Blood routine includes 4 items of hemoglobin measurement, red blood cell count, white blood cell count and white blood cell classification count.
a. Hemoglobin (Hb): Normal male 120-160g/L, female 110-150g/L, neonate 170-200g/L.
*Increase: true erythrocytosis, severe dehydration, pulmonary heart disease, congenital heart disease, alpine area residents, severe burns, shock.
Decreased: anemia, hemorrhage*
b. Red blood cell (RBC) count: 4-5.5 million/μL in normal males, 3.5-5.0 million/μL in females, and 6-7.0 million/μL in newborns;
*Increased: true erythrocytosis, severe dehydration, pulmonary heart disease, congenital heart disease, inhabitants of high altitude areas Severe burns, shock, etc.
Decrease: anemia, hemorrhage *
c. White blood cell (WBC) count: 4000-10000/μL in normal adults, 15000-20000/μL in newborns, 11000-12000/μL in infants 6 months to 2 years old.
*Elevation: all kinds of cellular infections, inflammation, severe burns. Leukemia should be excluded when markedly elevated.
Decrease: leukopenia, hypersplenism, hematopoietic dysfunction, radiation, drugs, chemical toxins and other causes of bone marrow suppression, malaria, typhoid fever, viral infections, paratyphoid fever.
*Leukocytosis is common in inflammatory infections, hemorrhage, poisoning, leukemia. Its decrease is common in viral infections such as influenza, measles and severe sepsis, caused by drugs or radiation and certain blood diseases. *
d. Leukocyte classification count (DC, in ratio): leukocytes are divided into 5 categories.
One is neutrophil (Gran), normal 0.50 to 0.70, increase or decrease for the same reason as the white blood cell count;
*Increase: bacterial infection, inflammation;
Decrease: viral infection *
The second is the lymphocyte (Lym), normal 0.20 to 0.40, increase in the common neutrophils, leukopenia, tuberculosis, pertussis and so on. Decrease, tuberculosis, pertussis, etc.; its decrease is commonly seen in neutrophilic leukocytosis;
*Increase: whooping cough, infectious mononucleosis, viral infections, acute infectious lymphocytosis, lymphoblastic leukemia;
Decrease: Immunodeficiency *
Third is the eosinophils, normal is 0.005 to 0.05, increase is seen in Parasitic diseases, allergic diseases and certain skin diseases;
*Increased: chronic granulocytic leukemia and chronic hemolytic anemia.
Fourth is basophilic granulocytes, normal 0 to 0.01, clinical significance is not great;
Fifth is monocytes, normal 0.03 to 0.08, increase in acute infectious diseases in the recovery period.
*Elevated: tuberculosis, typhoid fever, malaria, mononuclear cell leukemia.
e.Platelets (PLT): Normal: (100-300)%
*Elevated: primary thrombocythemia, true erythrocytosis, chronic leukemia, myelofibrosis, symptomatic thrombocythemia, infections, inflammation, malignant tumors, iron-deficiency anemia, trauma, surgery, hemorrhage, splenic venous thrombosis after splenectomy, post-exercise.
Reduced: primary thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated lupus erythematosus, drug-allergic thrombocytopenia, diffuse intravascular coagulation, increased platelet destruction, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia, myelopoietic dysfunction, drug-induced myelosuppression, hypersplenism.
f. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate:
westergren's method: 0-15mm/h for men, 0-20mm/h for women;
iahinhkob's method: 0-8mm/h for men, 0-12mm/h for women.
*Increased: acute inflammation, connective tissue disease, severe anemia, malignant tumor, tuberculosis. .
Slowing down: erythrocytosis, dehydration.
g. Reticulocyte count: Normal: (00.5-1.5)%
*Increased: hemolytic anemia, massive hemorrhage, iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia with vitamin B12.
Decreased: myelopoietic hypoplasia, aplastic anemia, leukemia.
2. Children's blood routine
The most common disease of small children may even be a cold, once untreated, will start a fever, this time to take the baby to the hospital, the doctor will let the first blood test. Why do we need a blood test? Because when people are sick, the number of cells in the blood will change. For example, when you are anemic, the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin will change; when your body is inflamed, the number of white blood cells will increase.
What to look for
There is often a long list of tests on a routine blood test, but some of them are more specialized and we don't need to go into them.
Red blood cell count (RBC) and hemoglobin determination (HGB)
The first item of the routine blood test is the red blood cell count, and we know that the main role of the red blood cells is to deliver oxygen to the tissues and organs of the body, and to expel carbon dioxide produced by the body, and to complete this main function is mainly dependent on the red blood cell count, which is the main function of the red blood cells. The main function is to rely on a protein within the red blood cells, which is hemoglobin (Hb).
Under normal circumstances, the number of red blood cells and the ratio of hemoglobin content are relatively constant. However, in the case of anemia, the ratio between them will change, such as the occurrence of hypochromic anemia, the decrease in hemoglobin content will be very obvious, and the ratio of red blood cells and hemoglobin will increase. So when you look at the labs, you must first pay attention to the values of these two items.
White blood cell count (WBC) and white blood cell count (DC)
White blood cells in the blood include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocytes. The white blood cell count (WBC) in the laboratory test refers to the determination of the total number of white blood cells in the blood, while the classified count refers to the percentage of various white blood cells. Because of the different physiological functions of various white blood cells, different pathological conditions can cause changes in the number of different types of white blood cells. Generally speaking, we only need to master the classification of white blood cell count, neutrophils (N) and lymphocytes (L), because in normal life, doctors use the number of white blood cells to determine whether there is an infection occurring in the body, and then use the classification of white blood cells to determine what type of infection it is and what type of medication should be used. Generally, if the number of neutrophils is increased it is a bacterial infection, and if the number of lymphocytes is increased it is a viral infection.
Platelet count (PLT)
We all know that the main function of platelets is blood clotting, without which our lives could be in danger due to a small wound. Generally speaking, platelet count is the third key point we should pay attention to when looking at the labs, if the platelets are reduced, the baby may have problems with coagulation.
Average Normal Values of Blood Cell Components for Babies of All Ages (Mean)
Chinese Name English Abbreviation Day 1 Day 2-7 Week 2 3 Months 6 Months 1-2 Years 4-5 Years
Red Blood Cells (×1012/L) RBC 5.7-6.4 5.2-5.7 4.2 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.4
Hemoglobin Measurement\\(g/L\\\) HGB 180 to 195 163 to 180 150 111 123 118 134
White Blood Cells\\(×109/L\\\) WBC 20 15 12 12 - 12 11 8
Neutrophils N% 0.65 0.40 0.35 0.3 0.31 0.36 0.58
Lymphocytes L% 0.20 0.40 0.55 0.63 0.6 0.56 0.34
Platelets\\(×109/L\\\) PLT 150-250 150-250 150-250 150-250 250 250-300 250-300 250-300250-300
MEOS refers to: Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System
How to read the urine routine report card
Ma Junlong, deputy chief technician of the Department of Laboratory Medicine of the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), and Cong Yulong, chief physician
Routine analysis of urine is a test that we often do. Most hospitals use urine analyzers to test, the test items are currently 10, 11 or 12, and the format of the report is not uniform, both "+" (positive), "-" (negative), but also the number of test items are not the same unit. The units of the items are also different. In the end, how to read the urine test report?
The urine test can be divided into four categories: kidney disease, diabetes, urinary tract infection and other diseases.
Nephrology items
Acidity and alkalinity (pH), specific gravity (SG), occult blood or red blood cells (BLD, ERY), protein (PRO) and color (COL). Normal reference values are 4.6 to 8.0, 1.005 to 1.030, positive, negative, and pale to dark yellow, respectively. Changes in these indicators may indicate that there is renal impairment.
Diabetic items
Acid-base (pH), protein, specific gravity, glucose (GLU), and ketone bodies (KET). The testing of these indicators helps to diagnose related complications and whether some organs of the body are damaged, such as the presence of ketonemia. Normally, urine sugar and ketone bodies are negative.
Urinary infection items
White blood cells (WBC), occult blood or red blood cells, nitrites (NIT), color and turbidity (TUR). When the urinary system is infected with bacteria, white and red blood cells are often present in the urine, the color or turbidity of the urine changes, and nitrites are sometimes positive. Chemical detection of urinary leukocytes and occult blood or red blood cells only serves as a screening test, and clinical diagnosis is based on microscopic findings.
Other disease-like items
Mainly pH, specific gravity, bilirubin (BIL), urobilinogen (URO), color, and other indicators. The two indicators, bilirubin and urobilinogen, reflect the liver's ability to metabolize hemoglobin and its quantity. Under normal circumstances, urine bilirubin is negative and urobilinogen is weakly positive. When the above indicators are elevated, it is often suggestive of jaundice, and the color of urine is yellowish-green.
Urine routine analysis of laboratory tests on the back of some items appear "+" or "+ + + + + +" ...... or numbers, indicating a different degree, which is called a positive result in medicine; On the contrary, "-" is called a negative result. When reading the report, it is important to analyze the report objectively because there are many interfering factors that affect the accuracy of the test results, such as dietary factors and some interfering substances in the urine. Please don't be too nervous and worried when there is an abnormality in the routine urine test; likewise, don't be blindly optimistic when there is a test result that is inconsistent with the clinical presentation. You must cooperate with your clinician for further examination and analysis to avoid delaying the diagnosis of the disease.
How to read the urine test report card?
Urine routine examination is an important item of health checkup, which can not only reflect the urinary system diseases, but also has important significance for the screening of diabetes, jaundice hepatitis, biliary tract obstruction and many other diseases.
1. Urine protein (PR0)
Normal urine routine examination is usually no protein, or only a trace. Increased and persistent urinary protein is most often seen in kidney disease. But fever, strenuous exercise, pregnancy can also occasionally appear urine protein. Therefore, when there is protein in the urine, it is necessary to follow up and observe the cause.
2. Glucose in urine (GLU)
Positive glucose in urine should be analyzed in conjunction with clinical analysis, which may be diabetes mellitus or nephrogenic glycosuria due to lowering of renal glucose threshold, and should be combined with the results of glucose testing and related examinations to make a clear diagnosis. As urinary vitamin C and aspirin can affect the results of urinary glucose, so stop taking vitamin C and aspirin 24 hours before checking urinary glucose.
3. urine red blood cells (RBC)
Each high power microscope field of view, urine red blood cells more than 5 or more, known as microscopic hematuria; a large number of red blood cells, known as "hematuria", can be seen in the urinary system inflammation, infection, stones, tumors, etc., should pay attention to and immediately to the urology department for further examination, in order to clarify the location of hematuria. The first thing you need to do is to check the location of the hematuria and the reason for it.
4. Urine white blood cells (WBC)
Each high power microscope view, urine white blood cells more than 5 or more, called leukocyturia, a large number of white blood cells, called pus, which indicates that the urinary tract infection, such as pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis and so on.
5. Urinary epithelial cells (SPC)
Urine epithelial cells in a small amount of clinical significance; a large number of appearances, such as can rule out vaginal secretion contamination, we must consider the existence of urinary system inflammation. At this time, if the addition of urine epithelial cell morphology examination, can determine the source of epithelial cells.
6. Urinary tubular pattern (KLG)
The presence of tubular pattern in the urine, especially granular tubular pattern, cellular tubular pattern is a sign of substantial renal lesions.
7. Urine occult blood (ERY)
Normal urine occult blood test is negative. Urine occult blood positive at the same time with protein, the first consideration of renal disease and bleeding disorders, can further do renal function tests; such as urine protein negative should be to the relevant specialties to identify the site and nature of bleeding. It is generally believed that the lower urethra bleeding because the red blood cells are not destroyed, occult blood may not be obvious.
8. urinary bile group (UBG), urinary bilirubin (BIL)
Urinary bile group and urinary bilirubin are positive, most of them suggest that jaundice exists, which can help the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of jaundice.
9. Urinary nitrite (NIT) Urinary nitrite is mainly used as a screening test for urinary tract infections. Nitrite is negative in fresh urine, and can be false positive if the specimen has been left for too long or if there is bacterial growth and reproduction.
Why are the test results from two hospitals different
Dr. Zhang Guohua of the Department of Laboratory Medicine at Peking University First Hospital
Some people always want to make comprehensive judgments about the test results from multiple medical units to determine whether they are healthy. However, there are times when lab tests are normal in one hospital, but not in another. So why does this happen? The reasons are manifold.
The first and most common reason is that medical examiners do not read the "Instructions for Medical Examination" carefully, and do not take proper specimens, so that the specimens of the same person tested twice are not actually the same. For example, whether fasting before blood sampling, fasting has a great impact on the results (such as blood glucose, blood lipids, etc.); blood sampling before the state of quiet, because some items, such as aminotransferases, etc., will rise after strenuous exercise; retained urine is the morning urine, because the first urine early in the morning with the usual random urine test results differ greatly.
Secondly, the physical condition of the medical examiner is inconsistent between the two checkups. For example, whether the medical examiner is taking medication, some of which can affect the measured items (e.g., aminotransferases, creatinine, etc.), or whether the female medical examiner is in her menstrual period.
Also, it is possible that the two hospitals have different measurement methods and use different instruments to produce different results. Another possibility is that the medical workers are not very responsible and have mistaken the specimen for the right one.
If the test results of the two hospitals are inconsistent, the medical examiner does not need to panic, you can ask the medical staff to make a reasonable explanation, and under the guidance of the medical staff to correctly retain the specimen, with them to find out the reasons for their own physical condition of the original face.