Based on physical and chemical properties:
It can be divided into metallic materials, inorganic non-metallic materials and polymer materials.
According to the purpose:
It can be divided into electronic materials, aerospace materials, nuclear materials, building materials, energy materials, biological materials, etc.
Classification by location:
It is to classify materials according to their usage location in space, such as interior wall materials, exterior wall materials, ceiling materials, floor materials, etc. But after this division was established, we encountered a material that can be used both indoors and outdoors. Indoors, a material can be used on the ground, walls, or ceiling, such as stone, paint, etc. If a piece of stone is attached to the ceiling, wall, or floor, people will question the classification of some materials. From this point of view, in order to clearly distinguish materials, we can only distinguish them based on their nature and chemical composition. The scientific and authoritative definition of ecological building materials is still in the research and determination stage. The concept of ecological building materials comes from ecological environment materials. The definition of ecological and environmental materials is still being studied and determined. Its main features are first to save resources and energy; secondly to reduce environmental pollution and avoid greenhouse effect and ozone layer damage; thirdly, it is easy to recover and recycle. As an important branch of ecological environment materials, according to its meaning, ecological building materials should refer to the process of material production, use, waste and recycling in harmony with the ecological environment, to meet the minimum resource and energy consumption, minimum or no environmental pollution, and the best Building materials designed and produced are required to have the best performance and highest recycling rate. Obviously such environmental coordination is a relative and developing concept. The main conceptual difference between ecological building materials and other new building materials is that ecological building materials are a system.
The concept of engineering cannot only look at a certain link in the production or use process. The evaluation of the environmental compatibility of materials depends on the interval under investigation or the boundaries set. The finishing touch is the emergence of various new building materials called ecological building materials at home and abroad, such as "ecological cement" produced from waste materials or municipal garbage. However, without the perspective of systems engineering, the building materials designed and produced may reflect "green" in one aspect and "black" in other aspects, and the evaluation will inevitably be biased or even misleading.
For example, high-performance ceramic materials may be difficult to decompose after being discarded, building polymer materials are often difficult to degrade, and composite building materials also make recycling difficult due to their complex composition; clay ceramic concrete blocks are lightweight , high strength, good thermal insulation and fire resistance, but its production requires higher energy consumption; plastic steel doors and windows are stronger, more durable and have better thermal insulation properties than steel windows and aluminum alloy windows, but they involve high energy costs and waste disposal It will cause a serious burden on the environment; vertical kiln cement may also be considered to be more environmentally friendly than rotary kiln cement just because of its low energy consumption in primary production, and even cement that is "notorious" for releasing greenhouse gas CO2 Industry should also see the absorption of CO2 from the carbonization process that occurs naturally during the use of cement concrete, its finished product. To produce 1 ton of cement clinker, about 1 ton of CO2 is released due to the decomposition of coal and limestone. In addition to the CO2 released by coal burning (accounting for about 40%), the amount of CO2 released by the decomposition of calcium carbonate during cement burning can be slowly carbonized. It is completely absorbed by the cement concrete in the process. In order to comprehensively evaluate the environmental coordination performance of building materials, the life cycle assessment method (Life Cycle Assessment, referred to as LCA) needs to be adopted. The life cycle assessment method is a method of measuring environmental pollution, energy and resource consumption and resource impact during the entire life cycle of materials. Although it has been introduced in some monographs and has entered ISO international standards, for building materials, LCA is still a method under research and development.
Regarding the development methods of ecological building materials and the improvement of environmental coordination, Japanese scholar Professor Mimoto Ryoichi summarized four types of innovative methods and the evaluation of their respective contributions to environmental coordination, that is, product improvement , redesign, functional innovation and system innovation. System innovation has the greatest improvement in environmental coordination and takes the longest time. It is not difficult to understand that system innovation is also the most difficult, while product improvement is relatively simple and has a relatively small improvement in environmental coordination. What needs to be pointed out here is that for a certain material, the development of ecology or environmental coordination does not necessarily follow these four arrangements. Regarding the development strategy of ecological building materials, there are still some questions that are difficult to answer.
For example, environmental coordination and performance do not always lead to coordinated development and mutual promotion. The author believes that the development of ecological building materials cannot be at the expense of excessive sacrifice of performance. However, the requirements for the performance of ecological building materials do not necessarily require high performance, but refer to excellent performance or optimal performance that meets the usage requirements. Building materials with low performance will inevitably affect their durability and functionality. For example, if the LCA method is used for evaluation, sacrificing performance for energy conservation and waste utilization in the production process will not necessarily improve the environmental compatibility of the material.
Radiation from building materials
Radiation from building materials is currently the most harmful radiation factor to people because these radiations originate from abnormal radioactive elements. Existing home decoration stones, one is granite, which is composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and the other is marble. These two kinds of stone contain some radioactive elements, such as radium, uranium, etc., and these elements will produce radioactive substances, such as radon, etc. during the decay process. Long-term breathing of high-concentration air containing radioactive substances can cause radiation damage to the human respiratory system, especially the lungs, and cause a variety of diseases, such as chest pain, fever, etc. In severe cases, it can also lead to canceration of some human cells, which is life-threatening. . In addition, ceramic sanitary ware used in building decoration may contain excessive amounts of radioactive substances, which may have adverse effects on human health.
New building materials
New building materials are new types of building materials that are different from traditional building materials such as bricks and tiles, lime sandstone, etc., and include many varieties and categories. In terms of function, there are wall materials, decorative materials, door and window materials, insulation materials, waterproof materials, bonding and sealing materials, as well as various supporting hardware, plastic parts and various auxiliary materials. In terms of materials, there are not only natural materials, but also chemical materials, metal materials, non-metal materials, etc. New building materials have excellent properties such as light weight, high strength, thermal insulation, energy saving, soil saving, and decoration. The use of new building materials not only greatly improves the function of the house, but also makes the inside and outside of the building more modern and meets people's aesthetic requirements. Some new building materials can significantly reduce the weight of the building, creating conditions for the promotion of lightweight building structures and promoting the construction industry. Modernization of construction technology has greatly accelerated the speed of house building. The performance and functions of new building materials are different, and the raw materials and process methods used to produce new building materials products are also different. As far as their development is concerned, some varieties focus on color, and there are endless varieties of designs and colors, such as decoration materials; some varieties focus on function, such as insulation materials; some have derived multiple varieties through deep processing, such as new building panels, etc. . Take new building panels as an example. There are dozens of varieties of new building boards, among which gypsum board, glass fiber reinforced cement (GRC) board, and asbestos-free calcium silicate board are the three new building boards with the largest production volume and the most common application in China. These three types of boards not only use different raw materials and production processes, but also have different properties and functions. For example, the main raw materials of paper gypsum board are gypsum and protective paper, which are suitable for interior wall panels and ceiling boards; the main raw materials of glass fiber reinforced cement board are low-alkali cement and alkali-resistant glass fiber, which are suitable for interior and exterior wall panels; calcium silicate The main raw material of the board is calcium silicate material. In addition to being used as interior and exterior wall panels, it can also be used for decoration and making furniture that is integrated with the house. The same feature of these three types of boards is that they are used as original boards, and then equipped with functional materials such as anti-seepage, thermal insulation, and fireproofing. Using composite technology, various new wall materials with lightweight and superior performance can be produced. In addition, the raw materials they use are all non-metallic materials, and they are the three most easily available non-metallic materials.
China's new building materials industry, with the great attention and support of the party and government, has developed into a considerable scale and relatively complete varieties after more than 20 years of development. With the establishment of the socialist market economic system and the implementation of urban residents' housing projects, China's new building materials industry will surely achieve greater development. 1. Floor decoration materials.
Commonly used are: cement mortar floor, which has good wear resistance and is the most widely used, but has shortcomings such as poor sound insulation, inelasticity, and high thermal conductivity. Marble floors have clear and beautiful textures and are often used in high-end hotels and other public venues. Terrazzo floor has good wear resistance, is bright and beautiful, and can be made into various floral patterns according to design. Wooden floors are flexible and have low thermal conductivity, giving people a warm and soft feeling. Parquet hardwood floors are also paved in mat and herringbone patterns, which are durable and are often used in gymnasiums, rehearsal halls, stages, and banquet halls. New floor decoration materials include wood fiber flooring, plastic flooring, ceramic mosaic tiles, etc.
Ceramic mosaic tiles are hard, acid-resistant, alkali-resistant, wear-resistant, impermeable, and easy to clean. In addition to being used as floor tiles, they can also be used as interior and exterior wall decorations.
2. Interior wall decoration materials
The traditional method is to apply lime water or wall powder, but it is easy to pollute and cannot be scrubbed with wet methods. It is mostly used in general buildings. Higher-end buildings often use flat mixed paint, which is rich in color and not easy to pollute. However, the organic solvent mixed in has a large amount of volatilization, which pollutes the atmosphere and affects the health of construction workers. With the development of science, organic synthetic resin raw materials are widely used in paints. It fundamentally changes the appearance of paint products and is called coatings, becoming an important type of interior and exterior wall decoration materials. Papering interior walls and ceilings has a long history, but has been replaced by plastic wallpapers and fiberglass wall coverings. Gypsum board has the characteristics of fire protection, sound insulation, heat insulation, light weight and high strength, and easy construction. It is mainly used for walls and flat roofs. When making flat roofs, holes with various patterns can be drilled to improve sound absorption and decorative effects. Calcium plastic board has good decorative effect, can maintain heat and sound insulation, and is a multi-functional board. Marble slabs and granite slabs are increasingly used to decorate high-end hotels and apartments.
3. Exterior wall decoration materials
Commonly used materials include cement mortar, chopped fake stone, washed stone, glazed tiles, ceramic mosaic tiles, paint, white cement slurry, etc. New exterior wall decoration materials such as coatings, polymer cement mortar, asbestos cement boards, glass curtain walls, aluminum alloy products, etc. are being used in some projects.
Selection of materials: ①Main purpose; ②Appearance; ③Physical properties (density, hardness, strength, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity); ④Chemical properties (action on water, corrosion resistance); ⑤ Price; ⑥Processing difficulty; ⑦Daily maintenance; ⑧Impact on the environment; History
The use of various metals as building decoration materials has a long history, and many traces are still left, such as the copper in the Summer Palace The pavilion, the Bronze Palace on the top of Mount Tai, the Golden Palace in Kunming, the splendid decorations of the Potala Palace in Tibet, etc. are all examples left by the ancients. Modern metal decorative materials used in buildings are even more diverse and colorful. This is because metal materials have unique luster and color. As building decoration materials, metal is dignified, luxurious and durable, and is superior to other types of building decoration materials. Commonly used modern metal decorative materials include aluminum and aluminum alloys, stainless steel, copper and copper alloys. Types and characteristics of metal decorative materials. The types of metal materials used for decoration include aluminum and aluminum alloys, stainless steel, copper and copper alloys, etc.
Classification of metal materials
Metal materials are divided into two categories: ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals include cast; cast iron and steel. Steel is mainly used as structural materials for houses, bridges, etc. Only stainless steel is used for decoration. Non-ferrous metals include aluminum and its alloys, copper and copper alloys: gold, silver, etc. , they are widely used in building decoration and decoration.
Aluminum alloy and its decorative products
Aluminum is a light metal among non-ferrous metals, with a density of 2.7g/m*m and a silvery white color. Aluminum has good electrical and thermal conductivity, and its chemical properties are also very active. When exposed to the air, an aluminum oxide film is easily formed on the surface to protect the metal below from corrosion, so aluminum has strong corrosion resistance in the atmosphere. However, because the film is extremely thin, its corrosion resistance has certain limits. Pure aluminum has good plasticity and can be made into tubes, rods, plates, etc. But aluminum is less strong and hard. The polished surface of aluminum has a reflectivity of more than 80% for white light, and also has strong reflective capabilities for ultraviolet and infrared rays. Aluminum can also be surface colored to achieve a good decorative effect.
Aluminum alloy is composed of magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, silicon and other elements added to aluminum in order to improve the practical value of aluminum. There are many types of aluminum alloys. The aluminum alloy used for architectural decoration is wrought aluminum alloy (forged aluminum for short, code name LD) among deformed aluminum alloys. Wrought aluminum alloy is an aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy (AI-Mg-Si alloy), of which LD31 has medium strength, high impact toughness, and excellent thermoplasticity. It can be extruded at high speed into various profiles with complex structures, thin walls, and hollows or forged into forgings with complex structures. LD31 has excellent welding performance and corrosion resistance. The surface after processing is very smooth and easy to color. It is the most widely used alloy among AI-Mg-Si alloys. Aluminum alloy decorative products include: aluminum alloy doors and windows, aluminum alloy blinds, aluminum alloy decorative panels, aluminum foil, magnesium aluminum decorative panels, magnesium aluminum curved panels, aluminum alloy ceiling materials, aluminum alloy railings, handrails, screens, grilles, etc. Aluminum foil refers to a thin sheet product processed from pure aluminum or aluminum foil into a thickness of 6.3pm to 0.2mm.
Aluminum foil has good moisture-proof and thermal insulation properties, so aluminum foil is widely used in the construction industry as a new multi-functional thermal insulation material and moisture-proof material; such as rolled aluminum foil can be used as thermal insulation curtains, sheet aluminum foil (such as aluminum foil corrugated board , aluminum foil foam plastic board, etc.) are commonly used indoors. By choosing appropriate color patterns, they can also play a very good decorative role.
Stainless steel building decoration products
Stainless steel is an iron-based alloy containing more than 12% chromium and has corrosion resistance.
Stainless steel can be divided into two types: stainless acid-resistant steel and stainless steel. Steel that can resist atmospheric corrosion is called stainless steel, while steel that can resist corrosion in some chemical media (such as acids) is acid-resistant steel. . These two types of steel are usually collectively referred to as stainless steel. Stainless steel used for decoration is mainly plate. Stainless steel plate achieves decorative purposes with the help of surface characteristics of stainless steel plate, such as surface smoothness and gloss. Various colored stainless steels such as brown, blue, yellow, red, and green can also be produced through surface coloring treatment, which not only maintains the original excellent corrosion resistance of stainless steel, but also further improves its decorative effect.
Light steel keel
Light steel keel is a framework for installing various cover panels, and is a replacement product of wooden keel. Light steel keels coupled with cover panels of different materials and colors not only improve the thermal and acoustic properties of the building, but also directly create different decorative arts and styles, which are important elements that must be considered in interior design. Light steel keels are divided into aluminum alloy keels, aluminum strip keels, and galvanized steel plate keels in terms of materials. and thin-walled cold-rolled annealed coil strip keels. From the cross section, it is divided into V-shaped keel, C-shaped keel and L-shaped keel. In terms of use, they are divided into ceiling keels (code D) and partition (wall) keels (code Q). The ceiling keels include main keel (large keel) and secondary keel (medium keel and small keel). The main keel is also called the load-bearing keel, and the secondary keel is also called the covering keel. Partition keels are divided into vertical keels, horizontal keels and through keels. Aluminum alloy keels are mostly made into T shapes, and T-shaped keels are mainly used for suspended ceilings. Various light steel sheets are mostly made into V-shaped keels and C-shaped keels, which can be used in suspended ceilings and partitions.
Other metal materials
Copper and copper alloys: Pure copper is a purple-red heavy metal, also known as copper. The alloy of copper and zinc is called brass. Its color changes from yellow-red to light yellow as the zinc content increases. Its mechanical properties are higher than pure copper, its price is lower than pure copper, it is not easy to rust, and it is easy to be processed into various building hardware, building accessories, etc. Copper and copper alloy decorative products include: copper plates, brass thin-walled tubes, brass plates, copper tubes, copper rods, brass tubes, etc. They can be used as column and wall decoration, and can also be made into railings, handrails and other decorative accessories. Gold foil: It is an extremely thin decorative material made of gold as pigment, with a thickness of only about 0.lpm. Most of them are national key cultural relics and high-end buildings that are decorated with gold foil. Gold-lettered signboard: It is an innovation in the application of gold foil. It is unmatched by signboards made of other materials. It is luxurious and precious, never fades, and can last for more than 20 years. Its price is about twice as expensive as ordinary copper signboards, but its appearance color, gloss, and service life are significantly better than those of copper signboards.