Unit 1 Cosmic Environment
1. Analysis of exam content:
Human beings’ understanding of the universe is constantly deepening
The universe is matter , moving
The existence form of matter in the universe: celestial bodies (for example: stars, etc.; and gas and dust in interstellar space)
celestial bodies attract and revolve with each other Formation: Celestial System
Levels of the Celestial System: Earth-Moon System--Solar System--Milky Way--Total Galaxy
Extragalactic Galaxy--Total Galaxy
The Earth is An ordinary yet special planet in the solar system, the cosmic environment of the earth, and the reason for the existence of life on earth
Solar system diagram: classification of the nine planets according to their structural characteristics and their respective members (ordinariness of the earth)
Location of the asteroid belt
Comet
Central object: Sun (most massive)
The reason for the existence of life on Earth (Earth The particularity of the universe)
Causes of the cosmic environment: the nine planets go their own way without interfering with each other; stable sunlight Volume and mass
The energy source of the sun and its significant impact on the earth
Source: Nuclear fusion at the center of the sun
Influence: Natural water, atmosphere , the main driving force of biological cycles; energy for production and life (solar energy and fossil fuels)
The impact of sunspots and flares on the earth
Comparison of solar atmosphere stratification solar activity types solar activity Impact on the Earth
The number and size of photospheric sunspots are a sign of the intensity of solar activity. On the climate: the correlation between precipitation and sunspot number interferes with the ionosphere, affects short-wave communications, interferes with the Earth's magnetic field, and causes magnetic storms
Chromospheric flares are the most intense display of solar activity; but they often appear together, with an activity cycle of 11 years
The direction and period of the Earth’s rotation
Rotation direction: From east to west; counterclockwise at the North Pole; clockwise at the South Pole
Period: 1 sidereal day
The reason for the replacement of day and night and local time - one of the phenomena caused by the rotation of the earth. 2
The change of day and night
The meaning and position of the twilight line
The concept of solar height: the height of the sun in the day hemisphere and the night hemisphere? The height of the sun on the twilight line = 0
The period and significance of the day-night cycle: 1 solar day (24 hours)
The time is different at different longitudes
Since Rotation from west to east: local time is earlier in the east and later in the west; local time difference is 1 hour for every 15 degrees of longitude
The influence of geostrophic deflection force on horizontally moving objects on the surface of the earth - the third phenomenon caused by the rotation of the earth
The southern hemisphere is deflected to the left; the northern hemisphere is deflected to the right; it is not deflected at the equator
Influence: wind direction; ocean currents; erosion and sediment accumulation on both sides of the river
The direction, orbit, period, Yellow-red intersection angle
Revolution direction: the same as rotation
Revolution orbit: an ellipse approximately a perfect circle; the positions and approximate dates of perihelion and aphelion
Period : 1 sidereal year
Changes in speed: fastest at perihelion; slowest at aphelion
Yellow-red intersection angle (reflecting the relationship between rotation and revolution)
Pay attention to the three-dimensional and plan views of the intersection of yellow and red:
Understand the important points, lines, surfaces, angles and their relationships on the diagram, and be able to draw and describe
The earth's axis, the morning and evening lines , Equatorial plane, ecliptic plane, Tropic of Cancer, Arctic and Southern Circles, direct sunlight (points)
The relationship between the equatorial angle and the orbital inclination of the earth's axis
The influence of the ecliptic angle: Movement of the direct sun point on the earth's surface - changes in the time distribution of surface solar radiation
Clear the movement rules and cycles of the direct sun point: - with one tropical year as a cycle, it returns in the north and south
Moving back and forth between lines (one direct shot on the line; two direct shots between the lines)
What changes in the yellow-red intersection angle will lead to changes in the scope of the five belts?
p>
"Divided into Two Solstice Chart"
The position of the earth and the corresponding dates and solar terms, the direction of revolution, the direction of the earth's axis, the approximate position of perihelion and aphelion, and changes in revolution speed
10. The formation of four seasons and five belts
Geographic phenomena caused by the Earth's revolution
Annual changes in the altitude angle of the sun at noon:
Distribution at different latitudes on the same day Pattern: decreasing from the latitude of the direct point to the north and south (divided into two solstices)
Changes in different seasons at the same latitude: large near and small at far (around June 22? Around December 22?)
p>Annual changes in the length of day and night:
The day is longer than the night in the hemisphere where the direct point is located. The higher the latitude, the longer the day is.
The day is getting longer in the hemisphere toward which the direct point is moving
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Around June 22, Northern Hemisphere? --The longest day and the shortest night at each latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. There are polar days in and around the Arctic Circle
Around December 22, in the Northern Hemisphere? --The shortest day and the longest night at each latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. There is polar night in the Arctic Circle and below
What are the spring and autumn equinoxes? --Equal days and nights around the world
The equator? --Equinoxes of day and night throughout the year
Division of four seasons: (obvious at mid-latitudes)
Seasonal changes in the height of the sun at noon and the length of day and night--the time when the sun is highest and the day is the longest is astronomical Summer
The time when the sun is lowest and the day is the shortest is astronomical winter
Spring and Autumn are the transitions
Three seasons; 24 solar terms
Division of the five belts:
The latitudinal distribution of day and night length and solar height - the amount of solar radiation decreases from low latitudes to high latitudes - the formation of the five belts
The boundaries of the five belts and their respective phenomenon; the five zones are the basis for climate division and natural zone division
11. The significance and current situation of space exploration
Understand the earth’s space environment; develop space resources (space resources and characteristics, Solar resources, mineral resources)
2. Analysis of examination questions
The content of this unit accounts for about 10% of the 100 points in the examination;
First place in the comprehensive examination questions The questions are from this unit;
1. Please refer to the examples of test questions in the "Examination Instructions" for practice:
Appendix 1, question type examples, P10, 3 and 1; Appendix 2, P29, 1 in Volume II, 1 in Volume II in Appendix 3 P53
2. Basic points to master regarding the comprehensive questions in this unit:
Be able to draw the twilight line and night hemisphere , Tropic of Cancer, Arctic and Antarctic Circles, ecliptic plane, equatorial plane
Rotation and revolution direction
Date and solar terms
The position of the direct point on that day, the day The latitudinal distribution pattern of global noon solar height
The noon solar height status at each point in the figure
The length of day and night at each point in the figure and its future changes
Comparison of day length at each point in the figure, how many hours are the day length at the polar circle and the equator
Changes in revolution speed
Knowledge points that can be related:
When will Beijing raise the flag at 6 a.m.? (B, D)
Which stage does the silhouette of people in Beijing gradually grow? (from A to C)
When the earth moves to point A (or point C):
What are the climate characteristics of the Mediterranean region? (Dry and hot-summer/warm and humid-winter) because it is controlled by (subtropical high/westerly wind)
The savanna in northern Africa presents a (green/yellow) landscape, because it is controlled by (equatorial low pressure/ Trade wind) control
The climate characteristics of Beijing at this time are (high temperature and rainy/cold and dry), mainly due to the influence of (southeast monsoon/northwest monsoon)
On the Eurasian continent (Asia Low pressure/Asian high pressure) is strong
East Asia blows (southeast wind/northwest wind), the reason is (the thermal difference between sea and land)
South Asia blows (southwest wind/northeast wind), the reason is (The southeast monsoon moves northward across the equator and deflects to the right to form the southwest monsoon or the seasonal movement of the pressure belt/the reason why the northeasterly wind blows in winter is the thermal difference between the sea and the land)
The circulation of the North Indian Ocean is (clockwise-sea water flows eastward -Because the wind blows from the southwest/Counterclockwise -The water flows to the west -Because the wind blows from the northeast)
When the earth rotates to point (A/C), the salinity of the sea near the Yangtze River Estuary is the lowest (lowest/highest)
When the earth moves from D to A: The Pearl River and the Yangtze River are in the flood season (because of the rainwater supply in the rainy season)
In the process from A to B: the Yellow River (the rainy season has arrived) and the Tarim River are in the flood season (the glacier melts the most in summer)
Unit 2 Atmospheric Environment
1. Analysis of exam content
1. The composition of the atmosphere and the role of main components such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone and solid impurities
The composition of the lower atmosphere: a stable proportion of clean air (mainly oxygen and nitrogen), unstable water vapor, and solid impurities
Nitrogen - the basic component of living organisms
Oxygen--substance necessary for life activities
Carbon dioxide--raw material for photosynthesis; insulation effect
Ozone--protective umbrella for life on earth, absorbing ultraviolet rays
Water vapor and solids Impurities - forming clouds and causing rain; Impurities: condensation nuclei
2. Vertical stratification of the atmosphere and the impact of each layer on human activities
Atmospheric stratification, temperature changes with altitude, and air flow conditions The relationship between other characteristics and humans
The higher the troposphere, the lower the convection. Convection accounts for 3/4 of the atmospheric mass; water vapor and dust; inconsistent weather phenomena at various latitudes
The higher the stratosphere, the higher the advection. High-altitude flight; the existence of the ozone layer
The existence of the ionosphere in the upper atmosphere (radio communications; solar activity interferes with short-wave communications
3. The heating process of the atmosphere
(1) Fundamental Energy source: solar radiation (the wavelength range of various types of radiation and the properties of solar radiation - shortwave radiation)
(2) The heating process of the atmosphere (thermal effect of the atmosphere) - the sun heats the earth, and the earth Baking the atmosphere
The weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation: three forms and their respective phenomena (illustrated with examples)
The main reason that affects the size of the weakening: Sun altitude angle (weakening at each latitude Different)
The insulation effect of the atmosphere on the ground:
Understand ground radiation (infrared long-wave radiation); atmospheric radiation (infrared long-wave radiation)
The process of insulation : The atmosphere strongly absorbs long-wave radiation from the ground; the reverse radiation of the atmosphere returns heat to the ground (illustrations and examples - such as frost occurrence time; comparison of daily temperature differences)
The significance of thermal insulation: reducing the temperature diurnal range; ensuring the earth's suitable temperature; maintaining global heat balance
4. Causes of vertical and horizontal movement of the atmosphere
(1) The fundamental cause of atmospheric movement: uneven heating and cooling (Between various latitudes; between sea and land)
(2) Atmospheric movement form:
The simplest form: thermodynamic circulation (illustration and explanation); examples: suburban wind; ocean Main reason for land breeze; monsoon
Thermal circulation decomposition: uneven cold and heat cause vertical movement of the atmosphere
Horizontal air pressure difference
Horizontal air flow flows from high pressure to low pressure
Horizontal movement of the atmosphere (wind):
The fundamental cause of wind: uneven cold and heat
The direct cause of wind: horizontal pressure difference (or horizontal pressure gradient force )
Three forces that affect wind: horizontal pressure gradient force; geostrophic deflection force; surface friction force
Determination of wind direction: 1-force wind (theoretical wind) - perpendicular to Isobars, high pressure points to low pressure. 2-force winds (upper-altitude winds) - parallel to the isobars, deflecting to the right in the north, and deflecting to the left in the south. 3-force winds (actual surface winds) - crossing the isobars obliquely, deflecting to the north and right , south to left
Pay attention to how the wind direction is drawn at a certain point in the actual surface pressure field of the Northern Hemisphere
5. Three circles of circulation and the formation of pressure belts and wind belts
(1) No rotation, the surface is uniform--single circulation (thermal circulation)
(2) Rotation, the surface is uniform--three circles
(3) Three circles The composition of the circulation: 0-30 low-latitude circulation; 30-60 mid-latitude circulation; 60-90 high-latitude circulation
The formation of 7 pressures and 6 winds on the surface: an ideal pattern of zonal distribution (zonal)
p> >The wet and dry conditions of each pressure zone (wet at low pressure; dry at high pressure) The wind direction and wet and dry conditions of each wind zone (trade winds are generally drier; westerly winds are wetter) Extreme Front: near 60 degrees, formed by the meeting of prevailing westerly winds and polar easterly winds The pressure belt and wind belt move with the seasonal north-south movement of the direct sun point (4) The influence of sea and land distribution on air pressure Effects of belts and wind zones: actual surface conditions (blocky) The most important effect: land-sea thermal differences Manifestation (center of atmospheric activity): Northern Hemisphere July (summer): Eurasian continent-Asia low pressure; high pressure over the Pacific Northern Hemisphere January (winter): Eurasia-Asia high pressure; low pressure over the Pacific (5) Monsoon circulation (pay attention to the diagram) Conceptual understanding: It is an integral part of the global atmospheric circulation; the East Asian monsoon is the most typical The cause of the monsoon: The main reason- -The thermal difference between sea and land (can explain the winter and summer monsoons in East Asia; the winter monsoon in South Asia) The cause of the South Asian summer monsoon--the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere moves northward across the equator and deflects to the right to become a southwesterly wind (or in summary: air pressure (Seasonal movement of wind belts and wind belts) The influence of monsoon: the unique characteristics of monsoon: rain and heat in the same period; seasonal changes in precipitation are large, prone to drought and floods East Asia Two monsoon climates and their respective distribution areas (with the Qinhuai line as the boundary); respective climate characteristics --Temperate monsoon climate: monsoon area north of Qinhuai; dry and cold winters; hot and humid summers -- Subtropical monsoon climate: monsoon area south of Qinhuai; mild winters and little rainfall; hot and humid summers --The two monsoon climates in East Asia have the same wind direction in winter and summer, and the same causes --Pay attention to urban industry in monsoon areas Distribution of air polluting enterprises in the layout. Tropical monsoon climate in South Asia: ---High temperature throughout the year, alternating dry season (controlled by northeast monsoon) and rainy season (controlled by southwest monsoon). The monsoon area is the main distribution area of ??rice planting industry in the world. --The monsoon climate zone in East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia and the tropical rainforest climate zone in Southeast Asia 6. The relationship between atmospheric circulation and water and heat transport--a summary of the role of atmospheric circulation (1) Global atmospheric circulation: Promote the exchange of heat and water vapor between high and low latitudes, and between sea and land; Adjust global The distribution of water and heat; is an important factor in weather changes and climate formation in various places (2) The causes of several important climates: Mediterranean climate: The west coast of the continent between 30 and 40 degrees north and south latitude; winter is controlled by westerly winds, warm and humid; summer is controlled by the subtropical high, dry and hot Tropical grassland climate: Between 10-20 degrees north and south latitude; high temperature throughout the year, controlled by equatorial low pressure in the rainy season, and controlled by trade winds in the dry season Temperate maritime climate: Between 40-60 degrees north and south latitude West coast of the continent; controlled by westerly winds all year round, the climate is warm and humid Tropical rainforest climate: Near the equator; humid and hot all year round, controlled by equatorial low pressure all year round Three Types of monsoon climate: (see the above analysis) 7. Characteristics of weather systems such as fronts, low pressure, and high pressure Front system Illustrated symbols of frontal categories indicate transit Examples of weather and precipitation locations during the passage of the previous weather Cold front and warm air mass control: sunny; low pressure cloudy, rainy, windy, cold wave in winter after cooling front; heavy rain in northern my country in summer Control of warm front and cold air mass: clear; high pressure and continuous precipitation front Low pressure (cyclone) and high pressure (anticyclone) system Atmospheric pressure: high and low pressure Air flow: cyclones and anticyclones Graphics: Able to judge; able to draw wind direction Central air pressure Horizontal air flow direction Vertical air flow direction Center weather conditions Examples Other effects Cyclones Low north, reverse south, upward cloudy and rainy, Asian low pressure forms a front along the trough line Anticyclonic high south, upward reverse direction, sunny Asian high pressure< /p> Frontal cyclones (important!) Requirements: Identification of each weather system on the map; The control of weather systems and the weather phenomena that occur at different locations 8. The influence of geographical location, atmospheric circulation, terrain and other factors on climate 8-1 Analysis of climate factors Geographical location A Latitude position: Determines solar radiation - the most basic reason for climate differences - determines heat or temperature B Sea and land position: For example, temperate oceanic climate and temperate continental climate ; Maritime climate has small temperature difference and high humidity; continental climate on the contrary The formation of monsoon climate on the east coast of the continent is due to the difference in thermal properties between sea and land Atmospheric circulation (pressure zone and wind zone ) Characteristics: dual nature - water and heat exchange at various latitudes and between sea and land; directly controls the climate characteristics (water and heat conditions) of a certain place Underlying surface (surface conditions); The nearest direct heat source and water source in the ground atmosphere Other factors that affect climate: human activities, ocean currents (cold currents cool down and dehumidify; warm currents warm up and humidify) 8-2 Climate types Climate characteristics (can judge temperature and precipitation charts; can describe) Climate elements: temperature, precipitation Determine the zone based on temperature - the monthly average temperature is above 15 degrees , a tropical climate The lowest monthly average temperature is 0-15 degrees, a subtropical climate The lowest monthly average temperature is below 0, a temperate climate (except for temperate maritime climate) p> Based on water - tropical climates are divided into four types: Tropical rainforest climate: rainy all year round; Tropical desert climate: dry all year round; Tropical monsoon climate: two seasons of dry and rainy Savannah climate: two seasons of dry and rainy --Subtropical climate is divided into two types: Subtropical climate Monsoon climate: rain and heat in the same period Subtropical Mediterranean climate: rain in winter and dry in summer --Temperate climate is divided into three types: Temperate monsoon climate: rain and heat in the same period Temperate continental climate: little rain throughout the year Temperate maritime climate: humid throughout the year Climate causes Monsoon climate causes: three types Monsoon climate Alternating pressure zones and wind zones control the climate: Mediterranean climate (subtropical high and westerly winds); savanna climate (trade winds and equatorial low pressure) Single Pressure zones and wind zones control climate: Tropical rainforest climate (equatorial low pressure); temperate oceanic climate (westerly wind) Climate distribution Climate on the east coast of the continent: Three monsoon climates Climate on the west coast of the continent: Mediterranean climate, temperate oceanic climate Climate inside the continent: temperate continental climate 9. Earth’s greenhouse effect, ozone layer Causes and hazards of destruction, acid rain and other phenomena Causes of phenomena and countermeasures for pollutant hazards Greenhouse effect, burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, especially the destruction of tropical forests, carbon dioxide and rising sea levels ( reason? ) poses a direct threat to coastal lowlands, causing changes in precipitation and dry and wet conditions in various regions, which in turn leads to changes in the economic structure of countries around the world (specific manifestations?) Improve energy utilization and adopt new energy; strive to strengthen international cooperation; plant trees and afforestation The use of refrigeration equipment and other ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons and other solar ultraviolet radiation increases: directly harming human health; causing damage to the ecological environment and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. Global cooperation to reduce the emission of ozone-depleting substances; Actively develop new refrigeration systems Acid rain burns fossil fuels (mainly coal); automobile exhaust emits acidic gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, acidifying water bodies, affecting the growth and even death of fish; acidifying soil, harming forests and crops Growth; corrosion of buildings and cultural relics endangers human health. The most fundamental way is to reduce the emissions of man-made sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides - to study the comprehensive development and utilization of sulfur resources in coal (such as clean coal technology; clean combustion technology; waste Gas reuse) burning low-sulfur coal or other clean energy Unit 3 Land and Marine Environment Main rock-forming minerals and three major types of rocks Chemistry Elements--Minerals--Minerals Rock-forming minerals--Rocks Main rock-forming minerals: quartz, mica, feldspar, calcite, etc. Press The origin is divided into three major types of rocks: Igneous rocks: It is divided into intrusive rocks (such as granite-composed of feldspar, quartz, and mica) and extrusive rocks (such as basalt) Granite is an excellent building and decorative material Sedimentary rock: formed by external forces; such as limestone; forming rock layers (often containing fossils) Limestone is a burnt Important raw materials for lime and cement Metamorphic rocks: such as marble (mainly composed of calcite, excellent building and decorative materials) The main content of the plate tectonics theory, and the plate The impact of movement on the earth's surface Content: The Earth's lithosphere is divided into six major plates by some fracture structures (such as ridges, trenches, etc.) P97 Figure 4-11 Plates are constantly moving, and the interior of the plate is relatively stable; The crustal movement is active at the junction of the plates (the Pacific Rim Volcano and Seismic Zone and the Mediterranean-Himalayan Zone) The impact of plate movement on the surface-- Forming the distribution of sea and land and landform pattern Plate rupture boundary (growth boundary): forming rift valleys and oceans, such as the East African Rift Valley and the Atlantic Ocean Plate compression boundary (death boundary) ): Mountains are often formed Extrusion between continental plates and oceanic plates - ocean trenches; island arcs and coastal mountains Extrusion between continental and continental plates - huge mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas The European Plate and the Indian Plate The extrusion of the Oceanic Plate The composition, process and impact of the crustal material cycle on the earth's surface (1) Crustal Material Cycle- -One of the four major cycles in nature (the others are atmospheric circulation, water cycle, and biological cycle) Illustration of its composition and process: External force (erosion, transport, sedimentation, consolidation) Diagenesis) Sedimentary rocks magmatic rocks (extrusive rocks and intrusive rocks) Metamorphic rocks magma Melting (2) Crustal materials The impact of circulation on the earth's surface Summary: The internal and external forces constantly interact, and the energy transformation and material exchange between the earth and the outside are especially directly participated by the atmosphere, water, and biological world. The surface material cycle plays an important role and has a profound impact on the surface morphology. The formation of surface rocks, changes in landforms, and the development of soil layers are closely related to this. Specific manifestations: Geological processes: those that cause changes in the morphology of the earth's crust and its surface (mainly internal forces in the long run) The main source of classification of geological processes The main manifestations of the results are other forms The internal force of the earth can make the surface uneven, earthquakes, volcanic crustal movement (mainly horizontal movement and vertical movement), magma activity, metamorphism The external force of the sun Radiation makes the surface flattened by weathering, erosion, transportation, sedimentation, and consolidation into rocks (the diagrams of the effects of wind and flowing water require identification: P99-P100 diagram) Water erosion landforms (water flow widens and deepens ravines; waterfalls, canyons, and loess plateaus) Surface ravines are vertical and horizontal) aqueous landforms (alluvial fans in the foothills, alluvial plains in the middle and lower reaches of rivers and estuary deltas) wind erosion landforms (wind erosion ravines, wind erosion mushrooms, Gobi) aeolian landforms (sand dunes, loess plateau) Among them the crust The result of movement - geological structure The basic form of geological structure, landform expression and the relationship between human production Fold anticlines and synclines (required to judge based on the tilt shape) anticlines form mountains; The terrain inversion and origin of cline valleys: anticlines form valleys, and synclines form mountains. Top of anticline: oil and gas. Anticline is suitable for building underground tunnels. Synclinal groove part: water. The fault is along the rock blocks on both sides of the fault surface. Dislocation of the Great Rift Valley of East Africa and the Great Escarpment on the North Slope of Mount Huashan; ascending rock blocks: Mount Huashan, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Tai Descending rock blocks: Weihe Plain and Fen River Valley Engineering construction should be reinforced or avoided when encountering faults Types of land water bodies and Their interrelationship Types of land water bodies Classification notes Spatial distribution Surface water: river water, lake water, glacier water, etc. Groundwater: phreatic, confined water ( Figure 4.21 (You need to be able to judge) Glaciers are the main body of fresh water on the earth, distributed in the poles and high mountain areas, and are rarely used directly; groundwater is the second main body of fresh water, but it is mainly deep groundwater, which is difficult to develop; dynamic water is the focus of people's development and utilization , among which river water is the most important Water cycle static water: glacier water, inland lakes, deep groundwater, etc. Dynamic water: surface water, shallow groundwater Easy to use: River water, freshwater lake water, shallow groundwater and others Interrelationships between land water bodies (taking rivers as an example) Among them, atmospheric precipitation is the most important supply of land water Note: The two pictures on textbook P103 need to be able to identify what kind of supplies each is. Distribution of factors affecting supply type and flood season time in my country Rainy season (summer and autumn in my country) Rainfall in eastern monsoon area Glacial melt water summer temperature (interruption in winter) flow) Northwest China There is a complementary relationship between rivers, lakes, and groundwater (depending on whether the water level is higher); natural water resources are constantly moving, renewing, and reciprocally transforming. Lake water and reservoirs can regulate the seasonal and seasonal flow of river runoff. Interannual changes (such as Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in my country) Seawater temperature and salinity and their relationship with the environment Distribution rules of seawater temperature: p> A Changes in Northern Hemisphere ocean heat budget with latitude--P70 Figure 3-3 (In the figure, the heat budget factors, the temperature zones distributed in surplus areas and deficit areas, and the The latitude of the turning point) B Latitudinal distribution of surface sea temperature--P71 Figure 3-5 Decreases from low latitudes to high latitudes (the reason is that the heat budget changes with latitude Change results) C vertical sea temperature changes - P70 Figure 3-4 Decrease with increasing depth (note the curve trend in the figure); deep seawater below 1000 meters remains Low temperature state Seawater salinity A The mass fraction of salt substances in seawater; the average salinity of the world's oceans is 3.5% B The latitude of surface salinity Distribution pattern - P71 Figure 3-5 It decreases from the subtropical sea areas of the northern and southern hemispheres to the high and low latitudes on both sides Cause: the equator is slightly lower - it is rainy at the equator, with more precipitation than evaporation; The highest in the subtropical zone - controlled by the subtropical high, evaporation is much more than precipitation It decreases towards high latitudes - the temperature decreases, evaporation is weak, and precipitation is more than evaporation C Factors affecting salinity Comparison of precipitation and evaporation: open sea and ocean; main factors affecting salinity from low latitudes to high latitudes Freshwater injection: nearshore (estuary ) D The Red Sea has the highest salinity - subtropical zone; little freshwater injection The Baltic Sea has the lowest salinity - a large amount of freshwater injection; more precipitation than evaporation; Yangtze River The salinity in the sea area of ??the mouth is low in summer and high in winter - summer is the flood season of the Yangtze River The main forms of seawater movement There are mainly three types of waves, tides and ocean currents Wave : Wind waves, tsunamis, etc. Tides: The periodic rise and fall of seawater under the gravity of the sun and the moon Ocean currents: The movement of relatively stable and large-scale seawater throughout the year The causes and geographical significance of ocean currents The causes of ocean currents A Atmospheric movement and near-surface wind belts-the main driving force; For example, wind and sea currents: The north-south equatorial warm currents formed by trade winds; westerly drifts; the North Indian Ocean monsoon circulation reverses in winter and runs smoothly in summer B Uneven density of sea water--the reason for ocean currents in local sea areas Such as density Current: Surface current between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean C compensation effect For example, compensatory current: upwelling in Peruvian fishing grounds Geographic significance of ocean currents A Self-purification and diffusion of pollutants B Heat transport and exchange between high and low latitudes, regulating global heat distribution Longitudinal cold currents cool and dehumidify; warm currents increase temperature Humidification (you must be able to judge the cold and warm currents based on the seawater isotherm - Example P90 Figure 3-33) (For example, the impact of the North Atlantic warm current on the maritime climate of Western Europe; The west coast of Australia and Caused by the desert on the Pacific coast of Peru) C formed a large fishing ground The intersection of cold and warm currents: such as the Newfoundland fishing ground and the Hokkaido fishing ground in Japan (the intersection of the Thousand Islands cold current and the Japanese warm current) Upwelling: Peruvian fishing grounds D Navigation Main environmental problems in the ocean and main measures to protect the marine environment Main sources of environmental problems Protecting the marine environment The main measures The main sources of marine pollution are industrial pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and petroleum. Petroleum pollution: the main sources are coastal industrial production and shipping ships; the current focus of pollution control is on oil spills 1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: protect the rights and interests of territorial waters and exclusive economic zones 2. prevent and control pollution 3. sustainable fishery production; protect marine biological resources and marine ecological environment 4. coastal engineering Construction must be scientifically demonstrated, reasonably planned and implemented Marine ecological damage 1. Marine pollution 2. Human production activities: land reclamation, indiscriminate fishing, etc. 3. Changes in the natural environment: global warming and sea level Rise The main links of the water cycle in nature and its impact on the earth's surface The water cycle is one of the four major cycles in nature (1) The light blue arrow in the picture Represents the six links of the great cycle between sea and land; The significance: land water is replenished and renewed, and water resources can be regenerated (2) The gray and dark arrows in the figure represent respectively The respective water cycles on land and ocean Among them, the amount of water replenished by the land cycle is very small The impact of the water cycle on the earth's surface A constantly renews fresh water resources, Maintaining the dynamic balance of global water is one of the most active material cycles B plays a role in absorbing, transforming, transmitting and regulating the solar radiation energy on the surface, thereby causing the various layers of the earth's surface, the land and the ocean to Realize material migration and energy exchange between them C affects global climate and ecology D shapes surface morphology, such as water erosion landforms, water accumulation landforms, etc. 10. The role of organisms in the formation and development of the geographical environment, and the role of organisms in indicating the environment The role of organisms in the geographical environment is ultimately due to the photosynthesis of green plants Photosynthesis : Inorganic matter organic matter; solar bioenergy (or chemical energy) Biological cycle: green plants synthesize organic matter animals Environmental microbial decomposition (where the pink arrow indicates The flow of organic matter; the black arrow indicates the flow of inorganic matter) The role of organisms in the geographical environment: Promote the migration and movement of natural materials and chemical elements, and the flow and transformation of energy, thereby transforming the geographical environment The organic and inorganic worlds are connected. Transforming the three major spheres, the earth's appearance has undergone fundamental changes, forming a geographical environment suitable for human survival Changes in the composition of the atmosphere; Land and water Changes in composition; green plants participate in the water cycle, improving land moisture conditions The emergence of organisms accelerated rock weathering and promoted soil formation; sedimentary rocks are mostly formed with the participation of organisms Environmental benefits (varies from place to place): A purifies the air, regulates the climate, conserves water sources, conserves water and soil, prevents wind and fixes sand, thereby improving ecological conditions, protecting farmland and pastures, and ensuring stable and high yields in agriculture and animal husbandry. ; B urban green space has the functions of smoking dust removal, filtering air, reducing noise and beautifying the environment The biological indicator of the environment Plant growth has an impact on the environment ( Among them, the influence of light, heat, and water on the climate is prominent), and it is highly dependent on the environment and adapts to the environment, so it has an obvious indication effect on the environment Camel thorn - arid environment; lotus - wet environment; "Jujube sprouts and cotton is planted"--an indication of the plant's climate; Damaged petunia leaves--an indication of sulfur dioxide pollution 11. The formation of soil and its role in the geographical environment The formation process: Weathering of lower organisms and the growth of higher plants The parent material of rock soil is primitive Mature soil Biology plays a leading role in the soil formation process Lower plants and microorganisms grow on the parent material, marking the beginning of soil formation Biology The emergence of rock mass has accelerated the weathering of the rock mass and the fertility of the parent material has continued to develop; The transformation of the parent material by organisms: first, the accumulation process of organic matter; second, the enrichment process of nutrient elements Selection Sexual absorption, photosynthesis Mineral nutrients, plant organic matter Soil fertility, humus The role of soil in the geographical environment Located in the lithosphere, The transition zone where the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere are in close contact with each other is the product of the comprehensive interaction of various elements of the terrestrial environment; Soil is a very active place for surface material circulation and energy conversion, and is a link between the organic and inorganic worlds. The central link of the world; Soil has the fertility characteristics to grow plants and provides conditions for plant growth, thus causing fundamental changes in the surface appearance of the land 12. The relationship between natural resources and human activities Interrelationship (to be investigated) Natural resources can provide raw materials, energy and essential material conditions for human production and life; The development and utilization of natural resources requires certain technical conditions and Capital investment 13. Characteristics and composition of land resources, climate resources, ocean resources, water resources, biological resources, and mineral resources (1) Terrestrial natural resources Natural resource attributes constitute unique characteristics Land resources are renewable. Land natural resources are limited. The utilization potential of land natural resources is unlimited. Land natural resources have certain distribution rules. Natural resources in a region Forming an interconnected whole Climate resources are renewable light, heat, precipitation, wind, etc. Water resources are renewable Biological resources are renewable Mineral resources are non-renewable (2) Marine resources Type composition characteristics Marine chemical resources salt, magnesium, bromine, fresh water, etc. Marine biological resources such as fish, shrimp, shells, algae, etc.