Nuclear radiation, or commonly known as radioactivity, exists in all matter, which is an objective fact that has existed for billions of years,
is a normal phenomenon. Nuclear radiation is a stream of microscopic particles released during the transition of an atomic nucleus from one structure or energy state to another
. Nuclear radiation can cause ionization or excitation of matter, so it is called ionizing radiation.
Ionizing radiation is divided into direct ionizing radiation and indirect ionizing radiation. Direct ionizing radiation includes charged particles such as protons.
Indirect ionizing radiation includes uncharged particles such as photons and neutrons.
In radiation medicine and human radiation protection, there are various modes of measurement and units of measurement of radiation dose. The more complete
measurement model is the "equivalent dose", which is the amount of radiation that reflects the intensity of the biological effects caused by the absorption of various rays or particles.
The international standard unit of measurement is the "sievert", defined as one sievert per kilogram of absorbed joule of human tissue.
The human body suffers from excessive radiation, may lead to fatigue, dizziness, insomnia, skin redness, ulcers, bleeding, hair loss, leukemia
disease, vomiting, diarrhea, etc., and sometimes increase the incidence of cancer, malformations, hereditary lesions, affecting the health of several generations.
Generally speaking, the more energy the body receives from radiation, the more serious its symptoms of radiation sickness, and the greater the risk of cancer and malformation.
According to the standards set by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, the total risk of radiation is 0.0165/sievert, which means that for every 1 sievert of radiation dose received by the human body, the chance of cancer increases by 0.0165. The sievert is a very large unit, hence the common use of
millisieverts, microsieverts. 1 millisievert = 1,000 microsieverts. According to Yu Zusheng, an expert on nuclear power safety in China, according to China's standards,
each person should be exposed to less than 2.7 millisieverts of radiation per year. In fact, the human body is
not affected if it is exposed to less than 100 millisieverts of radiation for a short period of time. A radiation dose of more than 4,000 millisieverts can be fatal.
Harmful effects of nuclear radiation on human health:
Effects on the human body of individual microsievert unit levels of radiation
For people who are not exposed to radioactive work in their daily routine, the normal natural radiation (mainly because of radon radiation in the air) is 1,000 to 2,000 microsieverts per year.
Radiation of less than 100 microsieverts at a time has no effect on the human body.
1000-2000 microsieverts at a time may cause mild acute radiation sickness that can be cured.
1015 microsieverts/hour of radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant is equivalent to a person receiving 10 X-ray examinations.
In our daily lives, a 10-hour airplane ride is equivalent to receiving 30 microsieverts of radiation.
Radiation-related workers have a maximum radiation exposure of 50,000 microsieverts a year.
A single exposure of 4,000 millisieverts can be fatal.
Note: A sievert, a measure of radiation damage to biological tissue, is 1 sievert for every kilogram of human tissue that absorbs 1 joule. Sieverts are a very large unit, so millisieverts and microsieverts are commonly used. 1 millisievert = 1000 microsieverts.
Radiation injury mechanism: the human body has somatic cells and germ cells two types of cells, their sensitivity to ionizing radiation and the effect of damage is different. Ionizing radiation damage to the body's nature is the inactivation of cells, when the inactivated cells reach a certain number of body cell damage will lead to human organs and tissues of the disease, and ultimately may lead to the death of the human body. Once the somatic cells die, the damaged cells disappear and are not transferred to the next generation. Under the influence of ionizing radiation or other external factors, it can lead to mutation of genetic heredity. When the DNA in the germ cells is damaged, the offspring inherits the altered genes of the mother, resulting in defective offspring. Therefore, the human body must avoid high-dose irradiation.
What type of radiation is leaking out?
Reports say radioactive isotopes of cesium and iodine have been detected near the plant, and experts believe it is natural for radioactive isotopes of nitrogen and argon to be leaking out, and that there are no clear signs of uranium or plutonium leakage.
What are the "immediate" health effects of radiation exposure?
Radioactive iodine is dangerous to young people living near nuclear power plants, and has been linked to a number of cases of thyroid cancer following the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. Radioactive cesium, uranium and plutonium are all harmful and do not target a specific organ. Radioactive nitrogen decays quickly after a few seconds, and radioactive argon is harmless.
- Receiving moderate levels of radiation will result in radiation sickness. It has a range of symptoms:
Within a few hours of receiving radiation, a person will experience nausea and vomiting, and may then experience diarrhea, headache and fever.
After the initial symptoms, the body may not show any more symptoms for some time, yet often within a few weeks, new, more severe symptoms occur.
-In the case of higher levels of radiation exposure, all of the symptoms described above may appear immediately and be accompanied by systemic, even potentially fatal, organ damage.
The degree of damage to health depends on the duration of exposure and the intensity of the radiation
Ionizing radiation is produced in the decay of radioactive material. It breaks the chemical bonds between molecules and atoms in human tissues and may have serious effects on important biochemical structures and functions of the body.
Our bodies try to repair the damage, but sometimes the damage is so severe or involves so many tissues and organs that repair is impossible.
And the body is likely to make mistakes in its natural repair process. The parts of the body most vulnerable to radiation damage include the epithelial cells of the stomach and intestines and those bone marrow cells that produce blood cells.
What "long-term" health damage is radiation most likely to cause?
The biggest long-term health risk is cancer. Normally when body cells are damaged or aged to a certain degree, they eliminate themselves. When this ability to eliminate itself is gone, the cells are "immortalized" and can divide uncontrollably, which evolves into cancer.
Our bodies have many mechanisms to stop cells from becoming cancerous and to replace damaged tissue. However, the damage caused by radiation can seriously mess up these mechanisms in the body, making the risk of cancer much higher. In addition, if the body is not able to repair the damage and alteration of chemical bonds caused by radiation, mutations may develop in our genes. These mutations not only increase our own cancer risk, but may also be passed on, allowing the effects of radiation to show up in our children and grandchildren. These effects include smaller heads and brains, eye developmental defects, slowed growth and severe cognitive learning deficits.
Children are especially vulnerable to radiation
Because children grow so quickly, they have far more cells in their bodies that are dividing, and thus far more potential for error and damage from radiation.
After Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986, the World Health Organization found a dramatically elevated risk of thyroid cancer in nearby children. This was due to the fact that the radioactive material from the leak contained high levels of the element radioactive iodine, which is found in particularly high levels in the thyroid gland.
How long does radioactive contamination last?
Radioactive iodine decays quickly and most of it will disappear within a month. Radioactive cesium does not remain in the body for long, and most of it is excreted within a year; however, it does remain in the environment and may pose a long-lasting risk.
Experiencing nuclear radiation "both internal and external defense"
In the event of a nuclear or radiological accident, especially when radioactive substances are released into the atmosphere, the general principle of protection is "both internal and external defense":
I. Protection against external radiation exposure Principle 1, as far as possible to shorten the irradiated time; 2, as far as possible to stay away from the source; 3, pay attention to shielding, the use of lead, steel plate or wall to block or reduce the intensity of irradiation.
Specific measures: when the radioactive material is released into the atmosphere to form smoke through, to enter the building in a timely manner, close the doors, windows and ventilation systems, avoiding doors and windows and other poorly shielded parts of the hidden.
Second, the principle of protection of internal irradiation Avoid ingestion, reduce absorption, increase excretion, avoid staying in the contaminated area. Remove the pollution, reduce the chance of contamination in the body of the personnel.
Specific measures: If a nuclear accident releases radioactive iodine, stabilized iodine tablets should be taken as early as possible under the guidance of a doctor. The recommended dosage for adults is 100 milligrams of iodine, which should be reduced for children and infants, and should be used with caution for those who are allergic to iodine or have a history of thyroid disease.
Keeping away from nuclear radiation Detailed operational guidelines:
1. When entering an area where the air is heavily contaminated with radioactive material, guard all five senses. For example, cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief, towel, or cloth to minimize inhalation of radioactive materials.
2. Wearing hats, bandanas, eyeglasses, raincoats, gloves and boots can help reduce radioactive contamination on the body surface.
3. Special care should be taken not to consume contaminated water, food, and so on.
4. If the accident is serious enough to require residents to evacuate the contaminated area, they should follow the orders of the relevant authorities and evacuate to a safe place in an organized and orderly manner. Those evacuated from the contaminated area should take off and store their contaminated clothes, shoes, hats, etc. for monitoring and treatment.
5. Personnel contaminated or suspected of being contaminated by radioactivity should be decontaminated, preferably by showering.
What is the principle of iodine tablets? If the body already has enough iodine, then it will not absorb more from the atmosphere. These tablets allow your body to absorb full of non-radioactive iodine elements so that it can avoid absorption of radioactive iodine isotopes.
Compatriots in central and northern China (especially in coastal cities) are advised to go out in the next two to three months and wear masks, long clothes, shower every day, and consume plenty of food that still has iodine in it, in order to prevent nuclear radiation! As much as possible, do not have too much contact with seawater, do not quote desalinated water and do not consume seafood. Drinks: lots of green tea, lots of honey water. Eat more carrots, bean sprouts, tomatoes, kelp, cabbage. Meat: Eat more lean meat, animal liver
Nuclear radiation, or commonly called radioactivity, exists in all matter, which is an objective fact that has existed for billions of years and is a normal phenomenon. Nuclear radiation is a stream of microscopic particles released during the transformation of an atomic nucleus from one structure or energy state to another. Nuclear radiation can cause material ionization or excitation, so it is called ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is divided into direct ionizing radiation and indirect ionizing radiation. Direct ionizing radiation includes charged particles such as protons. Indirect ionizing radiation includes photons, neutrons and other uncharged particles.
Nuclear power plant nuclear radiation is mainly α, β, γ three kinds of rays: α rays are helium nuclei, β rays are electrons, these two kinds of rays due to the small penetration, the impact of the distance is relatively close to the source of radiation as long as it does not enter the body, the impact will not be too great.
Gamma ray penetration is very strong, is a very short wavelength electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves are very common radiation, the impact on the human body is mainly by the power (related to the field strength) and frequency decision. Radio waves used for communication are electromagnetic waves of lower frequency. If arranged in order according to the frequency from low to high (wavelength from long to short), electromagnetic waves can be divided into: long wave, medium wave, short wave, ultra-short wave, microwave, far-infrared, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, γ-rays. Visible light as the boundary, the frequency is lower than (wavelength longer than) the visible light electromagnetic waves on the human body is mainly thermal effects, frequency higher than the visible light rays on the human body mainly produce chemical effects.
Points to note in preventing nuclear radiation
This time Japan was affected, in addition to the earthquake plus tsunami, the radiation problem caused by the nuclear reactor accident also urgently need to respond to the program. How to prevent radiation, how to reduce the health effects caused by long-term evacuation, the following summarized under the treatment method and points to note
If there is a leakage of radioactive material from the nuclear facilities, how to minimize the extent of radiation.
First of all, it is important to know that in order to protect your body from radiation, it is important to do the following three things
(1) shield yourself from radiation (2) stay away from the source of radiation (3) reduce the time you are exposed to radiation
If you are required to take shelter indoors, close the windows and doors and turn off the air conditioner and ventilating fan in order to prevent the air containing radioactive material from entering the room.
If you need to evacuate outside, be careful to prevent "internal radiation," where radioactive material can seep into your body through places like your nose, mouth and skin wounds. Cover your nose and mouth with a damp towel, and it is best to wear tight clothing that does not expose your skin.
Also, keep an eye on the wind. Be careful to stay downwind if possible.
Be careful when entering the house from outside. Clothing may be contaminated with radioactive material. Do not bring contaminated clothing inside, but take it off at the door and quickly put it in a plastic bag and tie it tightly.
Iodine is a radioactive substance that can accumulate in the thyroid gland, which can lead to thyroid cancer, especially in children. Drugs that prevent iodine from penetrating the thyroid (iodine stabilizers) can also have side effects, so take them as instructed by the Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters.
If you are sure you have been exposed to a certain level of radiation, you should generally take off your clothes and wipe your body with a damp cloth to prevent the radiation from spreading to the surrounding area.
Additionally, if radioactive material has entered your body, you can take medication to promote its excretion from your body.
Afterword: In case the situation is serious and may affect our country, please readers remember the two major anti-radiation magic - kelp and green tea, eat and drink more and more, favorable and harmless!
People can do their own protective measures:
1, take shielding measures. Between the person and the source of radiation plus a layer of shielding thick enough to reduce the dose of external irradiation. The main materials are lead, reinforced concrete, water, etc., we live in the building is a very good shield for external exposure.
2, the people themselves add more long-sleeved clothing, especially rainproof silk texture clothing
3, more use of iodine-containing physical objects, and increase the supply of vitamins appropriately every day.
Alternatively, the cunning rabbit has three holes, the economic conditions allow friends to buy a house in the more remote areas of the west or the fourth-tier cities, away from in case of catastrophe when away from the bustling city and no worries.
In the event of a nuclear and radiological emergencies, especially in the case of a large number of radioactive substances released into the atmosphere, in order to protect the public, emergency response personnel and personnel engaged in the aftermath, a series of protective countermeasures and measures should be taken:
① Radiation monitoring of the area of the emergency and its surroundings, in order to evaluate the radiation hazards that may result in the personnel;
② Development of intervention levels, action levels and emergency exposure levels, where these levels are reached or exceeded, the appropriate intervention or protective actions should be taken to limit the dose of exposure of people;
③ Protective measures for the personnel, including concealment, taking stabilized iodine, evacuation, personal protection, control of import and export access, temporary sheltering, permanent resettlement, elimination of radioactive contamination, food use Intervention, etc.
④Diligent medical treatment of the injured, according to their injuries in different levels of medical units graded treatment; ⑤Apply, as appropriate, other emergency rescue measures, such as fire suppression, communications, alarms, security, transportation, the establishment of a temporary detention center, and so on.
How to protect against external irradiation?
There are three ways to reduce the dose of external exposure.
One is to move away from the radioactive source. When handling a discarded, unused or orphaned radioactive source, long-handled handling tools should be utilized whenever possible. When available, utilize robotic remote handling of radioactive sources. Unless necessary, personnel not on duty should stay away from radioactive sources and from radioactively contaminated areas.
The second is to shorten the contact time with radioactive sources. Therefore, the training of personnel engaged in emergency response to nuclear and radiation emergencies should be strengthened to improve work proficiency and shorten operating time.
Thirdly, shielding should be effectively utilized to weaken the intensity of rays acting on the human body. When dealing with a single radioactive source, should also be used with good shielding properties of the object (such as lead bricks, iron plate, concrete version) to reduce the dose of human exposure. The shielding properties of buildings (structures) and large vehicle and ship hulls for penetrating radiation can also be utilized. Inside the house, the shielding performance of the inner room is better than the outer room, the corner of the wall is better than the middle of the house, and even better than behind the door.
How is protection against internal exposure provided?
In order to prevent the inhalation of radioactive dust, first of all, we should avoid dust so that the air near the ground again contaminated, such as people walking, vehicle traffic or soil work, should pay attention to minimize dust. Indeed, it is difficult to avoid can be taken to increase the distance, change the route through the method of avoiding dusty locations, appropriate watering of the ground can also reduce dust. For radioactive dust, usually the use of masks can have more satisfactory results, the effect of its retention of radioactive dust up to 80% to 90%, but should be correctly wearing a mask to prevent side leakage.
What are the early protective measures?
After the occurrence of a nuclear and radiation emergency, especially in the early stage (within 1 to 2 days) after the release of a relatively large amount of radioactive material into the atmosphere, the protective measures that can be used for personnel include concealment, respiratory protection, taking stabilized iodine, evacuation, and control of import and export access. Concealment, evacuation, control of import and export access and other measures for the plume from the radionuclides in the external exposure, from the plume radionuclides caused by internal contamination, as well as from the surface of the radioactive pollutants caused by the external irradiation have a protective effect.
What are the interim protective measures?
In the mid-incident phase, large amounts of radioactive material have been deposited on the ground, and in some cases radioactive material may continue to be released to the atmosphere. At this point in time, early protective measures may continue for individuals, except for consideration of discontinuing respiratory protection. To avoid excessive cumulative doses from prolonged stays, the competent authorities may take controlled and planned measures to relocate the population outward from the contaminated area - avoidance. Consideration should also be given to restricting the sale and consumption of locally produced or stored food and drinking water. According to the characteristics of the exposure pathway of personnel in this period, protective measures can also be taken in animal husbandry, the use of stored feed, the decontamination of the body surface of personnel, and the treatment of the sick and wounded.
What are the protective measures in the late phase?
The question that arises in making decisions about protective measures in the late phase of an incident (the recovery phase) is whether and when society can return to normal life in areas where protective measures were taken in the early and intermediate phases, or whether further protective measures are needed. In the late phase of the event, the main exposure pathways are internal exposure from ingestion of contaminated food and inhalation of resuspended material. Therefore, protective measures may include control of import and export routes, import and export routes, avoidance of relocation, control of food and water, use of stored feed, and decontamination of the area.
What should the public do in the event of a nuclear and radiation emergency?
In the event of a nuclear and radiological emergency, the first thing the public must do is to get as much and credible information as possible about the emergency and to be aware of the decisions and notifications made by governmental authorities. To this end, they should keep in touch with the local government through various means (TV, radio, telephone, etc.) and should never believe rumors or gossip. The second thing is to take necessary self-protection measures quickly in accordance with the notification of the local government. For example:
①Choose the nearest building for shelter to reduce direct external exposure and inhalation of contaminated air. Close doors, windows and ventilation devices (including air conditioners and fans) and open them quickly when the contaminated air has passed.
②Evacuate the site in an organized and orderly manner according to the arrangements of the local government to avoid any serious negative effects that may result from the evacuation.
③When it is judged that there is a radioactive dispersal event, try to hide to the side of the wind direction and quickly enter the building to hide.
④ Cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel or piece of cloth for respiratory protection.
⑤ If radioactive contamination is suspected on the surface of the body, bathing and changing clothes can be used to minimize radioactive formation contamination.
6 Follow the arrangements of the local authorities to decide whether it is necessary to control the use of local food and drinking water.
In the event of a nuclear and radiological terrorist incident, the public should take special care to keep their minds calm and never panic.
How should initial responders who initially arrive on the scene protect themselves?
In the event of a nuclear or radiological emergency, the first responders to arrive at the scene of the incident in the early stages are the initial responders. In most cases they should be radiation monitors, firefighters, police, paramedics, etc. In order to minimize the risk of exposure to these personnel, the first thing to do is to let them know the three principles of reducing the exposure dose, namely:
1) the stay in the environment with abnormal radiation should be small;
2) the separation distance from the radioactive source should be large;
3) if possible, make full use of the shielding protection. For the first time, they should be equipped with radiation detectors and personal dosimeters that can give alarms, as well as the necessary personal protective gear, such as protective masks or masks, protective clothing, protective boots and caps.
Personnel using radiation detectors should receive the necessary training on the characteristics of the instruments, the quantities to be measured, and the radiation hazards corresponding to exposure at alarm levels. When entering a radioactively contaminated site, the initial alarm level is an ambient dose rate of 0.1 mSv per hour, and this initial alarm level can also be used to control non-essential personnel by restricting their access to areas above this level. The second alarm level is the return level, taken as an ambient dose rate of 0.1 sieverts per hour or an ambient dose of 0.1 sieverts per hour, and the initial response personnel should not perform tasks at locations at or above this alarm level, except for rescue of casualties and those actions that must be time-critical in order to regain control of the event.
What are the circumstances for taking shelter? What should the public be aware of?
Sheltering is one of the main protective measures that may be taken in the early and middle stages of an emergency involving the release of large quantities of radioactive material into the atmosphere. Sheltering is short-lived, poses little risk or cost, and allows the vast majority of people to be temporarily sheltered in nearby buildings. Another advantage of this measure is that the crowd is contained during the sheltering process, which facilitates further measures, such as evacuation of the population or withdrawal of protective actions already in place. The duration of sheltering should not normally exceed 2 days. It is not easy to notify a large number of people of the need to take concealment measures within a short period of time, and concealment without prior planning, in particular, may give rise to problems in terms of social order and public psychology. Some family members are not at home at the time of concealment and may be worried about their whereabouts. Apart from the possibility of a short interruption of industrial production, the economic damage may not be significant, and thus concealment is generally regarded as a less difficult and costly but effective measure, and one that is easier to implement in the early stages of an incident.
When are evacuation measures taken? What should I be aware of when evacuating?
Evacuation is one of the protective measures to be taken in the early and middle stages of an emergency involving the release of large quantities of radioactive material into the atmosphere. It involves the emergency removal of people from their homes, places of work or rest for a limited period of time to avoid or minimize short-term exposures caused by the event, mainly high dose exposures from the plume or high levels of deposited radioactive material. In most cases, evacuees will be allowed to return to their natural homes, generally for a period of a few days or less, as long as the homes are habitable and do not require prolonged decontamination. For shorter and temporary periods, temporary accommodation may be provided in some type of premises similar to a school or public **** building; if the evacuation lasts more than a week, arrangements should be made for better accommodation. The decision to carry out an evacuation should be taken with caution because of the time constraints, difficulties, risks, and disorganization that may result.
National standards state that the decision to evacuate should be considered only when the effective dose to the whole body is expected to reach 50 to 500 mSv, or when the lungs, thyroid and other primarily irradiated individual organs have been exposed to 50 to 5,000 mGy (equivalent to 10 times the expected amount needed to take sheltering measures).
When are personal protective measures required? What should the public be aware of?
Personal protective measures refer mainly to the respiratory and body surface protection of personnel. When the air is contaminated with radioactive material, simple methods (e.g., covering the mouth and nose with a handkerchief, towel, or fabric) can reduce the inhaled dose of radioactive material by about 90%. A variety of everyday clothing, including hats, bandanas, raincoats, gloves, and boots, can be used to protect the surface of a person's body. These simple protective measures can be used when people begin to take cover and evacuate from the contaminated area. Improvised personal protective measures generally do not cause injuries and are less costly.
Decontamination of persons who have been or are suspected to have been contaminated by radioactivity on their body surfaces should be carried out. This is done simply by showering with water and removing and storing contaminated clothing, shoes, hats, etc., until there is time for monitoring or treatment at a later date. Do not delay evacuation or eviction due to personnel decontamination. Personnel decontamination measures are less risky and difficult, but prevent the spread of radioactive contamination to uncontaminated areas.
Rays produced by nuclear substances acting on the human body (nuclear radiation) will cause the body's macromolecules to undergo aberrations, and even stimulate the body's water molecules to produce free radicals, which in turn will damage biomolecules and lead to radiation sickness. For this reason, anti-radiation food construction should include, in general terms: high protein, multi-vitamin, moderate fat, nutritional comprehensiveness, adequate quantity. Energy supply should be sufficient. Adequate energy supply is conducive to improving the body's tolerance to nuclear radiation, reduce sensitivity, reduce damage, and protect the body. Sugar supply has focus. Due to the damage to the human digestive tract, resulting in its absorption of various types of sugar is not the same, so the effect of prevention and treatment of digestive tract damage is also different, in which fructose is the best, followed by glucose, and then sucrose, dextrin and so on. Lipid content should not be high. Based on the human body after radiation loss of appetite, poor taste, the total supply of fat should be appropriately reduced, but need to increase the proportion of vegetable oils, of which oleic acid can promote the regenerative function of the hematopoietic system to prevent and control radiation damage is the best effect. Protein should be quality. Requirements for the intake of protein of excellent quality and sufficient quantity, in order to reduce radiation damage and promote the body to restore health. Inorganic salt supply should be increased. Moderate increase in inorganic salt (mainly table salt) in the diet, can prompt people to increase the amount of drinking water, accelerate radionuclides with urine, feces discharge, thereby reducing internal radiation damage. Vitamin quantity should be ensured. Increase the supply of vitamins to prevent and control radiation damage and post-injury recovery are effective, such as VK can reduce bleeding, VPP to reduce vomiting, nausea, VC to accelerate the regeneration of blood cells, etc., it is appropriate to intake of some kelp, cabbage, carrots, honey, goji berries and so on.
How to protect against alpha rays?
Since alpha particles have the weakest penetrating ability, a piece of white paper can block it, therefore, for alpha rays should pay attention to internal irradiation, the main way of its entry into the body is to breathe and eat, and the main methods of its protection are:
(1) Prevent inhalation of contaminated air and ingestion of contaminated food;
(2) Prevent wounds from being contaminated.
How to protect against beta particles?
Beta particles, their penetrating ability is stronger than α-rays and weaker than γ-rays, therefore, β-rays are relatively easy to block, and they can be blocked with ordinary metals. However, beta rays are easily absorbed by the surface layer of tissue, causing radiation damage to the surface layer of the organization. Therefore, its protection is much more complicated; (1) avoid direct contact with contaminated items; to prevent contamination of the skin surface and radiation hazards; (2) to prevent inhalation of contaminated air and ingestion of contaminated food; (3) to prevent wounds from being contaminated; (4) shielding measures should be used when necessary.
How to protect against gamma particles?
Gamma rays are highly penetrating and can cause external irradiation, and there are three main ways to protect against them: (a) minimize the time of irradiation; (b) increase the distance between the source of radiation and the source of radiation because the irradiated dose is inversely proportional to the square of the distance away from the source; and (c) take shielding measures. Adding a sufficiently thick layer of shielding between a person and the source of radiation reduces the external exposure dose. The main materials used for shielding are lead, reinforced concrete, water, etc. The buildings we live in are good shields for external exposures.
When encountering the occurrence of nuclear leakage, we should do not believe in rumors, please immediately listen to, watch the local official radio, television, newspaper news, to the information released by the government shall prevail, do not believe in rumors, not to mention rumors; to comply with the unified command of the functional departments, do not act on their own, blind action; in the outdoors of the personnel should be as soon as possible to go indoors, close the doors and windows, do not casually go out, and according to the provisions of the timely consumption of Preventive medicine; pay attention to the radio, television and other media tracking reports on the accident, waiting for official notification; the need to evacuate, should obey the arrangements of the functional departments, carrying the appropriate amount of necessities (warm clothing, rainwear, umbrellas, dry food and drinking water, etc.), calm and orderly evacuation to the designated location, the evacuation of not to spread dissatisfaction with the remarks, to avoid confusion caused by demonic talk; evacuation of personnel should be decontaminated in a timely manner and actively cooperate with the health department for medical examination; in order to prevent radioactivity, the police should be able to prevent the accident from happening. Health department for medical examination; in order to prevent radioactive dust is inhaled into the body and stained skin, contaminated area personnel as far as possible in a timely manner to wear a good gas mask or mask, tie up the pants, cuffs, collar, raincoats, plastic sheeting, etc. to cover the exposed skin; do not eat in the open air, do not sit down on the ground, do not contact with contaminated objects; as far as possible to avoid raising the dust, clothing contaminated with radioactive substances can be used to brooms or branches, stand upwind or to the side of the wind, and then use a broom or a branch to avoid the dust.
To teach you a few tricks to prevent radiation
Considering the current situation, the explosions that have previously occurred are likely to be staged again at the Fukushima Daiichi plant's No. 3 unit. It was an explosion triggered by a violent reaction between hydrogen, which slowly filled the building (maintenance building), and oxygen in the air, and would not have turned into a nuclear explosion under any conditions.
Of course, a fair amount of radioactivity might have escaped, but not in doses that would have affected human health.
--Stay indoors and avoid going outside.
--Close windows and doors and avoid ventilation fans to exchange air with the outside world.
--Wear long-sleeved clothes and pants to avoid exposing your skin.
--If there is a real risk of radiation exposure, wear a mask or cover your mouth and nose with a dampened towel.
Again, all of these measures are just a precautionary measure and at the same time are unnecessary for now.