Hospital-acquired infections are infections acquired by hospitalized patients in hospitals, and how to effectively manage them is the primary responsibility of hospitals, so how much do you know about hospital infection management? The following is a compilation of my knowledge about hospital infection management Q&A, I hope you like it!
Hospital infection management knowledge Q&A 1:
1. What is hospital infection?
A: Hospital-acquired infections are infections acquired by hospitalized patients in hospitals, including infections that occur during hospitalization and infections that occur after discharge from hospitals, but do not include infections that have begun prior to hospitalization or have been in the incubation period at the time of hospitalization. Infections acquired by staff within the hospital are also hospital-acquired infections.
2. What is a healthcare-acquired infection?
A: Healthcare-acquired infections are infections caused by the transmission of pathogens in healthcare services.
Factors that are likely to cause healthcare-acquired infections include: repeated invasive operations; the use of unqualified disinfection or sterilization of medical devices or equipment; serious pollution of the healthcare environment, such as the surface of the object, the air, the hands of the medical staff, etc., and the input of contaminated medicines, blood, blood products, etc.; occupational exposure to the medical staff, etc.
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3. According to the different sources of pathogens, hospital infections can be divided into which categories?
A: Hospital infections can be divided into exogenous and endogenous infections according to the different sources of pathogens acquired by patients in the hospital.
4. What is exogenous infection?
A: exogenous infection, also known as cross-infection, the pathogens from outside the patient's body, such as from other patients, medical staff, diagnostic and therapeutic equipment and the hospital environment.
5. What is endogenous infection?
A: endogenous infection, also known as self-infection, the pathogen from the patient's own (skin, oropharynx, intestinal tract, genitourinary tract, etc.) of the resident bacteria or temporary resident bacteria. Endogenous infections can occur when the body's immune function declines or when the body's microecological environment is out of balance. With the deepening of hospital infection surveillance, exogenous infections have been significantly reduced, and endogenous infections are increasing, becoming the main type of hospital infection.
6. What are the epidemiologic characteristics of hospital-acquired infections?
A: (1) the characteristics of the chain of infection: exogenous infection transmission process must have three basic links, namely, the source of infection, transmission routes and susceptible populations, the absence of one.
(2) the form of morbidity: hospital infections are mostly sporadic, and sometimes there can be outbreaks of epidemics. Exogenous infections can be manifested in the form of distribution, but also for outbreaks. And endogenous infection is in the form of dissemination.
(3) prevention and control characteristics: most exogenous infections can be prevented and controlled by standardizing the diagnostic and therapeutic operations of health care workers, strict disinfection and sterilization and isolation measures.
The occurrence of endogenous infections is based on the patient's underlying disease, diagnostic and therapeutic measures and other factors, it is more difficult to effectively prevent and control. However, the risk of infection can be reduced through the rational use of antimicrobial drugs and immunosuppressive drugs, improve the body's immune function and other measures.
(4) Distribution characteristics of departments: hospital infections occur in high-risk departments in hospitals, mainly in various types of intensive care wards, neonatal wards, neurosurgery, burns, cardiothoracic surgery, respiratory, hematology and nephrology wards and so on.
(5) Characteristics of the distribution of infection sites: In view of the different risk factors for the occurrence of hospital infections in different countries, the main sites leading to the occurrence of hospital infections are also different. In the United States, the main infection sites for the urinary tract, surgical sites, lower respiratory tract and bloodstream infections. In our country, the main infection sites are respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary tract and surgical site infections, accounting for more than 80% of the entire hospital infection.
7. What are the key units/departments for hospital infection control?
A: The key departments of hospital infection control work refers to the high incidence of hospital infections, hospital infection prevention has an important role in the department. Such as intensive care wards, neonatal wards (mother and baby room), transplantation wards, burn wards, operating rooms, maternity wards, catheterization rooms, disinfection and supply centers, endoscopy rooms, stomatology, blood purification centers, infectious diseases, and so on.
8. What are the common sources of hospital infections?
A: The common sources of hospital infections are patients, carriers or self-infection, contaminated medical equipment, contaminated blood or blood products, environmental storage sources.
9. What are the main ways of transmission of hospital infections?
A: The main ways of transmission of hospital infections are as follows:
(1) contact transmission ----- is the most common and most important way of transmission of hospital infections. Including direct contact transmission and indirect transmission. Diseases spread by contact are common intestinal infections, multi-drug resistant bacteria infections, skin infections and so on.
(2) droplet transmission ----- Diseases transmitted by droplets include whooping cough, diphtheria, influenza, viral mumps and so on.
(3) Airborne ----- Diseases commonly spread by air are tuberculosis, measles, chicken pox, etc.
10. Which groups of people are susceptible to hospital-acquired infections?
A: hospital infection susceptible groups are:
(1) patients with serious underlying diseases, such as diabetes, malignant tumors, chronic kidney disease and other patients.
(2) The elderly and infant patients.
(3) Patients receiving various immunosuppressive treatments, such as anticancer drugs, radiotherapy, immunosuppressants, etc.
(4) Patients who have been treated with antibacterial drugs for a long time, resulting in microecological imbalance in the body.
(5) Patients receiving various invasive diagnostic and therapeutic operations.
11. What are the risk factors for hospital-acquired infections?
A: (1) the abuse of antimicrobial drugs to destroy the ecological balance of the normal flora; (2) repeated use of invasive operations; (3) serious environmental pollution, including all medical appliances in the hospital, the air, the hands of medical staff, the surfaces of all medical equipment;
(4) susceptible people: infants, the elderly, after major surgery, critically ill patients, chronic underlying diseases, the original disease is serious, Those who apply immunosuppressants, radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
12. What is hospital infection management?
Answer: Hospital infection management is for the diagnosis and treatment activities in the presence of healthcare-acquired infections and related risk factors using the relevant theories and methods, summing up the occurrence of hospital infections, and in order to reduce hospital infections in the organized and planned prevention, diagnosis and treatment and control activities.
13.WHO in 1986 to the world recommended the effective prevention of hospital infections in five measures are?
A: Including disinfection, isolation, aseptic operation, rational use of antimicrobial drugs, monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of infection control through monitoring.
14. hospital infection management related laws, regulations, standards?
A: "Chinese People's **** and the State of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control Law", "Medical Waste Management Regulations", "medical waste management in health care institutions", "AIDS Prevention and Control Regulations", "Disinfection Management Measures", "Medical Institutions, infectious disease pre-screening and triage management measures", "Hospital Infection Management Measures" "hospital infection diagnostic criteria (for trial implementation)", "Classification Catalog of Medical Wastes", "Medical Wastes", "Medical Wastes". Provisions on Special Packaging, Container Standards and Warning Labels for Medical Waste", "Guiding Principles for the Clinical Application of Antimicrobial Drugs", "Code of Practice for Cleaning and Disinfection of Endoscopes (2004 Edition)", "Guidelines for Protection of Medical Personnel Against Occupational Exposure to HIV (Trial)", "Code of Practice for Disinfection of Oral Diagnostic and Treatment Instruments in Healthcare Facilities", "Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Health on Strengthening the Control of Hospital-acquired Infections of Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria", "Hospital Infection Control Measures Notice on Strengthening Hospital Infection Control of Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria", "Hospital Infection Outbreak Reporting and Disposal Management Standards", "Hospital Disinfection and Supply Center Management Standards", "Hospital Disinfection and Supply Center Cleaning, Disinfection and Sterilization Technical Practice", "Hospital Disinfection and Supply Center Cleaning, Disinfection and Sterilization Effect Monitoring Standards", "Hand Hygiene Standards for Medical Personnel", "Hospital Isolation Technical Standards", "Hospital Infection Monitoring Standards", "Hemodialysis Room Management Standards for Healthcare Institutions", etc. Hemodialysis Room Management Code" and so on.
15. Hospital infection management committee consists of what personnel?
A: The hospital infection management committee consists of the hospital infection management department, medical department, nursing department, clinical departments, disinfection supply room, operating room, clinical testing department, pharmacy management department, equipment management department, logistics management department and other relevant departments of the main person in charge, the chairman of the hospital president or vice president in charge of medical work.
16. What are the three levels of hospital infection management organization?
A: (1) Hospital Infection Management Committee; (2) Hospital Infection Management Department and full-time staff; (3) Clinical Department of Hospital Infection Management Team.
17. According to the different sizes of medical institutions, how to establish a sound hospital infection management organization?
A: Medical institutions should be based on their different scales, the establishment of a sound hospital infection management organization system:
(1) the total number of inpatient beds in more than 100 hospitals should be set up in the hospital infection management committee and independent hospital infection management department.
(2) hospitals with a total of 100 or fewer inpatient beds should designate a department in charge of hospital infection management.
(3) Other medical institutions should have hospital infection management special (part-time) staff.
(4) Each clinical department should be set up hospital infection management team.
18. What are the main contents of the management of hospital infection?
A: The main contents of the hospital infection management work include:
(1) the establishment of the hospital infection management organization, clear responsibilities, and according to the relevant national regulations on the prevention and control of hospital infections, combined with the actual situation of the hospital, the development of hospital infection management rules and regulations.
(2) to the medical institutions of various types of personnel for hospital infection prevention and control knowledge training.
(3) monitoring, analysis and feedback on hospital infections and their related risk factors, and put forward control measures for existing problems; timely detection and control of hospital infection outbreaks.
(4) Implementation of hospital infection control measures, including: rational use of antimicrobial drugs, strict cleaning, disinfection and sterilization and isolation, strengthen the aseptic technology operation, the management of disinfection equipment, the management of disposable medical supplies, the management of medical waste, as well as standardize the management of high-risk departments, links and operations of hospital infection.
(5) To carry out occupational health protection for medical staff to prevent hospital infections.
19. What are the responsibilities of the Hospital Infection Management Committee?
A: (1) conscientiously implement the laws and regulations and technical specifications and standards for the management of hospital infections, the development of the hospital rules and regulations for the prevention and control of hospital infections, diagnostic standards for hospital infections and supervise the implementation of the hospital; (2) according to the prevention of hospital infections and hygienic requirements of the hospital's architectural design, the construction of key departments of the basic standards, the basic facilities and the workflow of the review and put forward their opinions (3) To study and determine the hospital infection management work plan of the hospital, and to assess and evaluate the implementation of the plan; (4) To study and determine the key departments, key links, key processes, risk factors and interventions for hospital infections in the hospital, and to clarify the responsibilities of the relevant departments and personnel in the prevention and control of hospital infections; (5) To study and formulate the hospital infection outbreaks and unexplained infectious diseases or special infectious diseases; (6) To review and comment on the hospital infection prevention and hygiene requirements, the basic standards of architectural design, construction of key departments, basic facilities and workflow. And the emergence of unexplained infectious diseases or special pathogens infection cases and other events control plan; (6) the establishment of a meeting system, regular research, coordination and resolution of issues related to the management of hospital infections; (7) according to the characteristics of the pathogens in the hospital and the current status of drug resistance, in conjunction with the Pharmacy Board of Management to put forward the guidance of the rational use of antimicrobial drugs; (8) other important matters related to the management of hospital infections.