☆ Special Forces Origins
Special Forces first originated in Germany. Before World War II, in 1936, the German Supreme Command Military Intelligence Director Admiral Canaris set up Brandenburg Special Forces, the members of the force will speak more than one foreign language, and familiar with the situation of the country, after the outbreak of World War II, the members of the force infiltrated into hostile countries to carry out a wide range of sabotage operations, the war results have been remarkable, and the world's main mode of operation of the Special Operations Forces is therefore established.
The fame is only on the surface of the special forces to people, the real special forces are not exposed in front of the public, but the country hides those unknown troops, never show their faces, no one knows their existence, to do as a killer on the battlefield exists, in the necessary moment to save the day, or even for the country to sacrifice their lives in exchange for a decisive victory. They all have the consciousness of death, their mission is very difficult and even unimaginable horror. No one knows when they have made a merit, no one knows when they have saved a life, and there is no honor even when they have sacrificed their lives. Silent dedication to the country, without seeking reward, this is the real special forces, rather than those banners hanging all over the honor room, often the long history of combat effectiveness to show off, people know the troops. Special forces, famous and outstanding battlefield known as elite special forces, as a killer mostly unknown known as super-elite forces.
☆ Definition of Special Forces
1. Informally organized in the standard order and administrative system under the independent unit.
2. unit members > volunteers.
3. Directly under the command of a high-level unit performing difficult, highly classified and sensitive missions.
4. Highly streamlined units with high priority for equipment and logistical support.
5. The unit's equipment procurement, training courses, and other financial resources are more generous than those of ordinary units.
6. The second and third specialties of the members of the unit training and personal competence requirements of the higher standard.
Special Forces is a number of countries in the world's military forces, responsible for breaking the enemy's important political, economic, military objectives and other special tasks of the troops. Generally by the highest military command organ direct command and leadership, a few countries by the Ministry of Defense or military leadership. It has the characteristics of flexible establishment, lean personnel, excellent equipment, rapid mobility, well-trained, and strong combat power. Its main tasks are: assault and sabotage, assassination and kidnapping, reconnaissance behind enemy lines, theft of intelligence, propaganda of the war of the heart, special guards, as well as anti-subversion, counter-agent, anti-sneak attack and anti-hijacking and so on. The quality of the team members is high, and they are generally selected from the reconnaissance and airborne forces as physically fit, resourceful and courageous, with a high level of education, dedication and a certain amount of combat experience. They are equipped with light, advanced and efficient equipment, mainly light weapons such as pistols, daggers, rifles, sub-machine guns, light machine guns, hand grenades and bomb-throwing cartridges, and they are also equipped with high-level silent firearms, high-level assassination equipment and medicines, micro-communication equipment, special explosive devices and underwater operation equipment. Some of them are also equipped with special combat vehicles, airplanes and ships, as well as various kinds of reconnaissance equipment and light engineering equipment. Strict training, training content and requirements mainly include: a variety of intense sports training to enhance physical fitness, endurance and perseverance; psychological quality training under harsh and terrorist conditions to cultivate calmness and adaptability; assassination, combat, infiltration, demolition, assassination, kidnapping, driving, communication, disguise, foreign languages and other training, and proficiency in a variety of skills; attacks, ambushes, and other tactical training to learn the relevant tactical theories and improve independent combat. They learn relevant tactical theories and improve their independent combat and mutual synergy and command capabilities. Generally adopt the method of combining troop training and academy training, through multi-channel, multi-level special training, comprehensively improve the special combat capability.
(B) China's special forces
Special forces, refers to the implementation of special tasks, special training, equipped with special equipment, by the highest military command organ leadership command of the armed forces. China's special forces have four major categories: army special forces, marines, air force airborne, armed police special police.
Army special forces are generally directly under the major military region; Marine Corps is the brigade establishment, the establishment of the fleet under the Navy, but by the Military Commission Navy direct leadership and command; Air Force Airborne directly under the leadership of the Central Military Commission command; Armed Forces Special Police refers to the Armed Forces Special Police College combat team (different from the public security police.). Local armed police special police should actually be called armed police special service), directly under the armed police headquarters.
China's special forces have been far from the war years of special services company, reconnaissance platoon concept can be covered, not only the group army have their own special forces, known as reconnaissance brigade (detachment) team, the military regions, military and the General Counsel was set up directly under the Special Forces Brigade.
In order to build a modern fighting force in the 21st century, China is carrying out an all-round revolution in the military field, and for the Chinese special forces is no exception.
The major transformation of China's elite special forces began in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and the PLA has been concentrating on selecting highly qualified soldiers from the army, equipping them with state-of-the-art equipment, and providing them with military training in numerous subjects. In the selection process, the PLA particularly emphasized the physical and psychological qualities of the candidate soldiers. The training will be extraordinarily grueling, and those soldiers who are deemed incapable of adapting to such training will be eliminated from the program. The elimination rate for the beginning phase of training is said to be 50 to 90 percent.
There are a number of units within the military forces of the People's Republic of China that can be categorized as "special forces". These include airborne brigades, amphibious landing operations, and rapid reaction forces in the navy. While these forces undoubtedly fit within the definition of special forces, our primary focus is on smaller, more elite special forces with non-traditional or asymmetric warfare missions.
China's special forces are used to carry out a multitude of missions, of which their two most important are direct action and special reconnaissance. There are five main categories of direct action: decapitation, harassment, escort, counterterrorism, and rescue.
Direct Action
Decapitation. The Chinese Special Forces' decapitation strategy involves attacking key enemy figures and command centers, leaving the enemy leaderless as well as unable to communicate. The Chinese military has conducted numerous military exercises in which the PLA has deployed special forces into a theater to attack enemy command centers using numerous delivery vehicles, such as helicopters and parachutes with power units.
Harassment operations. Harassment operations are used to impede the enemy's ability to conduct operations, including disrupting enemy equipment and systems, attacking critical enemy civilian infrastructure, and ambushing enemy forces. Psychological warfare also plays an important role in the overall harassment strategy, as the very fact that Special Forces conduct raids creates fear and confusion in the enemy camp.
Escort operations. Escort operations include helping to escort air and naval forces after an attack to await supporting forces. Special forces are also used in China to deal with domestic "emergencies", which are described in detail in an article in the PLA Daily. The article states that "the military, key units, special forces, and emergency special defense forces deployed in various regions should, in consideration of responding to the emergence of natural disasters and frequent acts of terrorism and violence in their localities, carry out selective subjects and simulation exercises, and emphasize emergency response and emergency rescue capabilities in their training, as well as continuously improve their response capabilities in dealing with various types of emergencies. capabilities."
Counter-terrorism operations. Counter-terrorism resilience has been gradually emphasized since 2002. The PLA has now made counterterrorism one of the mandatory subjects in the new training program for Special Forces, and intends to make counterterrorism an integral part of the future mission of Special Forces.
Rescue operations. Rescue operations include rescuing hostages and searching for parachuting pilots.
Special reconnaissance
China's special forces use "tri-amphibious" (air, sea, and land) tools to infiltrate enemy lines for short- and long-term reconnaissance missions, using electronic battlefield monitors and unmanned reconnaissance planes and back-up forces to relay intelligence. PLA Special Forces training courses are divided into three main categories: infiltration training, mountain training, and wilderness survival training. In selection, the PLA particularly emphasizes the physical and psychological qualities of candidate soldiers, and the training is exceptionally tough.
Infiltration training
Infiltrating enemy lines without being detected is the primary skill of the PLA's special forces. China's special forces are said to train in "high-intensity, all-round, multi-subject training in a variety of complex terrains, including deep infiltration behind enemy lines and 'secret reconnaissance'". Chinese special forces employ a strategy called "three-dimensional" and "all-weather" infiltration, which includes sea-based infiltration (submarines, high-speed speedboats, open ocean swims and dives, etc.), air-based infiltration (parachutes and helicopters with power units), and land-based infiltration (long-distance trekking and rock climbing). Long-distance trekking and rock climbing).
Sea-based infiltration. Sea-based infiltration training consists of three programs: open ocean swim-through, sea sabotage and sea shooting. "In marine training, some dangerous and difficult course training will cause great challenges to the physiological and psychological limits of the special forces. These include 10,000-meter swimming, swimming across at night in full armor, diving, underwater transportation and isolated island survival training." It is also a more common method to accomplish infiltration through submarines.
Air-based infiltration. In airborne training, the PLA has "completed the transition from multi-model parachute and aircraft exercises to the implementation of armed landing in extreme altitude areas such as mountains and waters". The unique infiltration devices used are parachutes and paragliders with drives.
Land-based infiltration. In numerous training exercises, Special Forces have successfully broken through enemy defenses through the use of high-tech alert systems such as night-vision devices, acoustic and dynamic warning systems, and anti-infantry radar systems. The penetration tactics employed by the Chinese special forces, the conditions under which their exercises are conducted, the exact model of the monitoring equipment, and its lifespan are currently unknown to the outside world.
Mountainous training
Because much of the Special Forces' training is focused on responding to a possible conflict in the Taiwan Strait, the island's mountainous terrain is prominently emphasized in their training. The island of Taiwan is divided into northern and southern parts by a central mountain range. Since the Taiwanese authorities built a system of air defense bunkers covering almost 1/3 of the island in the early 1990s, it is critical for the PLA to perform missions in the mountainous environment of Taiwan. This can be seen in the words of the PLA's special forces commander, who said that "attacking enemy hangars and underground facilities" will become a completely new tactic.
The Chinese military has always trained in mountainous areas with extremely harsh conditions. China has conducted multi-service and individual training at altitudes of 12,000 to 18,000 feet. This training includes testing:
- The ability to climb at maximum speed using heavy equipment at different altitudes, terrains and climates.
-Maximum firepower and range of fire from different weapons.
- Long-distance runs of up to four hours at altitudes above 16,400 feet, plus additional operations.
Special Forces mountain training includes hostage rescue, theater rescue, ammunition transport, minefield traversal, and medical treatment of injuries. Known Special Forces training uses include armored vehicles, tanks, and helicopter gunships. Survival training in the wild
Survival training in the wild is conducted in the Luliang mountainous area in the western part of Shanxi province. The training areas are chosen for their "all-weather environment, high mountains and dense forests that are rarely visited by people". The training consists of a seven-day program. Participants will learn to hunt wild boar, snakes, fish, birds and insects; collect flowers, plants and fruits; find and draw and purify water; learn to keep their bodies hydrated and prevent dehydration; build fires by a variety of means; set up tents and protect against rain and insects; and make winter clothing and herbal remedies for injuries from wilderness materials.
Special Forces Equipment
Global Positioning System (GPS). A cell phone-sized GPS is connected to three Beidou all-weather area navigation satellites, and its accuracy can reach l to 3 meters.
Video and audio ear-pulse device: In 2002, this man-portable equipment was introduced to the Chinese Special Forces.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The ASN I-104 UAV has been used extensively in special forces training. However, there are reports that some more advanced UAV models have been used in exercises. There are also reports that manually launchable UAVs have been used in support of Special Forces and other units.
Punch boats. Punch boats are high-speed transportation vehicles that work in tandem with unmanned aerial vehicles and diesel-electric submarines, and will be used to equip special forces in response to the Taiwan Strait crisis. Currently, assault boats are not standard equipment for special forces. However, they will soon be added to the equipment of the special forces, sources said.
Night vision goggles. Night vision goggles are widely used by PLA special forces in training and maneuvers, and have been frequently reported in the press, but the model used is not yet known.
Low-light TV. Used for theater surveillance.
Parachute with power unit. A powered parachute is a triangular shaped parachute that can be powered by a fan with a motor. The parachute and the fan can be attached to a separate three-wheeled jumper or a boat. in 2002, CCTV showed an ultralight power parachute with three wheels used by special reconnaissance forces and an ultralight parachute dinghy that can land on water.
"Battlestar Galactica". A four-wheel drive vehicle, similar to the high-mobility multi-purpose wheeled vehicles used by the U.S. military (such as "Humvee"). The "God of War" was developed by Shenyang Aircraft Manufacturing Company.
Contingent weapons. The Chinese Special Forces were the first to be equipped with the 5.88mm KBU88 sniper rifle.
Special forces training is very strict, forced marching training in bad weather, dangerous slopes climbing cliffs training, and survival training in the harsh wilderness is a routine, most of them are very skilled, such as in the car at 50 kilometers per hour to accurately hit 200 meters away from the target, from 30 meters away from the grenades accurately thrown into the window of the car, and so on. The Chinese special forces are confident in their abilities.
In the Chinese special forces, there are also women soldiers, they are in the training and combat skills, not inferior to the athletic men. In the implementation of certain special tasks, they are even more competent than their male comrades.
Today's Chinese special forces use a satellite positioning system that can be positioned with an accuracy of 1 to 3 meters over a geographic area that includes Taiwan. They can use unmanned aircraft and ground surveillance radar and other advanced surveillance equipment, so that hundreds of miles around the military situation instantly jumped on the monitor.
China's special forces are able to transport aircraft air parachute landing, but also by helicopter airborne. Using wing parachutes, they can take off from the ground and attack targets tens of kilometers away. In addition, they are also diligent in practicing combat techniques unique to the Marine Corps, including armed swimming, frogman diving and so on. Therefore, they are also known as the "land tiger, sea dragon, air falcon", is worthy of the "three amphibious soldiers".
China's special forces have a very powerful firepower equipment. In addition to advanced light weapons and protective equipment, such as: "Kevlar" helmets, KBU88 sniper rifles, 95-type 5.8mm gun family, and some little-known special firearms. In addition, they are equipped with anti-tank missiles, artillery, man-portable rockets, flamethrowers, and other heavy man-portable weapons, special forces aboard the Mi-171 armed service helicopters, some of which can also be mounted missiles, rockets, bombs, large-caliber machine guns, firepower is self-evident.
Special forces in addition to strong physical, superior combat skills and amazing firepower, but also has a superior psychological quality, practiced no matter what the difficulties and dangers encountered are not afraid, do not panic, do not panic, do not discourage the skills. This can be seen through the major military districts over the years selected by the Chinese special forces to participate in the "Elna Assault" international special forces reconnaissance competitions in the outstanding performance. In the game, from the Western military powers often in the physical quality and weaponry than the Chinese team members have a clear advantage, but as the saying goes, "the narrow way to meet the courage to win, the courage to meet the wisdom to win". Chinese special forces in the "enemy" on all sides of the siege, the adverse environment of the poor mountain and water, but still able to soberly analyze the situation and make the right choice, and ultimately completed all the games, and achieved the victory in the game.
The following is a description of the seven military regions of the PLA, each with its own "amphibious soldiers".
1, won the only international special forces of the highest honor of the Chinese soldiers - Lanzhou Military Region Special Brigade
Beijing Central Military Commission conference room is holding a special meeting.
On the conference table is an invitation to the eighth "Elna Assault" international special forces reconnaissance competition. For this invitation, since it was faxed from the organizing country Estonia to the Central Military Commission office, **** and the country's generals have not stopped thinking about it for a day. This is the largest and most far-reaching military combat competition of the century. Its highest honor is the "Karev Warrior" award.
In the end, the Central Military Commission decided to give the task of forming the special forces to the Lanzhou Military Region.
Since 1992, the annual "Elna Assault" international special forces reconnaissance competition, first of all, in the complex terrain and physical exhaustion, can skillfully use the hands of conventional weapons, technology, good coordination, quality of all-round outstanding soldiers. Therefore, in the international attention, by every country, especially the attention of military powers, is the world's attention of the senior club of special forces. This competition *** there are 27 national teams to participate in the competition, is the largest number of participants and countries, the Chinese team consists of eight players, two interpreters.
The eight players are all Lanzhou Military Region Special Forces Brigade in the general sieve carefully selected out of the top people. According to the education college or above, 1.80 meters above the standard, can skillfully use a variety of firearms, physical fitness, foreign language and other aspects of the strict examination, selected more than 80 sharp to participate in the training, a few confrontations, a few rounds of elimination, before picking out the 8 players. 8 strong man in the almost brutal and barbaric training, practiced no matter the game encountered any difficulties and dangers are not afraid of, not panicked, not chaotic, not discouragement of the The first time I've ever seen a man in the world, I've seen a man in the world.
The Estonian International Scouting Competition, in addition to not killing people, the rest of the confrontation is completely equivalent to the actual combat lasted 4 days and 3 nights, in the 72 hours of non-stop competition, scouts from various countries to be heavily armed, each person weighing an average of more than 30 kilograms, to complete the 22 fixed-point competition on the 10 control stations, covertly through the 150 kilometers of dense forests, marshes, rivers, and at the same time, must be evasive assumption of the enemy. During the competition, seven teams withdrew from the competition because they were repeatedly captured by the hypothetical enemy and were penalized too much. However, two days into the competition, the Chinese team had not yet been caught by the hypothetical enemy, and the penalty points remained at zero. The Ministry of Defense of the host country was shocked, which was a miracle that had not occurred in the previous competitions! Estonia's Minister of Defense in order to save face, personally led nearly 1,000 elite troops, acting as a hypothetical enemy, chasing and intercepting the Chinese team 8 special scouts.
On the last day, the "enemy" offered a heavy reward for the capture of the Chinese team, threatening that the three blockades are as solid as gold. They were confident that the Chinese team, who hadn't closed their eyes for three days and three nights, and had come from a long distance with heavy loads and only a compass, a marching map and a small flashlight, would be captured with their hands. The Chinese team crawled on their knees through the deep ditch under the road controlled by the "enemy", and when they were discovered by the "enemy", they swam to the shore of the lake a thousand meters away, completely breaking through the second line of defense and stepping into the safety zone. Later, the "enemy" came out in force and forced the Chinese team to the untouched primitive forest. At this time, the Chinese team decided to "small price, in exchange for big results". Li Yonggang, the leader of the first team, lured the "enemy" away, while the other three team members rushed out of the third blockade. The members of the second team were caught in a swamp, three of them were captured by the "enemy", while He Jian, a scud, escaped with the help of a tree branch. He became the only scout who was not captured by the "enemy" among more than 100 players from different countries!
The actual battle can repel "death", because the usual training often with the "death" brush. In the game, the Chinese team used all the domestic equipment, other countries players are equipped with lightweight, weight only 20 kilograms, the weight of the Chinese team members is more than 40 kilograms; foreign teams use sub-machine guns with infrared sights, Chinese players do not rely on is the strength to fight. Foreign teams are most interested in the skills of the Chinese team. In the game, also emerged "flying knife king" Huang Xishan, "combat king" Wang Xiaolu and other star characters.
In the face of tall and strong, well-equipped opponents, the Chinese team eventually won all 22 competitions with an absolute advantage of 9 individual first, two second, three third, and foreign team group scores first, by the host country of Estonia, awarded the "best foreign team award" (Kalev Warrior Award).
Members from the Lanzhou Special Brigade in the game also do not miss the opportunity to learn from foreign players, see foreign players will speak English and their own language, and ordinary soldiers will also use GPS satellite positioning systems and other high-tech equipment, Chinese players secretly praised when they do not forget to inquire about their learning; foreign teams to engage in training emphasis on the actual combat and confrontation, the Chinese team to ask for advice on the organization and command situation; foreign teams have more weapons and equipment, and the Chinese team will ask for advice on the organization and command situation; foreign teams have more weaponry and equipment, the best foreign teams, the best foreign team award (Kalev Warrior Award). The Chinese team will discuss with them the issue of combining people and equipment, as the weapons and equipment of foreign teams are more advanced.
2. "Southern Sword" --- Guangzhou Military Region Special Forces Brigade
3. "Southwest Falcon" --- Chengdu Military Region Special Forces Brigade
4. "Able to detect good fighting generation The Special Brigade of Beijing Military Region
5. The Special Brigade of Shenyang Military Region
6. The Flying Dragon of China
6. "Flying Dragon" special brigade
7, black beret "- Jinan Military Region" Eagle "special brigade
Special forces during the Three Kingdoms period
2) The Trapping Battalion
The Trapping Battalion is a unique unit, small in number but extremely brave in battle, and its commander is Gao Shun, a general under Lu Bu.
3) White Ear Soldiers
The White Ear Soldiers, were Liu Bei's personal army guards, and since Liu Bei was an old leather (in the sense of an old soldier), the White Ear Soldiers by his side were naturally y experienced in the shocking waves of war.
4) White Horse Guards
Frustrated with the supervision of the army, Bai Shao: "Zan is good at white horses, and repeatedly multiplied to break the captives, the captives called 'White Horse General'. Therefore, I chose 3,000 elite, all ride white horses, the number 'white horse righteous subordinate', in order to realize the forbidden guards also."
(C) foreign special forces
1, "SEAL" commando
A team of SEAL special forces members "SEAL" commando is a special amphibious forces, under the U.S. Navy. Its members are not only able to move long distances underwater, underwater detection, demolition, carrier transportation and other tasks, landing to perform special operations missions, but also to perform airborne combat missions. In recent years, SEALs have also been directly involved in counter-terrorism operations. In the 2003 U.S.-Iraq war, "SEAL" in the Army Special Forces cover, deep inside the Iraqi garrison, successfully rescued the captured female soldier Lynch.
2, the British "SAS"
Once in New Zealand, the SAS members of the mission The British "SAS" refers to the British 22nd Special Air Service Regiment, was established during the Second World War, in the Nazi German Army Afrika Korps back to rescue Allied troops. The SAS was established during the Second World War to carry out rescues of Allied prisoners of war, assassinations and raids behind the lines of the Nazi German Afrika Korps, and after the war to carry out anti-terrorist missions. "The SAS consisted of one active regiment and two reserve regiments, whose members wore berets and armbands with winged short swords, mastered more than two languages, and could fight alone.
3, the German Ninth Border Brigade "GSG9"
Well-equipped GSG9 Special Forces German GSG9 Special Forces Department of the German Border Guard Ninth Brigade of the abbreviation. 1972, the Palestinian "Black September" organization from the Munich Olympic Games. In 1972, the Palestinian "Black September" organization hijacked and killed 11 Israeli athletes participating in the 20th Olympic Games from the Olympic Village in Munich, during which the Bavarian police's rescue operation was a complete failure, and this incident forced the International Olympic Committee to decide to suspend the Olympic Games, which left the German government with an unbearable sense of shame. Therefore, the German government decided to form an anti-terrorist special forces, that is, GSG9 special forces, its headquarters is located in August, 3 kilometers east of Bonn, **** there are about 350 members of the team, organized into a number of combat groups, it is always in a state of readiness, combat effectiveness is extremely strong, is a world-famous world-renowned world-renowned veteran of the special forces, representative of the 1977 anti-hijacking war in Somalia to participate in the airport in Mogadishu.
(D) the world's top ten special forces
First: British SAS Special Air Service Corps
Second: U.S. Delta Commandos
Third: Russia's Alpha Rangers
Fourth: Royal Marines Commando Brigade
Fifth: U.S. Navy SEALs
Sixth: Israel's Wild Boys Special Forces, Desert Wild Boys, Israel's 13th Naval Squadron, Paratrooper Reconnaissance Company, General Staff Reconnaissance Team, and so on. "Paratrooper Reconnaissance Company," "General Staff Reconnaissance Unit," etc.
Seventh: People's Liberation Army's Chengdu Military Region Special Forces Brigade - Southwest Falcons
Eighth: Germany's Ninth Border Guard
Ninth: Indian Police Anti-Terrorist Commandos
Tenth: Italian Army's Special Forces Regiment of Gun Cavalry, Airborne Unit Airborne Forces Rifle Cavalry Regiment Special Operations Service Group
There are also some other special forces units with great track records, such as Egypt's Lightning Forces, which took part in the Fourth Middle East War as well as numerous counter-terrorism operations.