1, volume than 2, quality than 3, this issue is more complex, the state expressly prohibits subcontracting, large package refers to general contracting, clear package is the package of clean labor, subcontracting generally refers to professional subcontracting into the doors and windows, water and electricity, subcontracting is the project is contracted to transfer the construction of the construction of other units 4, the critical strength of the material generally refers to the strength of the proximity to the destruction of the 5, access to water (above and below), electricity
Any street buildings or structures shall not exceed the architectural red line. The red line of the building consists of the red line of the road and the building control line.
The red line of the road is a city road (including residential roads) land planning control line; building control line is the location of the building base control line. Base and road adjacent to the side, generally to the road red line for the building control line, if due to urban planning needs, the competent authorities may be outside the road line another building control line, generally known as the setback road red line construction.
Any building shall not exceed the given red line of the building 7, construction permits have construction units (Party A) to go to the competent department of construction administration for 8, the state of the warranty period for construction products more, foundation works and the main structure of the project, for the design documents for the project's reasonable use of life; waterproofing of roofing, waterproofing requirements of the bathroom, rooms and external walls of the leakage, for five years; for heating and cooling, for five years. Leakage, for five years; heating and cooling system, for two heating period, cooling period; electrical piping, water supply and drainage piping, equipment installation for two years; decoration works for two years.
The warranty period for other items is agreed upon by the construction unit and the construction unit. The warranty period of the building construction project is calculated from the date of completion and acceptance of the project.
9, special-level enterprises: can undertake the construction of various types of building construction projects. First-class enterprises: can undertake a single construction contract value of not more than five times the registered capital of the following building construction projects: (1) 40 floors and below, various types of span of the building construction; (2) height of 240 meters and below the structure; (3) construction area of 200,000 square meters and below the residential district or building groups.
Second-tier enterprises: can undertake a single construction contract value of not more than 5 times the registered capital of the following building construction projects: (1) 28 floors and below, a single span of 36 meters and below the building construction; (2) height of 120 meters and below the structures; (3) construction area of 120,000 square meters and below the residential district or building groups. Third-level enterprises: can undertake a single construction contract value does not exceed five times the registered capital of the enterprise construction of the following building construction works: (1) 14 floors and below, single span 24 meters and below the building construction works; (2) height of 70 meters and below the structures; (3) building area of 60,000 square meters and below the residential district or building groups 10, engineering subcontracting, labor subcontracting are to be the general contractor with the unit Sign a contract that.
2. Some of the basic questions about housing construction (short answer on the line)
1. One to three floors of low-rise residential, four to six floors of multi-storey residential, seven to nine floors of medium-high-rise residential, ten floors and more than ten floors of high-rise residential.
2. 3 Basic Provisions 3.0.1 Residential design should be in line with the requirements of town planning and residential planning, and make economic, reasonable and effective use of land and space. 3.0.2 Residential design should harmonize the building with the surrounding environment, and create convenient, comfortable and beautiful living space.
3.0.3 Residential design should be people-oriented, in addition to meeting the general requirements for residential use, according to the need to meet the requirements of the elderly, disabled and other special groups.3.0.4 Residential design should meet the occupants of the required sunlight, natural lighting, ventilation and sound insulation requirements.
3.0.5 Residential design must meet the requirements of energy conservation, residential buildings should be able to rationalize the use of energy. It is desirable to combine the energy conditions of each place, and adopt the energy supply method combining conventional energy and renewable energy.
3.0.6 Residential design should promote standardization, modularization and diversification, actively adopt new technologies, new materials and new products, and actively promote industrialized design and construction technologies and modular application technologies. 3.0.7 The structural design of residential buildings should satisfy the requirements of safety, applicability and durability.
3.0.8 The design of residential buildings shall comply with the provisions of relevant fire prevention codes, and shall meet the requirements for safe evacuation. 3.0.9 The design of residential buildings shall meet the basic requirements of effective functioning, safe operation and convenient maintenance of the equipment system, and shall reserve a reasonable installation position for the relevant equipment.
3.0.10 Residential design should meet the requirements of recent use at the same time, taking into account the possibility of future transformation. 3. building density (building density; building coverage ratio), [1] refers to a certain range, the total area of the building's base and the ratio of occupied land area (%).
It refers to the coverage ratio of buildings, specifically the ratio of the total basal area of all buildings within the project site to the area of the planned construction site (%), which can reflect the rate of open space and the degree of densification of buildings within a certain site area.4. Volume ratio refers to the ratio of the total floor area of a neighborhood to the area of the site.
For the developer, the plot ratio determines the proportion of land cost in the house, while for the residents, the plot ratio is directly related to the comfort of living. In a good residential area, the plot ratio for high-rise residential should be no more than 5, multi-storey residential should be no more than 2, and the green space rate should be no less than 30%.
However, due to the limitation of land cost, not all projects can do this. 5. Also known as the "building coefficient", or "K" value, it refers to the percentage of the floor area of a building (or living area in the case of a residential building) that is used by the building.
The formula is: building plan coefficient = use area / floor area * 100% building plan coefficient is one of the technical and economic indicators of construction. Used to measure the economic rationality of the layout, such as in residential buildings in the building plan coefficient is generally 50-55%.
In the case of the same residential floor area, increase the value of K can increase the living area, K value of each increase of 1%, if the unit cost of floor area remains unchanged, the average calculation of the living area, the investment can be reduced by 1.4%. 6. Positioning axes should be coincided with the axis of the main grid.
The distance between the positioning lines (e.g., span, column spacing, storey height, etc.) should be in accordance with the modal dimensions, which are used to determine the position and elevation of the structure or components, etc. Structural components and plane positioning line connection, should be conducive to horizontal components beams, slabs, roof racks and vertical components walls, columns, etc., the unity and interchangeability, and make the structural components reasonable force, construction simplification.
7. Determined with reference to the corresponding building codes and universal design modulus. 8. Use space and equipment space.
9. The standard single bed is 1900 * 900; double bed is 2000 * 1500, 2200 * 180010. According to the residential design code, 3.9.1 the height of external window sill from the floor, the ground is less than 0.90m, there should be a protective device, the window has a balcony or a platform outside the window may not be subject to this restriction. The net height of the window sill or the height of the protective railing should be calculated from the treadable surface to ensure that the net height of 0.90m.
11. 80CM12. 4.1.1 The design of stairwells should be in accordance with the current national standards, "Building Design Fire Prevention Code" (GBJ16) and "high-rise civil building design and fire prevention code" (GB50045) of the relevant provisions of the national standard. 4.1.2 Staircase ladder section net width should not be less than 1.10m. Less than 1.10m.
Six floors and the following six floors of residential, one side of the ladder section with balustrade net width should not be less than 1m.13. Various atlases a lot of a roof waterproofing construction materials and practices 1. cast-in-situ reinforced concrete slabs 2. 1:6 cement slag slopes 2%, the lowest place 30 mm thick.
3. 20㎜ thick 1:3 cement mortar leveling. 4. 2㎜ thick polyurethane waterproof material.
5. 1.5㎜ thick EPDM waterproofing membrane. 6. 30㎜ thick polystyrene foam extruded thermal insulation board.
7. 3㎜ thick machete ash isolation layer. 8. 25 thick 1:3 cement mortar paving with colorful cement bricks, with 3㎜ wide seam, and filled with sand and swept clean.
14. Concrete sloping and mortar sloping, concrete sloping is the main one. 15. need to be in accordance with the "Building Water Supply and Drainage Design Specification" GB50015-2003 in 4.9 provisions, determined after calculation.
16. flooding is a waterproofing process on the building, in common parlance is actually in the wall and roof, that is, in all the need for waterproofing treatment of the flat elevation of the intersection of the waterproofing treatment, to put it bluntly is the use of waterproofing materials to the corner of the wall wrapped. And bulk water is different .
17. organized drainage and disorganized drainage. 18. This is a little more, but much the same, different wall materials 19. reinforced concrete frame structure, shear wall structure, frame shear wall structure, frame silo structure and silo structure, brick structure, brick-concrete structure.
20. walkway combination, suite combination, hall combination, unit combination, integrated combination. 21. stair tread width should not be less than 0.26m, tread height should not be greater than 0.175m.
22. staircase balustrade vertical bars between the headroom should not be greater than 0.11m. 23. staircase horizontal section of the balustrade length of more than 0.50m, its handrail height should not be less than 1.05m.
24. The protective layer of masonry or concrete paved around the house and other buildings, the width of more than one meter up and down [2]. The purpose of setting up the bulk water is to make the building exterior wall near the foot of the ground water can be quickly drained, and to prevent the eaves of the dripping water to wash the soil on the ground around the exterior wall, reduce the wall and the foundation of the possibility of flooding, protection of the wall and the foundation, you can extend the life of the building.
25. Prevent moisture in the soil from rising along the foundation wall, and prevent water from the ground located at the foot of the leat from seeping into the wall and dampening the wall body. Horizontal vapor barrier should generally be within the range of impermeable bedding (such as concrete) on the indoor floor, usually set at minus 0.006m elevation, and should be at least 150mm above the city floor to prevent rainwater from splashing the wall.
When the ground is permeable material (eg.
3. Seek "general knowledge of building construction safety" in detail (100 points, after the adoption of an additional 100 points)
Safety accidents are fierce as a tiger, last month, a district of our city, the collapse of the building accident still makes us palpitate.
The occurrence of construction accidents is largely due to the lack of construction workers' awareness of construction safety and knowledge of construction safety. Sometimes, a small negligence can cause serious accidents, we must not take it lightly.
This issue of the special edition of the special part of the building construction safety knowledge, for the majority of readers to learn, understand. In the building construction, the high place of work more.
The so-called work at height, refers to all the fall height of the base surface more than 2m (including 2m) may fall in the high place of work, are called work at height. Due to the high work activity surface is small, around the air, wind, and vertical cross work, so it is a very complex, dangerous work, a little negligence, will cause serious accidents.
The work at height must be strictly enforced "building construction work at height safety technical specifications". First, the types and causes of work at height accidents 1. Workers at height lack of due technical knowledge of safety and self-protection consciousness.
2. Safety protection facilities and equipment for work at height are not sound. 3. The material strength of the trampled material is not enough.
4. High-altitude work to move the position, rubbing the air, slip, destabilization. 5. Three-dimensional vertical cross work is not in accordance with the provisions of the protective measures.
6. When working at height, due to improper station or operating errors by the object collision, electric shock, wind and fall. Second, work at height must be strictly in accordance with the safety standards 1. Workers at height should wear tight-fitting coveralls, wear non-slip shoes, wear a helmet on the head, and wear a safety belt at the waist.
2. Fog, heavy rain and more than six winds, prohibit work at height. 3. The tools that are not used in the work at height should be put into the tool bag and taken with you.
Commonly used tools should be tied to the body, the use of tools and materials removed should be used to tie the rope to the ground, not thrown down, so as not to fall hurt. After the end of the operation should be promptly cleaned up and transported to the designated location, to prevent left at the scene of operation and fall hurt.
Third, cross work safety practices in the construction site space up and down different levels (height) at the same time for the work at height, called cross work. Its safe operation specification is: 1. Operators in the upper and lower three-dimensional cross operation shall not be up and down on the same vertical plane.
The lower work position must be in the upper work objects may fall outside the range; when it can not meet, the upper and lower should be set up between the isolation layer of protection. When the high-rise building more than 24m above the cross operation.
There should be a double layer of protection facilities. 2. Prohibit the lower level of workers in the protective railings, platforms, etc. below the rest.
Fourth, the climbing operation safety specifications in the construction site, with the help of climbing gear or climbing facilities, climbing conditions in the high place of work, called climbing operations. Its safety practices are: 1. Operators should be up and down from the prescribed channel, not between the balcony and other non-provision of the channel climbing jump.
2. Up and down the ladder, you must face the ladder, hands on the ladder, not holding objects to climb. 3. Prohibit work on balcony railings, steel and pipe racks, templates and their support poles.
4. It is prohibited to walk and work along the upper chord of the roof frame, purlin and unfixed objects. 5. Personnel on and off the scaffolding should take a special channel, and it is prohibited to climb up and down the scaffolding poles.
Work or walk on the scaffolding should pay attention to the foot probe board. Fifth, the protection measures for work at height 1. Protection of the platform for work at height The platform for work at height should be surrounded by 1-1.2m protective railings, railings outside the hanging mesh net closed.
The bottom of the surrounding 18cm high-grade footboard, platform plate for 5cm thick wooden scaffolding. Platform ladder, for staff up and down, ladder and platform skeleton to be fixed firmly, pedal spacing of 30cm.
2. Protection of the edge of the work in the high work, the edge of the work surface is not fenced facilities, or in the fenced facilities, but the height of the height is less than 0.8m, this high work for the edge of the work. Balcony, floor, roof, pit perimeter and other edges should be set up to protect the railings, hanging mesh closed.
The use of scaffolding wall masonry, scaffolding outside the closed mesh; inside and between the wall should also be closed to the gap, to prevent the fall of falling objects. 3. Hole protection In the construction process, there are a variety of holes, holes, there are certain safety hazards.
Should be based on the hole, hole size location of different and construction program requirements closed firmly, tightly. If you want to remove, must be approved by the person in charge of the site.
Six, building construction trauma rescue knowledge 1. open trauma treatment ① cleaning and disinfection of the wound, available saline and alcohol cotton balls, the wound and the surrounding skin on the mud, dirt and other clean up, and with clean gauze to absorb moisture and blood seepage, and then use alcohol and other drugs for initial disinfection. In the absence of disinfection conditions, the wound can be rinsed with clean water, preferably with flowing tap water, and then use a clean cloth or dressing to absorb the wound.
② hemostasis, for bleeding wounds, whether to do timely and effective hemostasis, the casualty's life greatly affected. ③ burns first aid should first remove the source of burns, the casualty as soon as possible to move to a place with good air circulation, with cleaner clothes to wrap the injured surface to prevent recontamination; in the field, in addition to chemical burns can be used in large quantities of flowing water rinsing, on the trauma is generally not dealt with, as far as possible, do not break the blisters, to protect the epidermis.
2. Closed trauma treatment ① lighter closed trauma, such as local contusion, subcutaneous bleeding, can be in the injured part of the cold compresses, in order to prevent the tissue to continue to swell, reduce subcutaneous bleeding. ② If you find that the person fell from a height or fall and other accidents, you can not move the patient at will.
③ If you suspect that there is internal injuries, should be as early as possible to make the casualty to get medical treatment; transportation of the casualty to take a lying position, careful handling, pay attention to keep the airway open, pay attention to prevent shock. ④ During the transportation process, if there is a sudden respiratory and cardiac arrest, artificial respiration first aid measures should be carried out immediately.
Related news links: ■ Inner Mongolia Chifeng City, Dongjiao wire and cable plant occurred in a fall accident, resulting in one death. The cable plant, a worker is installing a boiler, due to the installation of boilers need to remove the boiler roof asbestos tiles, the worker in the absence of any protective equipment to the roof operations, the results of asbestos tiles accidentally crushed, resulting in its fall from the roof to the ground to death.
■ A construction company in Shanghai City dismantled the safety net when the accident occurred, three people died. The three operators of the construction company did not check carefully before removing the safety net, and did not realize that the fixing point on the east side of the safety net had been damaged.
When the 3 people stepped into the flat net.
4. What problems will occur in the process of housing construction
I. Causes of building floor cracks and preventive measures First of all, prefabricated hollow-core slab filling cracks lead to floor cracks mainly due to the following reasons: 1, because the workers in the process of filling cracks, failed to timely remove the slab cracks in the crushed bricks, wood, mortar, and other residues, and the slab is dry at the time of filling cracks, which is very difficult to make the grouting of the Fine stone expansion concrete and floor firmly bonded together, so that cracks between the concrete and the floor; 2, due to the slab joints buried electrical conduit and cracking, the designer of certain electrical conduits set in the slab joints, so that the wrenching joints in the concrete is not solid, or not in, so that the floor plaster cracking here; 3, construction due to the installation of the floor workers do not use cement mortar to smooth out the floor, but also do not sit on the slurry installation to make the floor stable.
When the floor is loaded by the floor shift displacement, so that the adjacent floor between up and down the wrong, causing cracks; 4, due to the slab joints in the concrete did not reach the design strength, prematurely bear the construction load, resulting in cracks; 5, the slab joints in the hardening of the concrete in the process, with the increase in strength, and at the same time, also produces a contraction and deformation, cracks, so that the floor cracking. For the above reasons, the main preventive measures taken are: (1) the design should be appropriately widened plate joints, generally 100mm configuration of reinforcing bars, hanging mold at the bottom of the plate joints, filling c20 fine stone expansion concrete, so that the plate joints and the floor to form a whole.
(2) design as far as possible not to set up in the plate joints in the electrical conduit, to avoid the plate joints filling is not dense. (3) Try to use concrete expansion agent, avoid making dumping ordinary concrete, to resist concrete shrinkage and deformation.
(4) carefully clean up the residual debris in the slab joints, wash the floor with water, vibrate the concrete with machinery, and timely maintenance. (5) Floor slab installation before leveling with cement mortar, sit on the slurry on the floor, to avoid loose floor slabs, mutual misalignment so that adjacent slab joints produce shear force.
(6) After filling the slab joints, can not prematurely add construction load, to prevent vibration of concrete in the slab joints, reduce strength. Secondly, the precast plate bearing edge of the common causes of through-length cracks are as follows: 1, given the precast reinforced concrete floor for simply supported plate, in the use of the load, the floor end will produce angular displacement, this angular displacement is easy to make the floor plate joint cracks; 2, precast reinforced concrete floor contraction and deformation, but also to make the floor cracks; 3, in the design and construction, the floor plate is sometimes supported on the reinforced 3, in the design and construction, the floor slab is sometimes supported on one end on the reinforced concrete frame beam and the other end on the brick wall.
Due to the different settlement of the two structures, so that the deformation of the end of the plate, supported on the beams of the floor cracks; 4, prefabricated floor slabs are supported at both ends of the two brick walls, due to the settlement of the two brick walls are different, but also the deformation of the end of the plate; 5, due to the prefabricated floor slabs with different specifications, in the case of temperature changes, the resulting deformation of different will also cause cracks on the floor; 6, the installation of the floor slabs, do not sit on the slurry on the board, so that the plate supports loose, so that the board supports loose, so that the board supports loose, so that the board supports loose, so that the board supports loose, and so on. The floor slab installation, do not sit on the slurry on the plate, so that the plate support loosening, will also produce cracks. The main preventive measures are: (1) in the design try to avoid the two ends of the floor slab were supported on reinforced concrete frame beams and load-bearing walls, so as to reduce the difference between the two ends of the floor slab bearing settlement, to avoid cracks in the floor at the bearing.
(2) floor leveling layer can try to set up reinforced concrete reinforcing mesh, to enhance the integrity of the floor and the ability to resist the negative bending moment when they can not all be set up reinforcing mesh, but also in the plate support on the floor to set up a wide 600 steel reinforcing concrete reinforcing mesh. (3) construction must be installed with cement mortar mortar floor, pad plate end.
(4) if necessary, can be left at the end of the plate compartmentalized joints, with building sealing paste embedded solid. Second, the masonry of the building of a good foundation of several major measures to masonry of a good foundation of several major measures: (1) master the consistency of masonry mortar.
If the mortar water-cement ratio is not appropriate, it will cause poor mortar compactness, not full. When masonry burlap, due to the small water absorption rate of the burlap, the gray joints are large, which will make the stone and mortar to form a water film between the burlap and mortar, increasing the burlap sliding, thus reducing the burlap foundation strength.
Therefore, the mortar water-cement ratio can not be too large, and should be adjusted according to the construction site and season. (2) Use the correct method of masonry burrstone.
When the enlarged foot of masonry foundation is made into a stepped shape, the upper step stone at least 1/2 of the lower level of pressure masonry, adjacent steps of masonry should be staggered with each other lap masonry. Masonry burlap foundation steps, the front skin should be selected to use a larger or wider stone, so that the closing of that piece of burlap at least pressed 1/2, to improve the uniformity of the burlap foundation.
(3) winter to prevent freezing of the foundation. Winter construction, every day after the masonry of wool stone, should be covered with insulation material on the surface of the wool stone foundation, can also be used to mix additives mortar construction.
Construction of the lowest temperature below minus 15 ℃, masonry mortar standard should be increased by one level at normal temperature. When the temperature is lower than -20 ℃, shall not continue construction, otherwise the water film between the stone and the mortar is frozen ice, after freezing, there are gaps between the mortar and the stone, can not form a whole.
Third, on the pile foundation construction of common problems and measures taken (1) long spiral drilling concrete piles: long spiral concrete piles are widely used in geological conditions where there is no water and no sand. Its advantage is that the construction speed is fast and the quality is easy to guarantee, but the following problems are easy to appear in the construction: when the drilling machine drills to the elevation of the bottom of the hole, it should stop drilling and static dialing, such as drilling and lifting the drilling rod, which will produce a large amount of virtual soil at the bottom of the hole and reduce the bearing capacity of the end of the pile, and it should be poured into 30-20cm gravel and compacted with tamping hammer before pouring in the concrete, and then pour in concrete under the reinforcing cage.
The collapse of the concrete should be controlled at 10cm, the collapse is too small to produce pile breakage, and the concrete should be vibrated throughout the filling. (2) Vibratory bored pile (vibratory pile): vibratory bored pile can be constructed in groundwater, silty soil and fine sand with thickness not more than three meters, the construction cost is relatively low compared with other underwater bored piles, but the pile can't penetrate through the layer of fine and medium sand with thickness more than three meters when it is being constructed.
There are some limitations. Pile construction can not be a single control elevation.
It must be subject to double control. In the same neighborhood pile length is not the same is normal.
It is forbidden to vibrate the pile for a long time when it does not reach the design elevation, otherwise it will cause shrinkage or breakage to the neighboring piles. In order to improve the bearing capacity of the pile during construction, the pile should be re-driven, and the soil on the vibrating pipe must be cleaned up before construction.
It is strictly prohibited to insert backward in the soil, because it is easy to bring mud into the pile when inserting backward in the soil to produce pile breakage. (3) Pressure grouting pile: Pressure grouting pile is sandless concrete grouting pile, this pile type is through the expansion of cement slurry on the soil around the pile, improve the bearing capacity of the pile, the bearing capacity of the sandy soil is 1.1~2 times of the ordinary piles, which is characterized by the pile type is suitable for most of the geologic conditions of construction.
5. Ask a question about building foundation
These are the most basic common sense in civil engineering
Foundation is the structure that carries the self-weight of the building and stabilizes the building against the combined external forces
Load-bearing and stabilizing structure
There are many types of foundations, such as raft foundations, box foundations, free-standing foundations under columns, strip foundations, pile-bearing foundations, etc.
There are also many kinds of foundations, such as raft foundations, box foundations, independent foundations under columns, strip foundations, pile-bearing foundations, and so on. foundation, pile bearing foundation, and so on
Brick foundation, as its name suggests, is a foundation made of bricks, according to the performance of the foundation required by the building, the foundation is made of brick masonry
A building can consist of a variety of foundations at the same time, but the foundation and the foundation to meet the requirements of the superstructure as well as the requirements of the foundation bearing capacity
Basement projects are usually designed and constructed by raft foundation or box foundation, and the foundation can be used for the construction of a building. Foundation or box foundation is designed and constructed,
When the bearing capacity of the natural foundation soil is not enough, it is necessary to deal with the foundation, or
Need to drive piles, and then the foundation will be situated on the pile bearing platform
The foundation can be made of many kinds of foundation at the same time, but the foundation and the foundation should not only meet the requirements of the superstructure but also meet the requirements of the foundation bearing capacity.