I. Institutional Organizations: Governmental Agencies, Administrative Agencies of Various Countries in China, Trade Firms, Economic Organizations, Associations, and Other Institutions
II. Agriculture, Forestry, Livestock, and Fisheries: Agriculture: Grain Agriculture: food, legumes, vegetables and products, fruits and products, nuts, miscellaneous fruits, dried fruits, coffee, cocoa and products, cotton, hemp, oleaginous kernels, nuts, seeds, edible fungi, tobacco, flowers and trees, bamboo, rattan and reeds, hay, charcoal, plant extracts, animal extracts, animal and vegetable oils, plant and animal seedlings, poultry, livestock, farm animals, cocoons, silk, feathers, down, cashmere, rawhide, fur, animal hair, sausages, eggs, poultry, livestock, poultry, poultry and livestock products, cocoons, silk, feather, down, cashmere, raw hide, fur, animal hair and fur, animal hair and fur, animal hair and fur, animal hair and fur. Hair Mane, Enteric Coat, Poultry Eggs, Feed, Feed Additives, Fertilizers, Pesticides, Horticultural Supplies, Agricultural Products, Agricultural Machinery, Forestry Equipment and Appliances, Livestock Breeding Equipment and Appliances, Fishery Equipment and Appliances, Grain and Oil Processing Machinery, Feed Processing Machinery, Slaughtering and Meat Primary Processing Equipment, Agricultural By-Products Processing, Wood Processing, Furniture Manufacturing Machinery, Others
Third, Medicine and Health: Health Care Products, Health Care Products, Weight Loss and Weight Gain Products, Personal Care Products, Health Care and Health Care Products Weight loss and weight gain products, personal care, medicinal herbs, traditional Chinese medicine, rehabilitation products, pharmaceutical equipment, medical equipment manufacturing equipment, birth control supplies, other
Four, construction and building materials: real estate, municipal engineering: municipal road construction, municipal utilities construction, water supply and transmission projects, centralized heating, heating, gas supply projects, education, health, sports, music and other public welfare facilities construction, monumental Construction of building facilities, all kinds of construction projects, timber sheets, stone materials, cement and products, lime, gypsum, concrete and products, building glass, ceramics, enamel and products, plastic building materials, metal building materials, waterproof, moisture-proof materials, fire-resistant, fireproof materials, heat-insulating, sound-absorbing materials, insulating materials, special building materials, construction materials, bricks, tiles and blocks, wall materials, ceiling, flooring, doors and windows, wallpaper, locks, construction decorative hardware
V. Metallurgical Minerals: Metal Minerals, Non-ferrous Metals, Non-ferrous Metal Products, Non-ferrous Metal Alloys. Non-ferrous metal alloy products, rare earths and rare earth products, ferrous metals and products, ferroalloys and products, iron and steel and products, castings and forgings, wire mesh, powder metallurgy, magnetic materials, scrap metal, non-metallic minerals, non-metallic mineral products, graphite and carbon products, mining equipment , metallurgical equipment, metal wires, tubes, plates manufacturing equipment, smelting and processing, other
Sixth: Petrochemicals and products, coal, natural gas, gas mining equipment, other oil-specific machinery and equipment 2, chemical: inorganic chemical raw materials, organic chemical raw materials, resins, other polymers, chemical fibers, food additives, feed additives, chemical reagents, catalysts and chemical auxiliaries, daily-use chemicals, fragrances, flavors, dyes, pigments, paints, adhesives, pyrotechnics, inks, plastics and products, rubber and products, glass and products, laboratory chemicals, fragrances, dyestuffs, pigments, paints, adhesives, pyrotechnics, ink, plastics and products, rubber and products, glass and products, laboratory supplies products, glass and products, laboratory supplies, instruments, meters, plastic production and processing machinery, rubber production and processing machinery, glass production and processing machinery, chemical equipment, chemical waste, chemical product design and processing, other
VII, water conservancy and hydropower: water conservancy, thermal power generation equipment, water conservancy, flood control projects and supplies, river dredging projects, dams, reservoirs, locks, lagoon project, farmland water conservancy projects, river and lake management projects, electric power projects, electric power, solar energy and renewable energy, other water conservancy and hydropower equipment, other water conservancy and hydropower facilities
VIII. Transportation:
1. Tires, automobiles: sedans, cross-country automobiles, jeeps, trucks, passenger cars, station wagons, public **** car land, mini-buses, other passenger cars, special-purpose cars, engineering cars, tool cars, fire engines, fire trucks, and other vehicles. automobiles, utility vehicles, fire trucks, police vehicles, ambulances, communication and broadcasting vehicles, pickup trucks, sprinklers, road sweepers, garbage trucks, other special purpose vehicles, trolleys, automobile parts, motorcycles and accessories, special purpose vehicles, used automobiles and motorcycles, automobile and motorcycle accessory and related products, parking lots, gasoline station equipment, automobile maintenance, traffic safety, equipment for manufacturing automobile and motorcycle products, boats, airplanes, other means of transportation, other
2. Bicycles, tricycles and accessories, equipment and devices for railroads and subways, ships and accessories, elevators, cable cars and accessories, aircraft and accessories, containers, second-hand transportation products and appliances, tires, exhaust gas treatment facilities, traffic safety facilities, transportation, warehousing, and others 2. Airports, aviation engineering, port engineering, railroad engineering, highways, bridges and culverts.
9, information industry:
1, computers and software: computers, consumables, plug-in card class, host accessories, computer peripherals, chassis, UPS and power supply, network equipment, accessories, computers, electronic notepads, laptops, servers, workstations, second-hand computers and supplies
2, software: network engineering, computer-related supplies, computer product manufacturing equipment, software development, others
3, communication products, communication products accessories components, lithium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, magnetic cards, IP cards, IC cards, caller display, dialer, charger, antenna, control and adjustment equipment, telephone, video phones, cell phones, group phones, switches, fax machines, pagers, walkie-talkies, network communication products, communications, sound system GPS system, communication cable-related products, radar and wireless navigation, broadcasting, telecommunication equipment, communication products manufacturing equipment, system engineering, network engineering, other
Ten, machinery and electromechanical:
1, machinery and industrial products: instruments, meters, industry-specific machinery and equipment, abrasives, abrasives, general-purpose parts and components, welding, cutting equipment and materials
2, Tools: hardware tools, pneumatic tools, power tools, reducers, speed changers, pumps and vacuum equipment, hydraulic machinery and components, fans, exhaust equipment, compression, separation equipment, other industrial control equipment and accessory devices, heat transfer, refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, generators, generator sets, combustion engines, energy-saving devices, wires and cables, mechanical design and processing, home appliance manufacturing equipment, gauges, gauges, other
XI, light industry and food: beverages, alcohol, tea and products, coffee, cocoa and products, aquatic products, livestock and meat products, canned food, frozen food, convenience foods, snack foods, soy products, egg products, honey products, dairy products, sugar, starch, edible oil, spices, cakes and bread, noodles, fans, cigarettes, food additives, food and beverage processing equipment, food and beverage raw materials, other
XII. Clothing Textile:
1. Clothing, Clothing Accessories, Hats, Ties, Scarves, Hoods, Gloves, Socks, Shoes and Shoe Materials, Knitted Clothing, Woven Clothing, Branded Clothing, Men's Clothing, Women's Clothing, Infant's Clothing, Children's Clothing, Undergarments, Pajamas, Bathrobes, T-Shirts, Blouses, Sweaters, Western Clothing, Jackets, Outerwear, Coats, Coats, Trench Coats, Pants, Leisure Clothing, Sportswear, Ethnic Clothing, Pantsuits, and other Clothing. Sportswear, ethnic clothing, wedding dresses, dresses, work clothes, uniforms, special clothing, denim clothing, silk clothing, leather, fur clothing, wool, cashmere sweater, down clothing, cold weather clothing,
2, clothing processing equipment, ironing and washing equipment, shoe processing and repair equipment, clothing, footwear and hats, design and processing, leather processing machinery, textile equipment, textile waste, leather waste. Textile design and processing, leather and product design and processing, other
3, textile: leather, textile, leather raw materials, yarn, thread, textile accessories, cotton fabrics, linen fabrics, silk fabrics, woolen fabrics, synthetic fabrics, blended fabrics, grey fabrics, color weaving, tie-dyeing, printing fabrics, knitted fabrics, industrial fabrics, non-woven fabrics, fabrics, 4, drawings and other crafts textile, carpet, towel, towel, bedding, home textile, leather and other crafts textile, carpets, towel, bath towel, bedding, leather and other crafts textile. Bedding, home textiles, leather and artificial leather, leather products, other
Thirteen, professional services: self-adhesive products, advertising materials, printing publications, audio-visual products and electronic reading materials, radio, television programs, typesetting, plate making equipment, printing equipment, second-hand printing equipment, printing and publishing services, media and communications, professional consulting, engineering supervision, engineering design, information technology. Information Management Software Development Design, Maintenance, Insurance, Leasing, Conferences, Training, Property Management, Others
XIV, Security & Protection: Locks, Safes, Doorbells, Visual Doorbells, Anti-theft Facilities, Alarm Devices, Surveillance, Monitoring Devices, Lightning Products, Bullet-proofing Equipment, Riot-proofing Equipment, Body Protecting Equipment, Quartermaster Supplies, Lifesaving Devices, Fire Fighting Devices, Job Protection Devices, Traffic Safety, Sports Protective gear, security equipment, police equipment, and emergency services, other
Fifteen, environmental protection and greening: scrap metal treatment facilities, textile waste treatment facilities, leather waste and treatment facilities, chemical waste and treatment facilities, waste gas treatment facilities, water, sewage treatment facilities, recycling of waste, noise reduction equipment, public **** sanitation facilities, public **** sanitation machinery, landscaping supplies and machinery, landscaping projects, garbage collection, and recycling equipment.
Sixteen, tourism and leisure: travel supplies, hotel and hotel supplies, pets and supplies, souvenirs, poker, chess, musical instruments, fishing, fitness, recreational facilities, travel services, other
Seventeen, office education: books and materials, optical and photographic equipment, supplies, stationery, calculators, office paper and other
Seventeen, office education: books and materials, optical and photographic equipment, consumables. Stationery, calculators, office paper, books, books, books, envelopes, file folders, floppy disks, toner cartridges, ink cartridges, toner, ribbons, teaching models, appliances, teaching facilities, laboratory supplies, telephones, videophones, group telephones, facsimiles, copiers, printers, typewriters, projectors, shredders, time and attendance, plotters, plotting machines, video conferencing systems, arts and cultural equipment, stage lighting and sound equipment. Photographic equipment, video equipment, art department special materials and supplies, other
18, electronic and electrical engineering: magnetic materials, semiconductor materials, insulating materials, electrical ceramic materials, electronic components, components, batteries, lighting and lamps, plugs, sockets, chargers, electric motors, power tools, optoelectronics, laser instruments
Instrumentation, instrumentation, optical instruments and accessories, wire and cable, distribution equipment, switchgear, electric motors, power tools, optical electronics, laser instruments
Instrumentation, instrumentation, optical instrumentation, accessories, wire and cable
Instruments, meters, optical instruments and accessories, wires and cables, power distribution devices, switchgear, lighting boxes, power transmission equipment and materials, display equipment, electric heating equipment, industrial automation devices, seismic equipment, antennas, radar and radio navigation, radio and television, telecommunications equipment, electronic and electrical products manufacturing equipment, electronic and electrical products designed and processed, and other
Nineteen, toys and gifts: wooden toys, plastic toys, stuffed, fluffy toys, electronic toys, electric toys Toys, beads, balls, dolls, toy cars, toy guns, model toys, educational toys, strollers and accessories, toy accessories, industrial gifts and toys design and processing, other drawings and other crafts and textiles, wooden handicrafts, plant weaving handicrafts, stone handicrafts, gemstone and jade handicrafts, ceramic handicrafts, metal handicrafts, glass handicrafts, crystal handicrafts, plastic handicrafts, resin handicrafts, clay sculptures Crafts, Paper Crafts, Natural Crafts, Needle Crochet & Knitting Crafts, Carving Crafts, Antique Crafts, Bionic Crafts, Religious Crafts, Folk Crafts, Sculptures, Paintings & Calligraphy, Antiques & Collectibles, Jewelry, Gold & Silver, Fashion Accessories, Lighters, Smoking Instruments, Watches & Clocks, Picture & Picture Frames, Candles & Candle Holders, Incense & Scented Stoves, Decorative Boxes, Keychains & Chains, Bonsai & Toys Crafts, souvenirs, advertising gifts, holiday supplies, funeral supplies, industrial gifts, toys design and processing, other
Twentieth, household goods: household appliances, home computers, home air conditioning, home television sets, water purifiers, water dispensers, juicers, blenders, coffee makers, soymilk machines, electric kettles, electric cups, electric frying pans, electric cookers, microwave ovens, dishwashers, disinfecting cabinets, range hoods refrigerators, freezers, humidity regulators, air purifiers, heating appliances, water heaters, hairdryers, vacuum cleaners, electric fans, exhaust fans, irons, washing machines, drying equipment, hand dryers, soap dispensers, oxygen dispensers, electric insect repellents, audio-visual equipment, remote controls, other
Household paper products, household plastic products, household glass products, household ceramics, enameled ware, household metal products. Fashion Accessories, Jewelry, Gold & Silverware, Lighters, Cigarettes, Clocks & Watches, Photo Frames, Picture Frames, Incense & Incense Burners, Personal Care, Household Chemicals, Tableware, Cookware, Insulated Containers, Kitchen Utensils, Bathroom Utensils, Cleaning Utensils, Gardening Utensils, Furniture, Baby Strollers & Accessories, Cases, Bags, Sacks, Umbrellas, Rain Gear, Sun Umbrellas, Knives, Scissors, Brushes, Sewing & Knitting, Baby Products, Timers, Pets & Supplies Doorbells, visual doorbells, lighting and lamps, other
twenty-one, material specialties: disaster relief supplies, flood control supplies, drought supplies, agricultural specialties, reserve supplies (including food), fuel, boilers, heating equipment, funeral and cremation equipment, other supplies; labor supplies, veterinary supplies, other material specialties
twenty-two, packaging supplies: pulp, cultural paper, paper, packaging paper, household paper products, paper products. Packaging paper, household paper products, wallpaper, waste paper, paper for other purposes, labels, tags, tapes, rigging, trays, packaging materials, paper packaging supplies, wooden packaging supplies, hemp packaging supplies, plastic packaging supplies, glass packaging supplies, metal packaging supplies, papermaking equipment, paper processing machinery, packaging equipment, packaging-related equipment, packaging design and processing, and other
Xxiii, sporting goods: Sports equipment, special materials for stadiums, stadium construction projects, rehabilitation equipment, competition clothing, sports facilities, other sporting goods
Twenty-four, Office Furniture: office wood products, other materials for office furniture, beds and other hospital furniture, theater, theater tables and chairs, laboratory furniture, desks, chairs, safes, filing cabinets, intensive shelving, other office furniture.
Occupational classification and characteristics
The social division of labor is the basis for occupational classification. In each link of the division of labor system, the object of labor, labor tools and the form of expenditure of labor have their own particularity, this particularity determines the difference between the various occupations.
I. Classification of occupations
Different countries around the world have different national conditions, and the criteria for the division of occupations are different.
1, according to the theory put forward by some scholars in western countries, in foreign countries generally divided into three types of occupations:
(1) classified according to the nature and level of mental and physical labor. This classification divides staff into two categories: white-collar staff and blue-collar staff. White-collar staff include: professional and technical work, off-farm managers and administrators, salespeople, and office workers. Blue-collar workers include: craft and similar workers, non-transportation mechanics, transportation device machine workers, off-farm workers, and service industry workers. This classification clearly shows the hierarchical nature of the occupation.
(2) Classification according to individual differences in psychology. This classification method is based on the "personality-vocational" type matching theory created by Holland, a famous American vocational guidance expert, which divides personality types into six types, namely, realistic, research, artistic, social, corporate and conventional. The corresponding six career types.
(3) Classification is based on the main duties or "work performed" of each occupation. This classification is more common and is represented by two examples. One is the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). The International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) divides occupations from coarse to fine into four levels, i.e., 8 broad categories, 83 subcategories, 284 subcategories, and 1,506 occupational items, with a total of 1,881 occupations listed. The eight major categories are: ① experts, technicians and related workers; ② government officials and business managers; ③ service workers and related workers; ④ sales workers; ⑤ service workers; ⑥ agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry workers and fishermen, hunters; ⑦ production and related workers, transport equipment operators and laborers; ⑧ can not be classified according to the occupational classification of workers. This classification facilitates the improvement of international comparability and international exchange of occupational statistics. The second is the classification of Canada's Dictionary of Classification of Occupational Positions. It divides the occupations belonging to the main industries in the national economy into 23 main categories, 81 subcategories under the main categories, 489 subcategories, and more than 7200 occupations. This classification has a definition for each occupation, which describes the contents of each occupation and the requirements of workers in terms of general education, vocational training, aptitude, interest, character and physical fitness, etc., and is of great reference value.
2. The classification of occupations in China, according to the standard classifications published by different departments in China, there are two main types:
(1) The first type: According to the Standard for Classification of Occupations published by the National Bureau of Statistics, the General Administration of National Standards, and the State Council's Office of the Population Census in March 1982 for the use of the Third National Population Census. The Standard is based on the homogeneity of the nature of the work performed by the working population, and divides occupations nationwide into three tiers of major, medium and minor categories, namely, 8 major categories, 64 medium categories and 301 minor categories. The order in which the eight major categories are listed is as follows: first, professionals and technicians of all kinds; second, heads of State organs, party organizations, enterprises and institutions; third, clerical and related personnel; fourth, commercial workers; fifth, service workers; sixth, agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery workers; seventh, production work, transport work and part-time manual workers; and eighth, other workers who are not conveniently classified. Of the eight major categories, the first and second are mainly mental workers, the third includes partly mental and partly manual workers, the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh are mainly manual workers, and the eighth is other workers who are inconvenient to classify.
(2) The second: The Classification and Coding of Industries of the National Economy, approved by the State Development Planning Commission, the State Economic Commission, the State Bureau of Statistics, and the State Bureau of Standards, was issued in 1984 and implemented in 1985. This standard is mainly classified according to the homogeneity of the nature of production or other socio-economic activities undertaken by enterprises, institutions, organizations and individual practitioners, that is, according to the classification of the industry to which it belongs, and the national economic industry is divided into four levels: phylums, major categories, intermediate categories and minor categories. Sectors *** 13: ① agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, water conservancy; ② industry; ③ geological survey and exploration; ④ construction; ⑤ transportation, post and telecommunications; ⑥ commerce, public **** catering, supplies and warehousing; ⑦ real estate management, public utilities, residential services and consulting services; ⑧ health, physical education and social welfare; ⑨ education, culture and art, and radio and television broadcasting industry; ⑩ scientific research and integrated technical services; ⑩ Scientific research and integrated technology services; 11 finance, insurance; 12 state organs, party organs and social organizations; 13 other industries. These two classification methods in line with China's national conditions, concise, practical, and in line with the current situation of China's occupations.
Occupations based on different criteria can be categorized in different ways. For example, they can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary industries; and from the characteristics of the work, they can be divided into more than 10 types of occupations, such as pragmatic (jobs using machines, tools and equipment), social services, literature, education, scientific research, art and creativity, computation and mathematics (money management, data and statistics), occupations of the natural world, management, general service occupations and other types of occupations. Each classification method, the specificity of its occupation has a clear explanation, which is a guide for us to better grasp the characteristics of a particular occupation, to choose the right occupation for themselves.
Basic Characteristics of Occupations
According to the history of the development of occupations and their impact on the development of human society, occupations have the following characteristics.
1, industrial. A country, a society, can be divided into three types of industries. The primary industry and the secondary industry are both material production sectors, the tertiary industry does not produce material wealth, but it is essential to the material production of society and people's lives. In the traditional agricultural society, the proportion of agricultural population is the largest; in the industrialized society, the number of occupations in the work field and the employed population increase significantly; in the society with highly developed science and technology and rapid economic development, the number of occupations in the tertiary industry and the employed population increase significantly.
2. Industry. Industry is divided according to the production of goods produced by the production work unit or the provision of services to different people, it is classified according to the enterprises, institutions, organizations and individual practitioners engaged in the nature of production or other social and economic activities of the same nature. Within the occupations of an industry, the labor conditions, work objects, production tools, and operational content are the same or similar. As a result of the sameness of the environment, people form the same pattern of behavior and have *** the same language habits and moral norms. There are great differences between different occupations, with different labor conditions, work objects, and nature of work. With the progress and development of society, new occupations (such as brokers, etc.) will continue to emerge, and the differences between the various occupations will continue to change.
3, position. The so-called position is a certain amount of authority and responsibility. Authority and responsibility are the two basic elements of the composition of the position. The same authority, responsibility is the same, is the same position. In the classification of occupations, every occupation contains the characteristics of a position. From the point of view of social needs, there is no difference between high and low, but, in real life, due to the different quality requirements of the occupation and people's views on the occupation or the evaluation of public opinion is different, there is a hierarchy of occupations, the different levels of occupations is often due to the different occupations of physical and mental labor, income level, the weight of the work task, the social prestige, the power of the status of the factors decided by the
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4, group. No matter what basis for the division of occupations are characterized by groups. Such as scientific researchers include philosophy, sociology, economics, science, engineering, medicine, etc., such as consulting services, including scientific and technological consulting workers, psychological counseling workers, vocational counseling workers and so on.
5, temporal and spatial. With the development and progress of society, career changes rapidly, in addition to abandon the old and updated, the same occupation of the content and mode of activity will also change, so the division of occupation with obvious times, different times have different popular careers. In China, there have been "soldiering fever", "political fever", and then developed to "sea fever", "foreign enterprises fever "and so on, all reflecting a particular period of people on a certain occupation degree of enthusiasm.