Basic Introduction Chinese Name: Measles Vaccine mbth: Measles Vaine Development Success Time: 1965 Vaccination Target: Introduction of susceptible population over 8 months old, vaccine development, vaccination target, application method, vaccination reaction, contraindications, effect, precautions, storage and transportation conditions, booster immunization, introduction, doubts, effect, expert explanation and abnormal reaction. Measles Vaine (measles, rubella, Mobilli) is an acute systemic eruptive respiratory infectious disease caused by measles virus, which is highly contagious. The susceptible population of measles is in close contact with measles patients, and its incidence rate can be as high as 95%. The onset age of measles is 1-5 years old, accounting for about 80% of the total incidence. Typical measles manifestations are fever, conjunctivitis, inflammation of upper respiratory tract, Koplik spots on oral and buccal mucosa, papules all over the body, and pigmented spots after rash. Check the causes of death of infants after illness, mostly because of complications, such as laryngitis, encephalitis, bronchopneumonia, myocarditis and so on. Before the application of measles vaccine, the incidence and mortality of measles accounted for the first place in children's infectious diseases, and it was prevalent every few years. The key to the epidemic is the accumulation of susceptible children. After the application of safe and effective live attenuated measles vaccine, improving the population-specific immunity level is the primary measure to prevent measles. The vaccine was developed at 19 1, the attenuated measles strains were isolated and cultured by Shanghai Institute of Biological Products of the Ministry of Health, and the attenuated measles strains Jing 55 and Chang 47, 19 1 and Chang 47 were successively cultured by Beijing Institute of Biological Products of the Ministry of Health and Changchun Institute of Biological Products of the Ministry of Health, and the measles vaccine mainly based on Shanghai 1965 was successfully developed. Measles vaccine is made by inoculating chicken embryo cells with attenuated strain of measles virus, culturing and collecting virus liquid, and then freeze-drying. Freeze-dried measles vaccine is a cheese-colored loose body, which is a clear orange liquid after being dissolved in sterile water for injection. The titer of the finished vaccine should be no less than 3.5 log ccid50/1.0ml+0.0ml ..1and susceptible persons over 8 months old: the first immunization at 8 months old and the second immunization at 7 months old. It can also be immunized at the age of 8 months, 1.5-2 years old 1 needle, to reduce the susceptible population who failed the first immunization. Measles vaccine 2, emergency vaccination after the case occurs: the target is the susceptible person within the patient's activity range. The vaccination rate in epidemic areas should reach more than 95%. The vaccination time should be as early as possible, and the vaccination should be completed after the first generation of cases and before the spread of the epidemic. The incubation period of measles is usually 7- 14 days, and the longest is 2 1 day. Antibodies can be produced 7- 12 days after vaccination, which is shorter than that after infection. Therefore, emergency vaccination of susceptible people can control the spread of epidemic or prevent the epidemic. Children with measles in the incubation period generally have no adverse reactions after vaccination. Vaccination within 1-2 days after measles infection can prevent the occurrence of viremia and relieve the clinical symptoms of infected people. Gamma globulin can be applied to susceptible people who have not been vaccinated against measles, people who have close contact with measles patients and people who are not suitable for vaccination, but this immunity can only last for 2-3 weeks, and then they may be infected again if they contact measles children again. Therefore, if there are no taboos in the future, children over 8 months must be vaccinated with various measles vaccines. Usage: Freeze-dried live measles vaccine: add sterilized water for injection according to the dosage indicated in the bottle label, and use it after it is completely dissolved. Injection site and dosage: the skin at the attachment of deltoid muscle on the lateral side of upper arm was disinfected with 75% ethanol, dried and injected subcutaneously with 0.5ml. Children and adults have the same dose. The common inoculation reactions are burning and tingling at the injection site for a short time, and individual recipients may have fever (above 38.3℃) or rash 5~ 12 days after inoculation. Rare vaccination reactions include some minor local reactions, such as erythema, induration and tenderness, sore throat and discomfort, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Extremely rare are allergic reactions, transient arthritis and joint pain. Contraindications for pregnant women. Those who have allergic history or allergic reaction to penicillin and eggs. Respiratory diseases are accompanied by fever, active tuberculosis, hematological diseases, cachexia and malignant tumors. Patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency or patients treated with immunosuppressants. Individuals or families have a history of convulsions and brain trauma. The effect is influenced by many factors. The quality of measles vaccine is the key to effectively prevent and control measles, but it needs cold chain equipment, scientific management and correct vaccination. After vaccination with measles vaccine 1, the serological effect of the vaccine: antibodies began to be produced after vaccination 1 week, and 1 month reached its peak, with a positive conversion rate of over 95%. 2. The epidemiological effect of the immunized population is consistent with the serological effect after immunization, that is, those with positive antibodies can avoid the disease. 3. Effect of emergency vaccination: When infected with wild measles virus, the virus first passes through the respiratory mucosal barrier and then enters the serum through the lymphatic system. The incubation period is about 7- 14 days. The route of vaccination is different from natural infection. Generally, antibody production begins on the 7th day after vaccination, which is much shorter than that after infection. This is the basis of emergency vaccination to control the epidemic. When there is a measles epidemic in a certain place, it can reduce the incidence and prevent the epidemic by carrying out emergency vaccination on the surrounding contacts as soon as possible. Precautions 1. The vaccine is orange-red transparent liquid after being dissolved in water. If it is found that the color turns purple to yellow (purple is caused by tiny cracks in ampoules, and yellow is caused by the growth of miscellaneous bacteria), ampoules with cracks, unclear labels, poor dissolution and beyond the validity period are not allowed to be used. Measles vaccine II. Measles virus has weak resistance to temperature and light, and can be inactivated quickly. Pay attention to keep it away from light. After the freeze-dried vaccine is dissolved into liquid, it can quickly reduce the titer and must be used up within half an hour. If it is not used up, it should be discarded, because the live virus in the vaccine will die quickly after a long time, making the vaccine ineffective. At the same time, there is no preservative in the vaccine, and growing in the air may pollute the bacteria. 3. When opening the ampoule for injection, don't let the disinfectant contact the vaccine. Disinfect the skin with 75% ethanol, and inject it after the skin is dry. 4. People who have been injected with gamma globulin should be vaccinated at least 6 weeks after injection, because gamma globulin contains measles antibodies, which can neutralize the measles virus in the vaccine and interfere with the immune effect. Gamma globulin can be injected at least 2 weeks after measles vaccine injection, because antibodies can be produced 2 weeks after measles vaccine injection, and it is not affected by gamma globulin at this time. 5. Freeze-dried measles vaccine is a live vaccine, although a protective agent is added. It still needs to maintain a perfect cold chain system in the process of storage, transportation and inoculation to ensure the titer of the vaccine. Storage and transportation conditions Measles vaccine should be stored and transported at 2℃-8℃, and below 0℃ is more conducive to maintaining the efficacy of the vaccine. The validity period of the vaccine is 65438 0.5 years from the date of virus titration. Brief introduction of intensive immunization 2065438+00 September 1 1 day, China will carry out large-scale measles vaccine intensive immunization. Recently, some netizens questioned this behavior of intensive measles vaccination and expressed doubts about the safety of measles vaccine, saying that "measles vaccine is a chronic poison". Doctors Inoculate Measles Vaccine On September 6, Hao Yang, deputy director of the Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Health, denied that measles vaccines had been used for many years, all of which were made in China and the quality was guaranteed. Hao Yang said that measles vaccines are all made in China and the quality is guaranteed. Earlier, Zhao Kai, chairman of the Expert Advisory Committee on Immunization Planning of the Ministry of Health, said that the measles vaccine manufacturers used this time mainly included enterprises in Shanghai, Han, Lanzhou and Beijing, and did not use imported vaccines. Hao Yang said that the measles vaccine has been used since 1966, and the quality of the vaccine is guaranteed. Regarding the query in the net post, "Why can we produce 1 100 million vaccines at one time?" "Is there a phenomenon of strengthening immunization in other countries?" Hao Yang said that the work of strengthening immunization has long been ready. Since last year, 1. 1 100 million vaccines have been prepared. It is understood that the World Health Organization has listed intensified immunization as one of the most effective strategies to eliminate measles. The United States carried out intensive immunization activities from 1989 to 1995. Since June 2002 165438+ 10, no endemic measles virus has been found in the United States. The Ministry of Health pointed out that the main purpose of this intensive immunization is, on the one hand, to provide an opportunity for children who have not been vaccinated before, or who have failed to immunize for other reasons such as individual differences, so that children can have effective immunity; On the other hand, intensive immunization can quickly improve people's immunity, form an immune barrier, and block the spread of measles virus. Why should children who have been vaccinated be vaccinated again? After the first dose of measles vaccine is unsuccessful, individuals can be effectively protected under normal circumstances. However, it also varies from person to person. The situation that no antibody is produced after vaccination is called unsuccessful immunization. If there is a measles epidemic around, these people may be infected. Doctors inoculate students with measles vaccine According to reports, under normal circumstances, the success rate of the first measles vaccine for children is 85% when they are 8 months old, and the seroconversion rate is about 95% when 18 months old. After vaccination with two doses of vaccine, the positive conversion rate of serum antibody may reach 99%, but some people are still unsuccessful in immunization. Immunization unsuccessful people accumulate to a certain extent, which may lead to local measles outbreak. Why should the immunization rate of intensive vaccination reach more than 95%? 95% people have antibodies to form a group immune barrier. The Ministry of Health pointed out that for the population, at least 95% people need antibodies to generate population immunity and block the spread of measles virus. For individuals, children who have not been vaccinated with measles vaccine or have no immune response after vaccination can be re-vaccinated with measles vaccine by strengthening immunization to increase the chance of producing antibodies. According to the Ministry of Health, intensive immunization provides opportunities for people who are unsuccessful in immunization for various reasons, especially those with unknown immunization history or who have not completed two doses of immunization. Therefore, when carrying out intensive immunization in the world, the target population usually needs to be vaccinated with 1 dose of measles vaccine regardless of the previous immunization history, in order to establish a high-level population immune barrier. Results All measles vaccines were made in China, and the quality was guaranteed. The manufacturers of measles vaccine used are mainly enterprises in Shanghai, Wuhan, Lanzhou and Beijing, and imported vaccines are not used. Measles vaccine has been used since 1966, and the quality of the vaccine is guaranteed. Regarding the query in the net post "Why can you get 100 million vaccines at a time" and "Is there any phenomenon of strengthening immunization in other countries", it is said that strengthening immunization has long been prepared. Since last year, 1. 1 100 million vaccines have been prepared. It is understood that the World Health Organization has listed intensified immunization as one of the most effective strategies to eliminate measles. The United States carried out intensive immunization activities from 1989 to 1995. Since June 2002 165438+ 10, no endemic measles virus has been found in the United States. The Ministry of Health explained the information on the website of the Ministry of Health. When answering the hot issues related to measles vaccine immunization one by one yesterday, the Ministry of Health pointed out that the parents of children were not charged any fees for this immunization, and the expenses for vaccines and syringes were borne by the state finance. Why strengthen measles vaccine? On the one hand, the main purpose of strengthening immunization is to provide an opportunity for children who have not been vaccinated before, or children who have failed immunization due to individual differences and other reasons, so that children can have effective immunity; On the other hand, in a short period of time, measles vaccine can quickly improve the immunity of people, form an immune barrier, and effectively block the spread of measles virus. Is the vaccine made in China or imported? The vaccines used in this national measles vaccine booster immunization are domestic vaccines purchased by provinces from domestic enterprises with production qualifications in accordance with the bidding and procurement procedures stipulated in the Bidding Law of People's Republic of China (PRC). All vaccines have passed every batch of inspection by China Institute for Biological Products Inspection. Is there a charge for this booster immunization? There is no charge for parents of children, and the cost of vaccines and syringes is borne by the state finance. Do children who have been vaccinated still need measles vaccine? In general, individuals can be effectively protected. But it also varies with the age and personal physique of the recipient. The situation that no antibody is produced after vaccination is called immune unresponsiveness (or unsuccessful immunization), and these people may be infected if measles is prevalent around them. Usually, the measles vaccine is about 85% when it is 8 months old, that is, 85 children in 100 will have immunity, and the seroconversion rate of 18 months old is about 95%. After vaccination with two doses of vaccine, the positive conversion rate of serum antibody may reach 99%, but some people are still unsuccessful in immunization. Immunization unsuccessful people accumulate to a certain extent, which may lead to local measles outbreak. For the population, at least 95% people have antibody-producing group immunity, forming an immune barrier and blocking the spread of measles virus; For individuals, re-concentrating measles vaccine through intensive immunization can increase the chances of antibody production and reduce the risk of infection for children who have not been vaccinated with measles vaccine or have no immune response after vaccination. Intensive immunization provides opportunities for people who are unsuccessful in immunization, especially those whose immunization history is unknown or who have not completed two doses of immunization. When carrying out intensive immunization around the world, regardless of the previous immunization history of measles vaccine, the target population is usually vaccinated with 1 dose of measles vaccine to establish a high-level population immune barrier. Therefore, except those who have contraindications to vaccination, other target groups should be vaccinated against measles according to the unified deployment of the local government during the intensive immunization. Two points need to be emphasized: First, studies at home and abroad show that repeated measles vaccination will not increase the probability of adverse reactions; Second, measles vaccination is not only the protection of individuals, but also the protection of groups. Parents have the right to give their children a chance to prevent measles, and also have the obligation to contribute to the establishment of a national immune barrier. Of course, vaccination requires parents' informed consent. If you have physical discomfort and contraindications such as fever, you can delay or not delay measles vaccination. What are the complaint channels for parents? Parents can consult relevant information through 12320 (national public health hotline) or the telephone number designated by the local government. If you are dissatisfied with the equipment, hygiene and qualification of the inoculation unit or the service attitude, service level and qualification of the inoculation personnel, you can complain to the local health administrative department. You can also check the website of the Ministry of Health and the website of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Experts explained that Yang Weizhong, deputy director of China CDC, said that measles vaccine has been vaccinated in China for more than 40 years and proved to be safe and effective. Where did the strains of measles vaccine in China come from? 1960 was isolated from the blood of a 2-year-old boy during the epidemic of measles in Shanghai. 1965 was approved by the Ministry of Health, and 1985 was all changed into freeze-dried dosage forms. However, there are still some impurities in this vaccine strain, which will affect its effectiveness. Therefore, by 199 1, with the assistance of the Netherlands National Institute of Health, China purified the strain again, and was finally approved by China to continue using it. So far, the strain of this vaccine is still used to treat measles. Vaccines that are not imported from the United States or other countries are all our own strains, and vaccines are all produced by our own enterprises. According to the arrangement of the Ministry of Health, from September 20 11to September 20, nearly1billion children will be vaccinated against measles, including children aged 8 months to 4 years. Recently, there has been a saying on the Internet that the recent measles vaccine for children is a chronic poison given by foreign countries. Many citizens received such a short message: "Urgently appeal to parents to seriously consider the requirement of immediately vaccinating 1 100 million children. The products donated by the United States may be chronic poisons. " On some online forums, reporters also searched for the title "* * * Ji Hui conspiracy?" Measles vaccine is only targeted at children in developing countries in Asia and Africa. Some American celebrities claim that new vaccines and genetically modified foods are good ways to reduce the world population. These statements caused panic among some citizens, and some parents called this newspaper to ask if the vaccine was imported from the United States. Yesterday, the Ministry of Health stressed that the vaccines used in the national measles vaccine booster immunization are domestic vaccines purchased by provinces from domestic enterprises with production qualifications in accordance with the bidding and procurement procedures stipulated in the Bidding and Procurement Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), and all vaccines have passed the inspection by China Institute for Biological Products Control. All vaccines are made in China, and imported vaccines are not used. The Beijing Municipal Health Bureau also said that in order to ensure the safety of vaccination, the city used live attenuated measles vaccine produced by Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products of Sinopharm Group, which was selected through bidding from the products approved for marketing by the state, and all purchased vaccines were tested by China Institute for Biological Products Control. The Ministry of Health also said yesterday that the manufacturers of measles vaccine used this time are mainly related enterprises in Shanghai, Wuhan, Lanzhou and Beijing, and imported vaccines are not used. Measles vaccine is an old vaccine, which has been used for 44 years and its quality is guaranteed. The Municipal Health Bureau also stressed that during this intensive immunization period, each inoculation point only provides free measles vaccine which is uniformly distributed by the state and strictly tested by the state according to regulations. "Like other countries, the measles vaccine strains used in China are attenuated live vaccines made from genotype A measles virus. You can safely vaccinate. " It is understood that during the vaccination period, the health department has designated medical institutions in the jurisdiction 178 to establish a green channel for medical treatment of suspected adverse reactions after vaccination. Twenty-four experts from vaccine science, epidemiology, immunization planning, respiratory and other related majors in this city became the vaccination guidance group. At present, the amount of materials needed for this vaccination is sufficient, so prepare in advance. All vaccines and syringes have been distributed, and the district and county CDC is also distributing them to the corresponding designated vaccination clinics step by step. The measles vaccine is made in China, not imported. As for chronic poison, it is even more groundless. There were more than 400 cases of abnormal reaction to measles vaccination, most of which were in allergic skin rash. In September 2065438+00, 50 million people were vaccinated. 19 September, the website of the Ministry of Health forwarded an interview with experts from People's Daily Online. Zhao Kai, an academician of China Academy of Engineering and a medical virologist, said that as of September 14, about 50 million people had been vaccinated against measles, and there were more than 400 cases of abnormal reactions, most of which were allergic skin rash. On September 1 1 day, China began to strengthen measles immunization for children aged from August to 14, and this time about 1 100 million children. According to the Ministry of Health, a few people may have adverse reactions after being vaccinated with measles vaccine. Among them, common adverse reactions include pain and tenderness at the injection site and possible short-term fever reaction; A few children can have a transient rash, which can be relieved by themselves within 2 days. Zhao Kai said that after vaccination against measles, a few people will have some adverse reactions. He said, according to statistics, the reported incidence of abnormal reactions after this vaccination is only 0.8/65438+ 10,000, and these children who have been in allergic skin rash will recover soon. "At least from the reported data, the incidence of abnormal reactions of domestic measles vaccine is lower than that reported by the World Health Organization." German Vaccine 2065438+On May 7, 2009, German Health Minister Jens Span submitted a draft law to Parliament, requiring parents to vaccinate their children against measles, or they will face a fine. Parents who do not vaccinate their children face a fine of 2,500 euros (about 1.9 million yuan). As of April 29, it reached 704 cases. Among the confirmed cases, more than 70% of the patients were not vaccinated against measles, and more than one third of the patients were under 5 years old.