1, the Mars moon was found to have water
January 4 and January 25, 2004, the U.S. "Courage" and "Opportunity" rover Mars, respectively, landed on Mars. The most important achievement of the two Mars rovers is that they have been able to land on the planet Mars. The biggest achievement of the two Mars rovers is *** with the discovery of evidence that there was once water on Mars. At the same time, the European "Mars Express" rover operating in orbit around Mars also found the existence of frozen water at the south pole of Mars. This is the first time humans have found water directly on the surface of Mars. After more than nine months of space travel, the U.S. "Phoenix" Mars rover successfully landed in the area near the north pole of Mars on May 25, 2008, which is the first human probe to land near the north pole of Mars. According to the plan, the Phoenix launched a three-month ground exploration of Mars after landing. On July 30 of the same year, Phoenix's robotic arm delivered a soil sample to the Heat and Release Gas Analyzer. As the sample heated up, the analyzer identified the presence of water vapor. This is the most direct evidence of water on Mars.
In November 2009, scientists stated with certainty that there was water on the Moon and that it was present in significant quantities. on October 9, 2009, NASA used a rocket to impact a 100-foot diameter crater on the lunar surface and measured 25 gallons of water in the form of water vapor and ice in the resulting debris.
2, Human Genome Sequence Chart Completed
On June 26, 2000, U.S. President Bill Clinton and U.K. Prime Minister Tony Blair jointly announced that the first-ever sketch of the human genome had been completed.
On February 12, 2001, scientists from six countries, including China, the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, and the United States-based Celera Corporation jointly announced the mapping of the human genome and the results of the preliminary analysis.
The most substantial part of the human genome project is the DNA sequence map of the human genome, and the start of the human genome project, the focus of the debate, the main differences, and the main battlefield of the competition are all centered around the sequence map. Before the completion of the sequence diagram, all other diagrams are the padding of the sequence diagram. In other words, only the birth of the sequence diagram marks the completion of the entire human genome project.
On April 15, 2003, on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the publication of the double-helix model of DNA structure, the heads of state or government of China, the United States, Japan, Britain, France, and Germany signed a document, and scientists of the six countries jointly declared that the sequence map of the human genome was completed. The mapping of the human genome is an important milestone in the history of mankind's exploration of its own mysteries, and it is regarded by many analysts as the sign of the birth of the biotechnology century. In other words, the 21st century is the century in which biotechnology will dominate the world, just as the birth of quantum theory a century ago is thought to have unveiled the 20th century, which was dominated by physics.
The human genome contains the vast majority of genetic information about human life, ageing, disease, and death, and deciphering it will bring about a revolution in the diagnosis of diseases, the development of new drugs, and the exploration of new therapies.
In 2007, scientists for the first time articulated just how different human DNA is from person to person. This was a huge conceptual leap that will affect everything from how doctors treat diseases to how humans see themselves and protect their privacy.
3, Cell Reprogramming Technology
Science magazine ranked progress in reprogramming cells to "customize" cell lines among the top ten scientific advances of 2008.
Science says that these cell lines, and the methods used to "customize" them, provide researchers with the tools to understand and even cure some of the most persistent diseases in medicine in the future, such as Parkinson's disease and type 1 diabetes.
The so-called cell reprogramming refers to the implantation of new genes to change the developmental "memory" of the cell, so that it returns to the most primitive state of embryonic development, like embryonic stem cells, can be differentiated, such a cell is called "induced pluripotent stem cell This kind of cell is called "induced pluripotent stem cell". In 2008, two teams of researchers took cells from patients suffering from different diseases and reprogrammed them to "transform" into stem cells. Most of the diseases they selected were difficult or impossible to study using animal models, making the need to obtain human cell lines for research even more urgent.
Science suggests that these new cell lines will be an important tool for researchers to understand how diseases occur and develop, and may also be useful for screening potential drugs in the medical field. If scientists fully master cell reprogramming in the future, and are able to control this technology more accurately to make it more effective and safer, it will be possible for patients suffering from different diseases to be cured with autologous healthy cells.
4, the earliest human ancestor to determine
The height of 4 feet (about 1.21 meters) of "Aldi" has become the oldest primitive human discovered so far. She lived 4.4 million years ago until 1992 when she was discovered. After 17 years of exploration and research, scientists pieced together more than 100 fragments unearthed in Ethiopia and succeeded in recovering a model of her skeleton.
In October 2009, scientists announced the results. Surprisingly, Aldi, the ****same ancestor of both humans and chimpanzees, is very different from a chimpanzee. In addition, the fact that he was able to walk upright despite living in the forest disproved previous theories that open grassland terrain was crucial to the development of bipedalism in humans.
5. Confirmation of the existence of cosmic dark matter
In 2003, a multinational team of scientists led by Dr. Scranton of the University of Pittsburgh used observations from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite in the United States as well as another study called Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). A comparative analysis was carried out with observations from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite of the United States and another observational program called the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The analysis concluded that only 4% of the universe is ordinary matter, 23% is dark matter, and 73% is dark energy. 2006 saw the most direct evidence for the existence of dark matter in the universe, when a team of American astronomers observed collisions in distant galaxies with equipment such as NASA's Chandra X-ray Space Telescope. In 2007, scientists from Europe and the United States published the first three-dimensional map of cosmic dark matter in the journal Nature.
6, Stem cell research results
In 2000, cloning and stem cell research made progress. In cloning, scientists succeeded in cloning one of the most difficult animals to clone: the pig.
In 2002, Israeli scientists transplanted human "kidney precursor cells" into rats, which developed into similar organs with certain functions and about the same size as the rats' own kidneys.
In 2003, U.S. scientists for the first time on human embryonic stem cells to complete the genetic engineering operation, in the application of stem cells in medical research has advanced a big step; Japanese scientists for the first time to cultivate human embryonic stem cells; Chinese scientists for the first time human skin cells and rabbit egg cells fusion, cultivation of human embryonic stem cells.
In 2006, Australian scientists successfully utilized a single stem cell for the first time in the world to make mammary glands grow in lab rats. British scientists used umbilical cord blood stem cells for the first time to grow a miniature artificial liver.
In 2007, two independent research groups in the United States and Japan announced that they had succeeded in transforming human skin cells into stem cells that are almost comparable to embryonic stem cells. This achievement is expected to enable embryonic stem cell research to sidestep the ethical controversies it has been facing, and thus give a major boost to research on stem cell-related disease therapies.
7, Important Applications of Nanotechnology
In 2001, the field of nanotechnology received a number of significant results. Following the development of a number of nanoscale devices in 2000, scientists went a step further by connecting these nanodevices into working circuits, including nanowires, logic circuits based on carbon nanotubes and nanowires, and computable circuits that use only a single molecular transistor. The leap in computing technology at the molecular level has the potential to pave the way for the future birth of extremely small but extremely fast molecular computers.
In 2003, scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, developed the world's smallest nanomotor from carbon nanotubes.
In 2006, Georgia Institute of Technology professor Zhonglin Wang and others succeeded in converting mechanical energy into electrical energy in the nanoscale range, developing the world's smallest generator, the nanogenerator.
8, European Hadron Collider Startup
The European Large Hadron Collider (ELHC) is currently the world's largest hadron collider, and was officially launched on September 1, 2008, and was forced to stop operating on September 19 due to an accident.
On November 20, 2009, the collider was restarted and the first proton stream was realized throughout the collider. on November 30, 2009, a new world record for proton acceleration was set. The collider accelerated two beams of protons to the energy level of 1.18 trillion electron volts, breaking the record of 0.98 trillion electron volts set by the gas pedal at the Fermi National Laboratory in the United States in 2001, which made the LHC the world's "most powerful machine. On the evening of December 8, 2009, another successful realization of a total energy of up to 2.36 trillion electron volts of proton flow collision, once again set the highest energy level record.
The European Large Hadron Collider (ELSHC) was designed in the early 1990s, with about 7,000 scientists and engineers from more than 80 countries and regions, including China, involved in its construction. It is located in a circular tunnel about 27 kilometers long at a depth of 100 meters below the Swiss-French border near Geneva.
9, the farthest human detector record
European Space Agency officials announced in the early morning of January 15, 2005, the ground control center has received from the "Huygens" detector through the "Cassini" spacecraft back to the signal, indicating that the "Huygens" detector through the "Cassini" ship back to the signal from the Huygens probe via the Cassini spacecraft, indicating that Huygens has successfully landed on Titan. This sets a new record for the farthest distance a human probe has landed on another celestial body.
The Huygens probe was launched in October 1997 by the U.S. Cassini spacecraft to carry the launch, after seven years of about 3.5 billion kilometers of flight into Saturn's orbit, and on December 25, 2004 separation.
10, Pongalai conjecture was proved
June 3, 2006, after the United States, Russia and Chinese mathematicians for more than 30 years of *** with the efforts of the two Chinese mathematicians - Sun Yat-sen University's Professor Zhu Xi Ping and the United States, Caspian University Professor and Tsinghua University Adjunct Professor Cao Huaidong, and ultimately proved that Pongalai's Conjecture, a centuries-old mathematical problem.
In 1904, French scholar Henri Poincaré proposed a conjecture: in a closed three-dimensional space, if every closed curve can be contracted to a point, this space must be a sphere. Poncalais's short lines, become the mathematical world for more than 100 years failed to prove the problem.
Pongalai's conjecture, like Riemann's hypothesis and Hodge's conjecture, is listed as one of the seven mathematical problems of the century.