over the years. The so-called "Suzhou model" is in fact similar to the "government-led" economic development models of Japan and South Korea in earlier years, but with its own characteristics. In addition to providing an institutional and policy environment, the government also attracts foreign investment by formulating very clear development plans and strategies. A foreign businessman laughingly said, "In Suzhou, it is useless to look for the factory director or manager, but to look for the director or secretary". In Suzhou's economy, foreign investment has been the main force of development. Led by the demonstration of the Suzhou Singapore Development Park, Suzhou has set off a wave of park economy. There is a widely circulated joke in the local community, said in Shenzhen, a coconut fall will hit four general managers, and in Suzhou, you point around every place is a development zone. In the process of "dancing with wolves***", Suzhou people's wings have gradually hardened. Today, the Chinese side has taken a controlling stake in the Sino-Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park Development Co., Ltd. and has learned the basic experience of urban construction and public **** management. Suzhou's industry has also rapidly grown its strength. According to statistics, Suzhou's GDP reached 402.6 billion yuan in 2005, the fifth highest total in China. However, in strong contrast to these high indicators of political performance, many of the indicators reflecting the affluence of the people are in an embarrassing state of relative backwardness. As a result, some people began to question the "Suzhou model". For the outside world of all kinds of questions, the Jiangsu Provincial Development and Reform Commission, director of the Institute of Economic Research, Gu Weidong said, a large influx of foreign capital on the economic growth of Suzhou, popularity accumulation, management concepts and technology level of enhancement plays a very important role, Suzhou's economy, the scientific and technological content of the city is significantly higher than that of many cities. Say Suzhou is "only long bones do not grow meat" is inevitably unfair, but we must see, Suzhou "myth" behind there is also a "short legs": First, the private economy of independent entrepreneurship and places such as Zhejiang Compared with the obvious backwardness. For many years, Suzhou has been the collective economy of the South Jiangsu typical, bear more than other places "to protect the red flag" pressure, in a long period of time, the lack of private economic development of the necessary nutrients and living space. Secondly, the development of tertiary industry is obviously lagging behind the industrialization process. The drawbacks of the "Suzhou model" are inescapable, and the transformation is imperative. In 2003, Suzhou determined the "three-legged" policy: export-oriented economy, private economy and scale economy with independent intellectual property rights. In the past two years, Suzhou's economic development has appeared in foreign capital and private capital driven by a new situation. According to the statistics of Suzhou Bureau of Statistics, in the first half of this year, individual private investment in Suzhou reached 35.412 billion yuan, surpassing foreign investment for the first time, and leaping to the top of various types of investment. Science and technology innovation has also taken off in Suzhou. Suzhou Industrial Park has invested tens of billions of dollars in recent years, the construction of the International Science and Technology Park, Dushu Lake Higher Education Zone, Venture Capital Fund and other science and technology innovation carriers, I believe that there will be good results. From "Made in Dongguan" to "Created in Dongguan" "No matter where in the world the order is placed, it is made in Dongguan", this image has made Dongguan people quite proud of themselves. 20 years, Dongguan has developed into a city with an annual gross domestic product (GDP) of over RMB 1.5 billion. Over the past 20 years, Dongguan has developed into a "global processing and manufacturing center" with an annual gross output value of more than 200 billion yuan, and its total foreign trade volume ranks third among large and medium-sized cities in China and tops the list of prefecture-level cities in the country, making Dongguan one of the fastest-growing economic regions in China. The development of Dongguan is the best version of the saying "Timing, location, and people". Dongguan is adjacent to Hong Kong, Macao, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, and is also a famous hometown of overseas Chinese, with nearly one million compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and overseas Chinese. In the 1980s and 1990s, the first wave of labor-intensive industries from Hong Kong and Taiwan shifted to the coastal areas of the mainland, where they enjoyed preferential investment policies, and Dongguan became the first choice of foreign businessmen in the Pearl River Delta (PRD). Dongguan's success stems from the "three-come, one-complement" model: international industrial transfers were undertaken through a combination of Dongguan's provision of land and factories, cheap labor from China's Sichuan and Hunan provinces, and foreign investment in capital, equipment, technology, and management. This model has promoted Dongguan's economic development under specific historical conditions, but today the growth energy released by this development model is close to its limit. The vast majority of Dongguan's exogenous economy is processing and manufacturing links, in the international vertical division of labor downstream and at the end of the product value-added is very limited, and can only share a meager share of profits. For example, a mouse in the U.S. market is priced at $ 24, the channel business can earn $ 8, the brand earned $ 10, while the OEM manufacturers can only earn $ 0.3. According to estimates, since the reform and opening up of Dongguan City, the gross domestic product of each increase of 1 percentage point, it is necessary to consume about 1,200 acres of land. If calculated at this rate, Dongguan's land reserve resources will be depleted within a decade or so. Dongguan's predicament is a common problem faced by the Pearl River Delta and even the country's pioneering regions, and its transformation has undoubtedly received a lot of attention. Jiang Ling, a member of the Standing Committee of the Dongguan Municipal Committee, said that in the past 20 years, foreign capital chose Dongguan, Dongguan seized the opportunity, and now Dongguan to choose their own foreign capital. From "attracting capital" to "selecting capital" the word difference, reflecting Dongguan is now focusing on improving the level and quality of foreign capital utilization. Dongguan also proposes to innovate the way it utilizes foreign capital. At the same time, science and technology is also accelerating to replace capital and land as the primary resources to support economic development. Gao Bao Group, located in Changping Town, Dongguan, has established the first town-level post-doctoral workstation in the country and spent nearly 100 million yuan to build a first-class laboratory in the country. From this year onwards, Dongguan Municipal Finance will invest no less than 1 billion yuan a year for five consecutive years **** invested more than 5 billion yuan to finance and guide enterprises to establish R & D institutions, etc., to build science and technology Dongguan. Jinjiang bid farewell to the simple cluster model In 1994, at the seminar on China's rural development path, when Jinjiang and Wenzhou, the Pearl River Delta as China's townships and economic development model, many people do not think: a county-level city development of economic "specimen" significance in the end how much? 12 years have passed, Jinjiang handed over a satisfactory answer sheet. Twelve years later, Jinjiang has delivered a satisfactory answer. A key enterprise in a cluster is compared to the first seed, once in the ground, may grow a forest. Xunxing zipper is one such "tree seed". 20 years ago, Xunxing zipper from 16,000 yuan to start in 1995 to form a group, established in 2002 SBS Xunxing Zipper Technology Co. Ltd. has become a specialized zipper company integrating mold development, zipper production, electroplating and dyeing, with more than 200 enterprises supporting it, forming an industrial cluster, and the output value has reached 1 billion yuan. The development of industrial clusters to achieve industrialization and drive urbanization is the modern version of the "Jinjiang Model" based on regional economic development. In Jinjiang, these clusters *** gathered more than 6,000 enterprises, annual output value of more than 60 billion yuan, accounting for more than 90% of the city's total industrial output value. The driving effect of the "Jinjiang model", so that the industrial clusters once prevailed in the eastern region of China. "Jinjiang model" is undoubtedly successful, but not perfect. Jinjiang's economy today, mainly relying on private enterprises, and most of the private enterprises here are still facing three major "weaknesses": family-run, weak technological competitiveness and lack of brand protection awareness. Moreover, when the industry develops to a certain scale, product quality and market size will enter a stable period, which means that the growth will stop. This is the problem facing Jinjiang people today. So, the shrewd Jinjiang people began to take another path. Jinjiang entrepreneurs understand the power of branding. From imitation processing to OEM production, and then to play its own brand, Jinjiang gradually shaped the "brand capital" of the prototype. Jinjiang now has 37 Chinese well-known trademarks, 24 Chinese famous brand products, 63 national brands. Jinjiang enterprises are good at celebrity endorsement, media advertising to build the brand, in recent years, the annual advertising investment of up to more than 700 million yuan, some people jokingly referred to as the CCTV sports channel into the "Jinjiang Taiwan". At the same time, the government is also trying to promote new changes in the "Jinjiang model". Yang Yimin, Secretary of the Jinjiang Municipal Party Committee, said that a considerable part of the industrial clusters have bid farewell to the simple "pile" stage of aggregation, began to rely on their own advantages of the brand to introduce a new business model. The government will also vigorously promote enterprises from the family system to the joint-stock cooperative system, through the capital ties to form new clusters.