Problem description:
There are a lot of used batteries and CDs at home. I don't want to throw them directly into the trash can for fear of polluting the environment, so I put the batteries in a big bottle with many bright oranges in it. Is this right? Environmental protection? How to deal with waste optical discs in an environmentally friendly way?
Analysis:
April 4 15: 1 1 2. Status of waste battery recycling
It is understood that at present, in developed countries, mercury-containing batteries have been eliminated, and dry batteries have achieved mercury-free or low mercury. Ming Xiu Kobayashi, consultant of the China-Japan Friendship Environmental Protection Center and a Japanese expert, said that dry batteries produced and used in Japan are mercury-free. Because there is no mercury, the harm of waste batteries to the environment is greatly reduced, and the cost of landfill treatment is also reduced.
Since 2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, for battery manufacturers, it is necessary to improve the process equipment and raw material formula to produce environmentally friendly batteries, which will undoubtedly increase capital investment and production costs, and enterprises are not very willing. At present, some enterprises are indifferent to the "mercury restriction regulations" of batteries. It can be seen that the harm reduction status of waste batteries in China is not optimistic.
There are generally three ways to dispose of waste batteries in the world: solidification and deep burial, storage in abandoned mines and recycling. Many countries in western Europe have special waste battery recycling bins, not only in shops, but also directly on the streets. Many countries have special factories for classified recycling. Many places in China have taken measures. For example, Beijing, Shenyang, Shijiazhuang, Anshan and other cities have introduced relevant policies, set up special recycling bins or sites, and Nanjing even handed in used batteries to watch cheap movies. At the same time, some individuals have made efforts. For example, Rural Women's Field in Xinxiang County, Henan Province, founded the first environmental protection website founded by farmers in China, and invested heavily in recycling used batteries. Children in Chongwen District of Beijing even used waste batteries to spell out a map of the world to promote environmental protection.
However, despite this, the process of recycling used batteries is not smooth. Take Beijing as an example. From May 1998 to May 1999, * * recycled waste dry batteries 14 tons, which is very small compared with the consumption of 3,000 tons in the whole city in the same period. Similarly, at present, the recovery rate of waste dry batteries in Shanghai is less than110 of the total output. The low recovery rate directly limits the expansion of treatment scale and the improvement of treatment technology, and then seriously hinders the industrialization process of recycling waste dry batteries.
From 65438 to 0999, Beijing Environmental Sanitation Bureau cooperated with more than 50 fast food restaurants and more than 40 chain stores such as McDonald's, Rogers, Polaris Photo Agency, Good Neighbor, Aotukai and Xinjiekou Department Store to collect used batteries. The collection boxes on battery counters in some shopping malls and the special sorting boxes of Environmental Sanitation Bureau formed a large net to "search" small batteries. Disproportionately, there are 3,000 tons of waste batteries in Beijing every year, but only about 10 tons are "pulled online". According to Lu Jianguo of the Useful Garbage Recycling Center of Beijing Environmental Sanitation Bureau, although the recycling center promised to recycle 30 kilograms at home, the effect is still not obvious. McDonald's recycled about half of the used batteries.
200 1 Changchun City put 200 green waste battery recycling boxes in the urban area, and recovered a large number of waste batteries. However, the results of some recycling bins are worrying. Many of them have become "garbage bins" for people to throw garbage, and some even encounter the embarrassment of "sealing". Relevant people believe that this is the result of people's weak awareness of environmental protection and insufficient publicity. On both sides of the battery counter in Changchun Department Store, there are two waste battery recycling boxes. A closer look reveals that their "mouths" are all sealed by advertising posters. According to Miss Wang of the counter, almost no one has invested in waste batteries since the recycling station was put here. Everyone uses the recycling bin as a dustbin, throwing some scraps of peel paper, and some people even spit in it. And they have no obligation to clean up these dirty things, but if they don't, they will be fined. So they simply cleaned up the recycling box and sealed the "mouth" to reduce the trouble. In Zhuo Zhan Shopping Center and Hengkelong Supermarket, although the recycling bins are not sealed, they only enjoy the treatment of ordinary garbage bins. According to the service staff in the mall, there are very few people throwing batteries. Most of the recycling bins are scraps of paper, peels and empty bottles. If you look closely, you can find that one or two waste batteries are mixed with soil.
In Hangzhou, 200 1, 88% people think that the waste batteries are "very serious", but nearly 80% of the citizens think that the waste battery recycling activities are "irrelevant to themselves" or "have no time to participate". According to statistics, the current annual battery consumption in Hangzhou is about 20 million knots. Residents throw away used batteries together with up to 87% of domestic garbage. The reason is that the current recycling method is too troublesome. There are only about 300 recycling points in the whole urban area of Hangzhou, which is far from meeting the needs.
In Sanming, we have no policy measures in this regard. Because the data is difficult to count, we can't count the pollution hazards of waste batteries in Sanming every year, but we must pay attention to it.
Third, waste battery recycling technology
Many countries in western Europe have set up special waste battery recycling bins not only in shops, but also directly in the streets. The collected waste batteries were first screened by a special sieve in button cell, and clocks, calculators and other small electronic instruments were used in button cell. They generally contain mercury, which can be extracted and used, and then the nickel-cadmium batteries are manually sorted out. A factory in France extracts nickel and cadmium from it, and then nickel is used for steelmaking and cadmium is used for battery production. The remaining waste batteries are generally transported to a special toxic harmful waste landfill, which is not only too expensive (for example, the cost of burying a ton of waste batteries in Germany is 1700 DM), but also wastes, because there are many useful substances that can be used as raw materials.
Switzerland has two factories specializing in the treatment and utilization of used batteries. The method adopted by Battleck Company is to grind the waste batteries and then send them to the furnace for heating. At this time, the volatile mercury can be extracted, and zinc will evaporate at a higher temperature. It is also a precious metal. Iron and manganese are melted to form ferromanganese alloy for steelmaking. The factory can process 2000 tons of waste batteries a year, and can obtain 780 tons of ferromanganese alloy, 400 tons of zinc alloy and 3 tons of mercury. Another factory directly extracts iron from batteries and sells metal mixtures such as manganese oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide and nickel oxide as metal scrap.
However, the cost of heat treatment is high, and Switzerland also stipulates that each battery buyer should be charged a small amount of special expenses for waste battery treatment. A "wet treatment" device is being built in the suburb of magdeburg, China. All kinds of batteries except lead batteries are dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then various metals are extracted from the solution with the help of ionic resin. The raw materials obtained in this way are purer than those obtained by heat treatment, so the price is higher in the market, and 95% of the substances contained in the battery can be extracted. Wet processing can save the sorting process (because sorting is manual operation, which will increase the cost). The annual processing capacity of this device in magdeburg can reach 7,500 tons. Although its cost is slightly higher than that of landfill, precious raw materials will not be discarded and will not pollute the environment.
The vacuum heat treatment method developed by Alte company in Germany is cheaper, but it needs to sort out the nickel-cadmium batteries from the waste batteries, heat the waste batteries in vacuum, quickly recover mercury, then grind the remaining raw materials, extract metallic iron with magnets, and then extract nickel and manganese from the remaining powder. The cost of treating one ton of waste batteries is less than 1500 mark.
In the past, it was difficult to dispose of old batteries in China, because the resources in the old batteries could not be fully and effectively separated and utilized, and the secondary pollution was serious during the treatment. At present, there are four main treatment methods in China: manual separation method, dry method, wet method and dry-wet method. Manual separation and recovery method is to classify the recovered waste dry batteries, manually separate carbon rods, copper caps, zinc skins and various residues, and treat them with corresponding methods. This method is simple, but it requires a lot of labor and has poor economic benefits. The so-called dry method, also called smoke method or fire method, is that the waste dry batteries are sorted, screened and crushed, then put into a roasting furnace and roasted at 600-800 degrees, and the discharged gas is condensed to extract mercury, and then the roasting slag is put into a rotary kiln and roasted at a low temperature of11300 degrees, and then the waste dry batteries are extracted from the flue gas. By this method, the zinc in dry batteries can be recovered by ordinary smelters without increasing equipment and labor. If other substances need to be further recovered, additional equipment is needed. The so-called wet method is to classify and crush dry batteries, put them into a leaching tank, add dilute sulfuric acid for leaching, then filter and extract zinc from the filtrate. Manganese is further extracted from the residual sludge after the copper cover iron sheet is separated from the filter residue. This method can utilize the existing equipment and technology of zinc hydrometallurgy plant to recycle waste dry batteries. Dry-wet method combines the advantages of dry method and wet method. Firstly, mercury and part of zinc are recovered by roasting, and then manganese and residual zinc are recovered by leaching and electrodeposition. With this method, the recovery effect is better, but the process is more complicated and the cost is higher.
Now, it is reported from University of Science and Technology Beijing that researchers have found a new method different from foreign pyrometallurgical treatment. Wet process can fully and harmlessly treat waste dry batteries and recycle them, which improves the utilization rate of waste batteries.
According to Wang Huajun of University of Science and Technology Beijing, who is in charge of studying this process, 82.5% of useful components in waste batteries can be recovered by this method, in which the total recovery rate of zinc is 83.54% and that of manganese dioxide is 8 1.9 1%. The waste residue containing mercury can be sent to a special factory for treatment, and the industrial wastewater can be recycled after treatment without secondary pollution. Wang Huajun said that this process has been studied for more than a year, but some external environmental difficulties need to be solved in order to be popularized and industrialized.
CECO Jinghua Zhong Yi Huaneng Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. has successfully developed "Waste Battery Treatment Technology". This technology uses horizontal roasting furnace technology to recover waste batteries. First, the waste batteries are crushed, and then various substances are recycled separately. The whole set of technology can handle 50T systems every day, and all the equipment is localized, which greatly saves the cost. Using the computer network control and data transmission technology of the system function module, the broken waste batteries are sorted and classified. Metal substances such as zinc, manganese, silver, nickel, mercury, cadmium, iron, etc. are extracted and recovered, and the slag can also be used to make building materials, and the substances that cannot be used are treated in an environmentally friendly way, which changes the shortcomings of complicated procedures, long technological process and high treatment cost in the past, and realizes the harmless, resource-based and stable comprehensive utilization of waste batteries.