"Hospitals" have been around in China for a long time. According to the "tube" records, during the Spring and Autumn period, pipe Zhong for the phase in the capital city of Qi, Linzi, established "hospital", "where the country are in charge of raising the disease, deaf, blind, mute, parched, grip delivery, intolerant of self-generated, on the face of the raising of the disease, the official and food and clothing, after the body and stop." Equivalent to the handicapped patients admitted.
If the hospital built by Guanzhong to raise the sick is not considered to be a real hospital, then the emergence of real hospitals in ancient times and the prevalence of epidemics is very much related. During the Western Han Dynasty, there were regional droughts that led to epidemics, so the emperor ordered doctors to be sent to treat the people in specially designated locations. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Huan's general Huang Fu Ji once established a field hospital for his troops. Because of the epidemic in the army, Huangfu rented a private house to concentrate the patients for treatment, and the place was called "Anlu".
Song dynasty in the state and county set up "Anle Square", "Anji Square", opened the clinic, called "and agent bureau". And the pharmacy of the Bureau of Pharmacy called "and the Bureau of Pharmacy Square" at the time of passage.
As for the emperor's health care of the Imperial Hospital is more closely set up. Before the Yuan Dynasty, there was no separate hospital. The Imperial Doctor's Office, the Imperial Doctor's Office and other institutions generally belong to the Imperial College. Jin Yuan period began to have "too hospital" name, the Yuan Dynasty hospital became an independent organization, this time the hospital is not only responsible for medical, but also responsible for the production of imperial medicine. The Ming Dynasty, the hospital is divided into more detailed, there are hospitals, hospitals, the Imperial Doctor, the official eye, and raw medicine library, Huimin medicine bureau.
Who said there was no hospital in ancient China? Also fussily analyzed: the reason why the hospital did not develop in ancient China, there are two main reasons, one is the ancient Chinese doctors, in the doctor-patient relationship is very passive; the second is the secrecy between doctors is very serious.
You go to the museum to see a piece of the Southern Song Dynasty passed down the "Pingjiang map" inscription, there is a building above, labeled "hospital" two words, which is the Southern Song Dynasty, Suzhou, a hospital, also known as the hospice, is the Western Zhejiang Tijin Lin介constructed to collect and treat the sick prisoners. This is why the hospital has a "house of 100 basis, three hectares of fields, food and drink lying with the smoke and prairie things are not available, escorting the standard leader of the Producer of the people are not forceful, storage awarded to the method of stimulation of treatment are not Zang. Simple good material, the collection of famous formula to authorize the size of the doctor and refinement of the treatment.
In fact, during the Song Dynasty, hospitals were built everywhere. Hospitals are sometimes called "sick workshop", the Northern Song Dynasty, during the reign of the Yuan-You, "Su Wenzhong Gong Zhi Hangzhou, to private gold 50 two to help the official line, in the city to set up a sick workshop, the name of the 'Anle', to the master of the monks, three years of medical treatment of a thousand people. " Later, the sick workshop was renamed "Anji Fang". The first year of Chongning (1102), the court ordered the country all over the road Anji Square; Daguan four years (1110), and enacted the "Anji law": where the number of households to reach more than one thousand households of the fortress, are to set up Anji Square, where the territory of the sick lying unsupported people, can be sent to the Anji Square to receive treatment. Anji Fang "is appropriate to the severity of the patient and the different rooms in order to prevent the gradual infection. And make kitchen, for soup and food people dormitory." That is, the implementation of patient isolation system, and provide medicine, food.
Song Dynasty pharmacy, usually a doctor, similar to the clinic. For example, the Southern Song Lin'an Province of the Bureau of medicine, "to come to the diagnosis, in detail, the source of the disease, to give medicine to cure", "the people with the symptoms of the disease to cast the Bureau, then give the medicine, will play the effect of rehabilitation". The first thing you can say is that it's not a hospital.
Most of the Chinese traditional medicine "sitting in the hall", analogous to the "Tong Ren Tang", "a smile Hall", "Jiuzhitang "...and so on. Secondly, the doctor would come to the patient's home, prescribe medicines, and let the patient go to the pharmacy to get the medicines according to the prescription. Nowadays, the "barefoot doctors" back then carried medicine boxes to provide door-to-door service and treatment. In ancient times, medicine was separated, most Chinese medicine practitioners sat in pharmacies, diagnosing and prescribing medicines. Chinese medicine do not inject, do not operate, there is no need for hospitalization, only a few pairs of pills prescribed by the Langzhong or door-to-door clinic a few times, on the line, so there is no hospital or no hospital called. In the 1960s and 1970s, rural families still have boiling Chinese medicine pots, Chinese medicine dregs poured in the middle of the road, so that the vehicle crushed and thousands of people stepped on ten thousand people stepped on the disease and bad luck away!
In ancient times, doctors existed, just did not have a "hospital" two signs, if there really is no hospital in ancient times, then the people's disease who to cure, then the successive generations of feudal dynasties, the emperor, officials and dignitaries of the disease who see? But there is one thing I believe, the ancient medical equipment is relatively backward, there is no ultrasound laboratory, but surgery to scrape the bones still exist.
According to the Dipper's knowledge, the hospital in ancient times, only the name is called different, the people's medical place called "health hall", of course, the folk doctor, and the temple in the monks and nuns, but also served as the role of the people's medical treatment.
And the ancient royal aristocrats to see the doctor's place called "hospital", and the hospital for the emperor, the three palaces and six houses of concubines, court officials to see the doctor, and not to the civilian population open, not like today's you and me, you can freely enter and exit the major hospitals.
Ancient doctors, in addition to foreign missionaries, mostly Chinese medicine, there are also sitting in the clinic, but also rely on the "listening, listening, asking, cutting". For example, Wong Fei-hung's ancestral "Po Chi Lam" is a typical folk medical center, relying on ancestral medical skills and secret prescriptions known to the world, as well as the "Jiuzhitang" production of six flavors of the local pills, which has become a classic of the motherland's medicine.
With the development and growth of the motherland medicine and extensive exchanges, the folk doctor was integrated by the government standardization, sub-specialty special room, gradually formed for the people to heal the sick, to protect the people's physical health of the patron saint, please respect the medicine, respect for the fruits of the doctors' labor, in order to build a harmonious society and efforts!
First of all, the point of view: there is no hospital in ancient China is not rigorous enough.
Let's look at the example of the Ming Dynasty.
The Ming Dynasty set up a centralized Tai Hospital, a raw medicine bank and a Huimin Medicine Bureau. In the Imperial Hospital, there was a court minister, two court judges, and a dozen imperial physicians. There was one ambassador and one deputy ambassador in the Pharmacy and the Bureau of Pharmaceuticals.
The main task of the Imperial Hospital is responsible for the medical treatment of the Emperor and his family, which does not need to be described in detail. In addition, when encountering the Prince, the noble relatives have a disease, the Imperial Hospital will be sent according to the emperor's will to go to the diagnosis and treatment, "civil and military ministers and foreign rulers have a disease, but also by decree to see. The treatment can be, all with this report."
Obviously, these treatments are doctors.
In addition, the Ming Dynasty will also be set up in the local Huimin medicine bureau, by the Imperial Hospital to send doctors, "foreign provinces and counties Huimin medicine bureau. Border guards and people gathered, each set of doctors, medical doctors or medical officers, all sent by the hospital trial."
The number of such doctors, medical officers is not much, it is estimated that a county is one or two people, the Huimin Medicine Bureau in the provinces and counties of the doctor will not be too much, certainly not more than a dozen imperial doctors in the Imperial Hospital. These are actually the Ming Dynasty government-run medical institutions, in fact, the government-run hospital.
And the source of these selected doctors, is the need for the Imperial Hospital to be admitted through the examination, the Imperial Hospital will also regularly assess them: "Where the children of the medical family, choose the teacher and teach. Three years, five years a test, re-test, three tests, is deposed."
Beyond these official medicine bureaus, a large number of doctors existed in the private sector.
Discussing the issue of ancient hospitals, we also have to consider the following two aspects: the first is the treatment of ancient Chinese medicine, and the second is the economic viability.
Ancient Chinese medicine practitioners mainly diagnosed the condition, prescribed prescriptions for patients to take, and sometimes used acupuncture, tuina, massage, gua sha and other means of treatment.
For most patients, after the doctor diagnoses and prescribes a prescription, the medicine is taken according to the prescription, taken internally and applied externally, as long as it slowly waits for it to take effect. In the middle of this, even if you stay by the doctor's side, there is no use, the patient would rather take the medicine at home.
Some patients with traumatic injuries or emergencies may need to stay with the doctor for a short period of time, but such cases should be in the minority, and once the condition is alleviated, they should still go home and take their medication.
From the doctor's point of view, practicing medicine is a means of earning a living, not engaging in charity. If you take in patients, you are bound to expand, and the increased costs are ultimately borne by the patient. This will also prompt patients to choose to take medicine home to save money. In addition, the transportation was not convenient in ancient times, so patients could only choose to be treated locally.
The ancient Chinese healthcare system was primitive, but had a minimum framework. It was only because of various factors that hospitals in the modern sense of the word were slow to emerge.
I'm Chiaki Literature and History, and I'm here to answer this question.
The hospital gives us the illusion that it was introduced to China from the West.
In fact, it is not, China's ancient hospital history is long, only the name is not called hospital.
The formation and development of China's ancient hospital is divided into three periods.
Early germination
China's ancient hospital, originated in the early Spring and Autumn period.
Let's explain, the realization of this sentence is that, at that time, Guanzhong of Qi, had set up a lot of places in Kyoto to shelter the deaf, dumb, blind, paralyzed, etc., medical welfare structure, giving food, accommodation and treatment, until the disease is well after leaving.
This is what happened in the seventh century B.C., the earliest hospital prototype, which is nearly three hundred years earlier than the Roman sanatoriums created in Europe in the fourth century B.C.
This is what happened in the seventh century B.C., the earliest hospital prototype.
At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Chao Qiu proposed to Emperor Wen to "collect people to build a fortress," emphasizing the need to set up medicine to save people from disease.
The Book of Han records that in the second year of the Han Dynasty (2 AD), due to the drought along the Yellow River, the plague was caused, and Emperor Pingdi of the Han Dynasty ordered the centralized treatment of patients in the infected areas, and this kind of temporary "epidemic hospitals" was the predecessor of the modern hospitals for infectious diseases, which were also the earliest public hospitals.
This is very similar to the current specialized wards.
Development and promotion
From the end of the Han Dynasty to the North and South Dynasties, Buddhism was prevalent, and because many monks were skilled in medicine, some monasteries became institutions for the treatment of patients, but of course, the treatment of monasteries belonged to charity.
In the fourth year of Yongming of the Southern Qi Dynasty (491), when there was a flood in the area of Wuxing, followed by an outbreak of plague, the king of Jingling vacated his house to treat the sick, which is the earliest private hospital in China.
In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the country's unprecedented prosperity, the hospital developed rapidly, the initial said "sad Tian Fang", Kaiyuan years changed to "sick Fang", spread throughout the country in various states and towns.
At the same time, also opened the "Patient Square", leprosy patients, centralized isolation treatment.
The court health care institutions created during the North and South Dynasties - the Department of Medicine, to the Sui and Tang dynasties more perfect, under the body therapy, less small, ear, eye, mouth, mouth, angle method and other specialties. This is the government-run health care hospitals also train medical personnel, is the world's first medical school.
Time to the Song Dynasty, all kinds of hospitals are more widely set up.
In 1076 AD, in Kaifeng, the creation of the sale of medicine, and soon popularized throughout the country, and later renamed and agent Huimin Bureau, for the masses to buy to treat the disease to bring great convenience.
Suzhou Province Records recorded that in 1089 AD, Su Shi and others in Hangzhou to establish the "Anji Square", specializing in the treatment of the poor and needy, there was already a perfect management system and medical records.
The Tang dynasty's Imperial Medical Department was renamed the Imperial Medical Bureau, which was still an integrated teaching and medical institution.
In addition, the Ciyu Bureau, which specialized in treating abandoned babies, the Medical Academy, which specialized in treating soldiers, the Sick Prisoner's Academy for prisoners, and the Futian Academy, which treated the elderly and infirm, were also established.
The introduction of Arab and Western hospitals
During the Yuan Dynasty, in addition to the various roads with a hospital to raise money and Huimin Drug Bureau, but also established a number of Arab hospitals - Guanghui Division and Hui Hui Drug House.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the border guards and populated villages and towns were set up in the diagnosis and treatment of the main Huimin Drug Bureau, and also set up a hospital for widows, widowers, orphans and disabled people.
After the Ming Dynasty moved the capital to Beijing, the establishment of the Imperial Hospital has been divided into large square pulse, small square pulse, women and other thirteen sections.
After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Western medicine began to be imported, and in 1569, the Bishop of Macau, Canelo, established a church hospital in Macau.
After the Qing Dynasty, Western hospitals were established in China, which also played a role in the reform of China's traditional hospitals.
In summary, there were hospitals in China in ancient times, from the medical and welfare institutions in the Spring and Autumn period, the temporary relief institutions for the plague in the Han Dynasty, the welfare hospitals in the Jin Dynasty, to the sad Tianfang in the Sui and Tang dynasties, which formed the early form of hospitals, and the establishment of various specialized hospitals in the Song Dynasty marked the development of specialization, and the establishment of the Guanghui Si in the Yuan Dynasty and the Western hospitals in the Ming and Qing Dynasties promoted the exchange and development of Chinese and Western medicine.
On the contrary, China was the first country in the world to set up hospitals.
"Zhuzi integrated, Guanzi volume" recorded: "Where the country are in charge of raising the disease, deaf and blind, dark and mute, parched, grip delivery, intolerant of self-generated, on the collection of the disease and raise, the official and the food and clothing, and after a special body and then stop." Visible in the early Spring and Autumn period (7th century BC) Qi politician Guanzhong created a "hospital", which is the earliest record of the ancient official hospital.
In the first two years of the Han Dynasty (2 AD), there was a drought in the Yellow River area, and the plague was prevalent, so the emperor Liu Yan set up many doctors and medicines in the area to treat the people free of charge, which was probably the first public temporary hospital in Chinese history.
In the ninth year of Yongming of the Southern Qi Dynasty (491), there was a big flood in the area of Wuxing, and epidemics were rampant, so Wang Xiao of Jingling vacated his own house, set up doctors and medicines, and adopted the poor and sick, which was the earliest form of private charity hospitals in China.
Northern Wei Taihe twenty-one (497 years), Emperor Xiaowen (Yuan Hong) had set up in Luoyang, "other place", sent four doctors, buy drugs. Anyone who could not afford medical treatment could go to the doctor.
The hospitals of the Tang Dynasty were all called "sick houses". In 733, the name "Sick Place" began to be used. At that time, most of the hospitals were set up in temples, and most of the presidents were monks and nuns. Not only in the big cities like Chang'an and Luoyang, but also in other states.
Song Zhezong Yuanyou four years (1089), Su Dongpo in Hangzhou as an official, had donated 50 taels of silver. Combined with public funds to start a sick workshop, called "Anle Square", three years to heal thousands of patients. This is the first public-private hospital in Chinese history.
After that, until the Ming, most of the states and counties have public hospitals, called "Anji Square". The private hospitals were called "Yang Ji Yuan" and "Shou An Yuan", and the hospitals of the charity organizations were called "Ci You Bureaus", which enrolled and treated patients in different categories.
Of course, these hospitals have always been the main task of charity and poverty alleviation or the promotion of general trading, and there is no important role in the creation and dissemination of medical research and knowledge, or the training of medical and nursing staff, and there are very few professional doctor positions, departmental classifications, etc.
"The hospitals of the charity class are called "Salesian Bureaus".
The term "hospital" first appeared in the 13th century in the plan of Suzhou, "Pingjiang Tu". In the early Ming Dynasty, Hongwu years of the "Gusu Zhi" records "hospice in the state after the bell hall, the old said hospital." This "hospital" began in the Southern Song Dynasty during the Baoqing period, when it was called "hospice", and its main function was actually to allow sick prisoners awaiting trial to recuperate, and its mission was closer to political than scientific, and did not have a significant social impact.
The name "hospital" did not really appear until after the 1830s.
The emergence of the term "hospital" in modern times is related to the entry of Western medicine into China. European Protestant missionaries in Guangzhou in 1833, founded the church periodical "East and West Ocean Examination Monthly Unified Chronicle" in early 1837 for the first time referred to the "Guangdong Provincial City Hospital": "Now there are disciples of this religion (Jesuitism), Puji Shi Yan, hospitals, hospitals, hospitalization and hospitalization, and enjoyment of the fullness of the good deeds. It is really a charity for the needy. Every day to receive miscellaneous patients and the effects of various diseases ...... have blind people to come, many people see again. Even infected with chronic illnesses, get treatment. People from all over the world often crowd the hospital, so noisy. The doctor is gentle and compassionate, can not bear to sit and watch the crisis without support. Noble men and women, old and young, all kinds of gathering to be cured." Although this passage still refers to "universal charity" as the main feature of the hospital, it already mentions the role of the doctor, the focus of treatment (eye diseases), and other details of the medical profession. However, there is no mention of the main activities of modern Western hospitals such as teaching and research in the hospital (i.e., hospitalization), and the religious aspect of the hospital is also minimized.
Since then, the word "hospital" has become a conventional reference to the medical facilities set up by Western missionaries in the trading ports, and in 1876, the Shanghai missionary publication Gezhi Repertory, edited by John Fryer (1839-1928), which aimed to publicize Western science and technology, described it as follows "Hospitals": "All the poor and sick were sent to the clinic, and if they were seriously ill, they could be lodged there, and the famous doctors did not take a penny for treating the sick and dispensing medicine. ...... Most of the hospitals were set up in conjunction with churches, and there were also some set up by non-Christian people who were doing good deeds. And there are those who specialize in treating the diseases of westerners." The author of the article also mentioned that at that time, many Chinese people did not believe in Western medicine, and were willing to donate money to build a hospital for very few people.
In the 20th century, Western hospitals in China, especially those with a Protestant background, had a more impressive development, such as the Xiangya Hospital in Changsha, which was founded by the Yale University Yale-China Association in 1906, the Peking Union Medical College and Hospital, which was established by the Rockefeller Foundation in 1921, and the Sun Yat-sen University Hospital, which was the predecessor of the Guangzhou Ophthalmologic Hospital in 1835, were all major contributors to the development of Western medicine in China in the modern era. They are still the most important Western hospitals in China. Another example is the Makai Hospital, which was built in 1912 on the basis of the Makai Medical Center in Tamshui, and has been an important hospital in Taiwan. Western-style hospitals with a church background flourished in Chinese society throughout the 20th century.
In 1936, the book "History of Chinese Medicine", co-authored by the famous Wu Liande and Wang Jimin, recorded the statistics of 426 Western-style hospitals in all provinces of China in 1934, of which Jiang Xi had the largest number, followed by Ji and Lu, and then Min and Yue, and there was one hospital each in the remote Gansu and Heilongjiang. It can be said that the first half of the 20th century is a professional Western-style hospitals in China to lay the foundation of the era.
Hospitals have become such a large-scale treatment today, it is certainly necessary to go through the development. If not through the development, and a step to become such as today, which has such an empty tower.
The financial inability to support hospital spending is a major reason why ancient China could not be scaled up in the long term.
Ancient China was once the emergence of large-scale treatment, but are temporary institutions. In addition, Chinese medicine at that time was not based on scaled treatment, but on patients.
There were hospitals in ancient China, and during the years of Emperor Pingdi of Han Dynasty: "The counties were in great drought, locusts,......, and the people who were sick and diseased were given up empty residence for the setting up of medicine." This is recorded earlier hospital, but this hospital only appeared plague or disaster when the temporary set up, the reason is that most of the hospitals can not make ends meet, the state finances will cause a very large deficit, so only temporary set up.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the court also set up An Ji Fang, specializing in providing medical care, diagnosis, adoption of patients, exempting the cost of medicine and food. This also has limitations, the financial resources of the court can only be set up in the city and other places, certainly can not go down to the countryside, this kind of welfare institutions to the country, the state and county finances caused a great impact, so much so that at that time, some people said: "not to raise the healthy children, but to raise beggar children, do not care about the living people, but only care about the dead body".
Another reason is because Chinese medicine is patient-oriented, not efficiency-oriented.
Today's scaled treatment, while highly efficient, is also characterized by much patient resentment of hospitals, which is the result of modern healthcare's focus on efficiency, leading to a forced reduction in the patient's experience of care.
Famous doctor Fan Wenfu once had a couplet that was very representative of the mainstream thinking of doctors as a group at the time: "I wish people were always healthy, why would I be alone in poverty." Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners had very clear values, and they tended to choose the patient between money and the patient. This gave Chinese medicine a very high reputation in ancient times, but at the same time, because it was not very rewarding, there were even fewer people practicing the medicine, which was already difficult to learn.
The modern hospital
The most important driving force that has enabled hospitals to scale up treatments in modern times is commercial capital, because of the profits that can be gained from hospitals, so hospitals are able to accept a steady stream of patients like a factory, and export healthy people. The good thing about this is that hospitals compete with each other, the experience of care is good, and patients are generally satisfied. The downside is that civilians can't afford to see a doctor without money.
There is also the public or state-owned hospitals, which are subsidized by the state through the national tax subsidies to the nationals, which allows the hospitals to treat patients on a large scale without making a profit. The good thing about this scale is that it is efficient and civilians can afford to see doctors. The downside is that because of the large number of civilians visiting the doctor, the experience of going to the doctor is poor and the public is angry at the hospital doctors.
The earliest time in the ancient period was the practice of medicine, what is meant by the practice of medicine:It is the person who walks around giving medical treatment is called a line. That period of time the population is small, the village is not centralized can only practice medicine to see the sick. There are also some immortal Taoist family members, temple monks also know the art of medicine can also treat pathology. Sitting Zhen to see the sick was created from the Southern Song Dynasty...! The imperial doctors of the palace did not see patients in the private sector. From the national period only had to see the doctor to collect stay to cure the disease oh. Later there were westerners came to China to establish a variety of different hospitals, only then there are hospitals. The establishment of hospitals is conducive to people's livelihood, extending the life expectancy of people with many benefits.... In the future, there will be family hospitals and regular hospitals alliance more favorable to people's livelihood.
Not only are there no hospitals, there are also no airplanes and cannons!