design principle
Principle of ease of use of public facilities
"A salesman throws cookies at your feet, and you have to bend down to pick up the broken goods-there is no doubt that nine times out of ten, you will be very angry and express your anger, but when the vending machine does this, ..." Obviously, many public facilities with clear product attributes lack the ability to be used conveniently and effectively by people. Sometimes we have to wait for the old man in front of the ATM to repeat the wrong operation over and over again, but there is nothing we can do. This is the trouble caused by the lack of ease of use of public facilities. Usability refers to "whether (the product) is easy to use or how easy it is to use". It is a principle problem that must be considered when designing public facilities with clear use functions. For example, the design of the trash can opening should consider the waterproof function, so as not to make it difficult to throw garbage, or how people no longer use the password confirmation method that is easy to forget when using ATM machines, and how to remember to retrieve their bank cards after the operation is completed. These are the usability principles that should be considered when designing public facilities.
Safety principles of public facilities
As a public facility in a public environment, the design must take into account any behavior that may occur during the use of participants and users. Children's nature is to play, which cannot be changed. What can be changed is to take the child's height as a measure. Public facilities below this height should consider the safety of materials, structure, technology and form to avoid bringing safety hazards to users at the beginning of design.
Systematic principle of public facilities
In general, garbage bins should be set around the rest area or public seats, and the number of garbage bins should match the number of public seats. Too much will cause waste, and too little will induce the behavior of littering at will. It can be seen that there is a certain matching relationship between public seats and trash cans. Another example is the relatively concentrated public lighting facilities around fitness facilities, which play a role in guiding people to use them. Lack of such centralized lighting facilities, due to the lack of guidance, safety and interaction, the utilization rate at night is relatively low. In fact, not only that, but also public facilities such as sanitary facilities, leisure facilities, convenience facilities and fitness facilities. There is a natural matching relationship between them and within them, which can be summarized as a system principle in design.
Aesthetic principles of public facilities
As mentioned above, public facilities play an important role in promoting urban appearance. Public facilities with good functions and elegant forms not only meet functional requirements, but also have aesthetic education functions. Therefore, the aesthetic design of public facilities can not be ignored. After all, good function and good appearance are not irreconcilable contradictions. Reasonable and beautiful public facilities can not only effectively increase their frequency of use, but also enhance citizens' awareness of caring for public facilities and public environment, and enhance citizens' sense of belonging and participation in the city. After all, civilized public facilities.
Principle of uniqueness of public facilities
Some scholars do not classify public facilities as industrial design, mainly because industrial design has the characteristics of mechanization and mass production. The design of public facilities often adopts the characteristics of special design and small batch production, which is similar to the characteristics of environmental design, so more public facilities design is regarded as the continuation of environmental design. In fact, with the progress of contemporary processing technology and production technology, the large-scale quantitative production of early industrial design is changing to the "humanized" and "personalized" small batch production mode today. The factors of "people" and "environment" in the design are considered in a prominent and important position, which is consistent with the basic characteristics of public facilities design. The uniqueness principle of public facilities design lies in that designers should provide different solutions for the same facility according to the differences of cultural background, regional environment, city scale and other factors, so as to better integrate it with environmental "places".
The principle of fairness of public facilities
Different from private products, public facilities emphasize equality of participation and fairness of use. Mainly manifested in the fact that public facilities should be used fairly by all users regardless of gender, age, cultural background and education level, which is the fundamental difference between public facilities and private products. In design, the principle of fairness is manifested as universal design principle or inclusive design principle. In China, it is more manifested as "barrier-free design". Since 1967, the expression "designed for all" has been used more in Europe. In fact, it is incomplete to simply understand the meaning of barrier-free design, such as blind roads, ramps and other facilities for people with behavioral disabilities. This design principle should be implemented in all public products, including any public facilities. Designers should observe the behavioral differences and psychological feelings of users with different gender, age, cultural background and living habits in detail, not just the "special" care for people with behavioral disorders, the elderly, children or women.
Rationality principle of public facilities
The rationality principle of public facilities design can basically be manifested in two aspects: moderate function and reasonable materials. The so-called moderate function mainly means that public facilities should not induce users to give other functions while satisfying their basic functions. Take public seats as an example: the main function of public seats is to provide necessary rest for passers-by or sojourners in public space, but the level of this "rest" lies in "sitting" rather than "lying". Unfortunately, the length of public seats in many cities is designed to be more than 150 cm, and there is no armrest partition in the middle. Such a seat often becomes a tramp's "bed", which not only fails to meet the needs of ordinary citizens, but also has a negative impact on the surrounding environment. The so-called reasonable materials mainly mean that the cost of public facilities should form a reference with the general income level of the people, and designers should give priority to materials with low price, convenient processing and durability, so as to avoid piling up conspicuous visual effects with expensive materials. Deliberate destruction of public facilities exists in any city, but the probability of occurrence is different. Civic quality should not be an excuse for designers to evade their responsibilities. Facts have proved that the theft of manhole covers in many cities has been obviously curbed after the cast iron manhole covers were replaced with cement materials. This example effectively proves how important it is to protect public facilities from deliberate destruction for the rationality of materials.
Principles of environmental protection for public facilities
Since 1980s, the ecological environment has gradually become the focus of people's attention, and the "green design" advocating environmental protection has gradually appeared in the design field. For example, in 197 1 year, Victor Pa Panack wrote Design for the Real World-Human Ecology and Social Change and Impressive Dreams. -natural design in the real world) has made important contributions to the development of green design. The three principles of green design are called "3R" for short, namely, reduction, reuse and recycling. Now it has been widely used in most design fields. Public facilities should also implement the principle of green design, which is by no means a problem that can be solved by designing several classified trash cans. It requires designers to consider the principles of resource conservation and environmental protection in material selection, facility structure, production technology, use and disposal of facilities and so on.
Principle of legality of public facilities
Public facilities are the collective public property of the country.
In order to protect public facilities, the state has formulated a series of laws and regulations on the protection of public facilities, such as the People's Republic of China (PRC) Public Security Administration Punishment Law, the Criminal Law and the Constitution, which have made specific provisions on punishing illegal and criminal acts of destroying public facilities, and severely punish acts of intentionally destroying public facilities according to law. These laws and regulations effectively maintain the normal operation of social public facilities, thus ensuring the stability of social life. China's Constitution clearly stipulates: "Socialist public property is sacred and inviolable. The state protects socialist public property. It is forbidden for any organization, group or individual to occupy or destroy state and collective property by any means. " In China, there are warning, fine, detention and license revocation. Depends on the crime.