Abstract: It mainly introduces the connotation of nanotechnology, the main content and the application of nanotechnology in micro-mechanics and packaging, food machinery industry, and studies
The study predicts the development prospect of nanotechnology in the future mechanical industry.
Keywords: nanotechnology; micromechanics; machinery industry; development prospects
1 Connotation of nanotechnology
Nanometer is a unit of length, formerly known as the "millimicron", which is
10-9 (one billionth) of a meter. Nanoscience and technology, sometimes
sometimes referred to as nanotechnology, is the study of the properties and applications of materials with structural dimensions in the range of 1~
100 nanometers. Nano
technology is closely related to a wide range of disciplines, and it is a cutting-edge field that embodies the nature of
multidisciplinary intersection. If differentiated by the research target
or the nature of work, nanotechnology includes three
research areas: nanomaterials, nanodevices, and nanoscale
detection and characterization. Among them, nanomaterials are the foundation of nanotechnology
; the level of development and application of nanodevices
is an important criterion of whether mankind enters into the era of nanotechnology
; nanoscale detection and characterization is the indispensable means of nanotechnology research
and an important basis for theory and experiment
. The ultimate goal of nanotechnology is to take atoms and molecules as the
starting point to design and manufacture products with special functions.
2 Main contents of nanotechnology
(1) Nanomaterials include preparation and characterization. At the nanometer
scale, the exergy of electrons (quantum mechanical properties
quality) and the interaction of atoms in a substance will be affected by the size of the scale
, such as obtaining the structure of the nanoscale, it is possible to control
the basic properties of the material, such as melting point, magnetism, capacitance and even
color. without changing the chemical composition of the material.
(2) Nano-dynamics are mainly micromechanical and microelectrical
machines, or collectively known as micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS),
used in miniature sensors and actuators with driven machinery,
fiber-optic communication systems, specialty electronic devices, medical and diagnostic
instruments, etc. MEMS use a design similar to that of an integrated<
appliance design and manufacturing. Characterized by very
small parts, the depth of the etch is often required to be tens to hundreds of microns,
with very small width errors. The process can also be used to make
three-phase motors for ultrafast centrifuges or gyroscopes
, among others. In terms of research there is also the corresponding detection of microdeformations and microfrictions in quasi-atomic scales
degrees, among other things. Although they are not yet
really into the nanoscale, but there is a great potential scientific
and economic value.
(3) Nanobiology and nanopharmacology, such as fixing particles of DNA
on the surface of cloud
mother with colloidal gold at the nano-particle scale, fork-finger electrodes on the surface of silicon dioxide to do
experiments on the interactions between biomolecules, bilayer planar biofilms of phospholipids and fatty
acids, and the fine structure of DNA, and so on.
With nanotechnology, self-assembly methods can also be used to put parts or components inside cells
to make up new materials. New
drugs, even when finely powdered with micron particles, are about half
number insoluble in water; however, if the particles are at the nanometer scale (i.e., ultramicro
particles), they can be dissolved in water.
(4) Nanoelectronics includes
nano-electronic devices based on quantum effects, the optical/electrical properties of nanostructures, the characterization of nano-
meter electronic materials, and atomic manipulation and atomic
assembly. Current trends in electronics require devices and
systems to be smaller, faster, and cooler. "Faster" means faster response
degrees. "Cooler" means that individual devices consume less power.
But "smaller" is not without limits.
3 nanotechnology in the mechanical industry
3.1 nanotechnology in the field of micro-mechanics
With the continuous broadening of the application of nanotechnology,
micro-mechanical development in the world is booming. For example, micro gears, motors, sensors and control circuits
required for medical machinery and automatic pipeline inspection devices
into the human body. The
technological routes for manufacturing these nano-products with specific functions can be divided into two types: one is to continuously miniaturize the products through microfabrication and
solid-state technology; the other is to take proto
subjects and molecules as the basic units, which are designed and assembled according to people's wishes
so as to construct
products with specific functions.
3.1.1 Manufacturing nanomachines by microfabrication technology
(1) Microfabrication. Japan's Fanuc company developed
capable of turning, milling, grinding and EDM multi-functional micro
type precision machining lathe (FANUCROBO nano Ui
type), can realize 5-axis control, the minimum setting
unit of the numerical control system is 1nm (10-3μm). The machine features encoder
semi-closed-loop control, and there is also laser holographic linear traverse for
full closed-loop control. The encoder is directly coupled to the motor and has a resolution of
64 million pulses per week, with each pulse equivalent to a
coordinate axis movement of 0.2 nm, and the encoder feedback unit is 1/
3 nm, so tracking error is within ±1/3 nm. The linear resolution
is 1 nm, and the tracking error is within ±3 nm.CNC
The device adopts FANUC-16i to realize AInano contour control
. And microfabrication was realized by using a FANUCSERVOMOTOR αi servo-electric
machine fitted with a high-resolution inspection device and an αi series servo
amplifier.
(2) Micro-robots. In the field of industrial manufacturing, micro
robots can be adapted to precision microfine operations, especially in the
manufacturing of electronic components. Researchers at the U.S.-based Meitech Corporation
recently designed a micro-robot for assembling nano-fabrication
manufacturing systems, which is
approximately 5mm in length.
Assuming that nano
manufacturing techniques can be utilized to make the robot shrinking in size, the researchers say that
its final volume will be no larger than a particle of dust
. . Japan's
Mitsubishi Corp. has also developed a micro-industrial robot,
which employs a five-segment closed linkage mechanism to realize
a lightweight and highly rigid arm, whose speed of movement and
precision can catch up with that of specialized robots. The time required for picking up 25 mm in the up and down
direction and 100 mm in the horizontal direction has been reduced to 0.28 s. In addition, by adopting a closed link mechanism and a highly rigid gearhead, the robot has achieved a positional repeatability of 10% (±5 nm) higher than that of conventional robots, making it suitable for precision microfabrication and microtooling. operation.
China has also made promising achievements in the development of micro-robots
. According to media reports, the robot developed by Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) has reached the nanometer level of precision, and can be applied to molecular biology gene manipulation, which is
enough to perform "surgery" on cells and chromosomes, as well as in the field of micro
electronics, precision machining, and other areas that require high precision.
Able to "operate" on cells and chromosomes, and to perform in areas where precision is required, such as microelectronics and precision machining.
(3) micro-motor. Cleveland, Ohio, United States
Kase University has established a nanoscale micro-motor
laboratory, specializing in nanotechnology and its ultra-micro electro-mechanical systems. The University of California, Berkeley, has developed
miniature electric motors so small that they can only be
visible under a microscope. German car-parts maker Dr. Ing. h.c. Fahrzeug is
developing nanotechnology sensors that will give
people precise information about the movement of every part in a car in three-dimensional space
. The miniature sensors would automatically release airbags when they detect
a sudden drop in speed.
3.1.2 Fabrication of nanomachines using self-assembly technology
(1) Biological devices. A biomolecular device made
based on molecular self-assembly is an electronic device that completely abandons the silicon semi-
conductor as its basis. A protein will be selected
as a biochip, the use of proteins can be made into a variety of biological
molecular devices, such as switching devices, logic circuits, memories,
sensors, and protein integrated circuits. The United States of America, Michigan
genworth university school of medicine biomolecular information group, the use of
bacterial retinal (BR protein) and light-emitting
dye molecules to develop a protein molecule with electronic function
integrated membrane, which is a molecule around the potential field to get
to the control of a new type of logic components. Syracuse University
is also using BR proteins to develop central networks and associative storage devices that mimic the associative energy of the human brain
.
(2) Nanomolecular motors. Researchers at IBM's
Zurich Laboratory in Switzerland and the University of Basel have found that DNA can be used to bend
silicon atoms no more than
and one-fiftieth the diameter of a hairline into
"cantilevers". Bent at the top and bottom, with a single strand of DNA
stuck to the tip, the DNA naturally forms a double helix structure, and when the double strands are separated
they try to reassemble themselves. When the researchers placed the
"cantilever" with the single-stranded DNA strand in a solution containing its
corresponding single-stranded DNA strand, the two strands
automatically paired up and joined together, with the small "cantilever" being
force. The researchers used this
biomechanical technique to create miniature
capsules (nanomolecular motors) with nanoscale valves. By controlling the opening and closing of the valves by controlling this drive
motive force, precise doses of
drugs can be delivered to the needed parts of the body for therapeutic
purposes.
3.2 Application of nanotechnology in the field of packaging machinery
The use of nano-materials technology for packaging machine key zero parts
parts (e.g. bearings, gears, springs, etc.) of the metal surface nano
meter powder coating treatment can improve the wear resistance, hardness
degree and life expectancy of the equipment.
Carbon nanotubes also have high mechanical strength and high
thermal conductivity. With very large length-to-direct
diameter ratios, parts of any complex shape can be made, making them ideal reinforcing fibers for
composite materials. Currently, gears, ceramic bearings, nano
ceramic mosquito rollers, electro-engraving rollers and other printing and packaging machinery parts made of low-priced
cheap nano plastics have
entered the enterprise and begun to replace metal materials. Modern offset printing machine
applied on a lot of sensors. Such as the control of the Fidelity stack of paper
automatic lifting, air pump air supply time detection, combined pressure time detection
measurement, empty sheet detection, ink volume control, and so on.
Nano-ceramics with good wear resistance, high
strength and toughness can be used in the manufacture of cutting tools, packaging
and food machinery sealing rings, bearings, etc. to improve its
wear resistance and corrosion resistance, but also for the production of conveying machinery and
Boiling drying bed of the critical components of the surface coating.
3.3 Application of nanotechnology in the field of food machinery
Nanometer SiC, Si
3
N4 in a wide range of wavelengths
strong absorption of infrared radiation, can be used as infrared
absorbent and transmissive materials, made of functional films or fibers.
Nano-Si
3
N4 amorphous blocks have selective absorption from yellow light to near-infrared light
, can also be used for special window materials, with
Nano-SiO
2
made of optical fibers of wavelengths of more than 600 nm
Transmission loss is less than 10 dB / km.
The micron-thick multilayer interference
film made of nano-SiO
2
and nano-TiO
has good light transmission and strong infrared reflection, which saves 15 percent of electricity compared with traditional
halogen lamps.
The study proved that the 30-40 nm TiO
2
disperse
dispersed into the resin made of thin film, become the 400 nm wavelength
below the light has a strong ability to absorb ultraviolet ray absorbing material
materials can be used as the best raw materials for food sterilization bags and preservation bags.
Nano SiO
2
Photocatalytic degradation of organic matter water treatment
technology, no secondary pollution, high degree of cleanliness, the advantages are: ①
has a large specific surface area, can be the maximum limit of organic matter
degree of adsorption on the surface of the ② has a stronger UV
absorption, and thus has a stronger photocatalytic degradation. Stronger photocatalytic degradation
power, can be quickly adsorbed on the surface of the organic decomposition
off. This provides
strong technical support for food companies with large wastewater treatment volumes.
Mesoporous solids and mesoporous composites are the more attractive research objects in the field of nano
materials science in recent years, due to
the higher porosity (pore size of 2~
50 nm) and high specific surface of such materials, and thus have good prospects for application in adsorption, filtration
and catalysis. For pure
water, soft drinks and other membrane filtration and sterilization equipment provides
a broad space for development.
Rubber and plastic is packaging and food machinery applications
More raw materials. However, rubber is usually made by adding carbon black
to improve its strength, abrasion resistance and aging resistance, and the products are
black, which is not suitable for use in food machinery. The introduction of nanomaterials
has solved this problem. The new nano-modified
rubber indicators have been greatly improved, especially the anti-aging
properties increased by 3 times, the service life of up to 30 years
up, and colorful, excellent color preservation effect. Ordinary plastics
large output, wide range of applications, low prices, but performance inferior to engineering
plastics, while engineering plastics, although superior performance, but high prices,
limiting its wide range of applications in the packaging and food machinery
Use. With nanomaterials on the ordinary plastic polypropylene to modify
sex, to achieve the performance indicators of engineering plastics nylon-6, and
process performance, low cost, can be adopted in large quantities.
4 nanotechnology in the mechanical industry
Prospects
(1) mechanical and automotive industry, such as the slip with the original: shaft
bearer, slide on the application of nano-ceramic coating can produce a superb
friction interface, greatly reducing wear and tear and can improve the load.
(2) Low-viscosity applications for plastic runners, such as T-molds, wire drawing molds, sleeves, and hot glue lanes, can effectively reduce the chance of carbonization of the material
.
(3) Sticky molds, short sealing
shots, mirror haze and drag marks that occur during injection molding have been revolutionized,
especially dry lubrication on slides and ejector pins, which is unmatched by any metal.
(4) IC package adhesive, rubber and foamed plastic have very high adhesion, so they have to use a lot of mold releasing agent to help release the mold, and nanoceramics can reduce the use of releasing agent and the time to clean the mold due to the lotus leaf effect.
(5) The nanoceramics can be used in a wide range of applications, such as in the production of plastic, rubber, and foam.
(5) The low-friction and low-sticky characteristics of nanoceramics make
the fluidity of the plastic in the mold greatly improved, especially
high-precision molds, such as thin light panels, plastic lenses, automotive poly
light lampshades and other molds after the application of the defective rate of the product are
have obvious improvement.
5 Conclusion
In summary, nanotechnology is more than a decade in the progressive development of a cutting-edge and comprehensive cross
new disciplines, is a combination of modern science and modern technology
products of its rapid development will lead to the 21st century, a new revolution in the industry
industry. A study by the U.S. business communications company said that in the next
five years, carbon black
fillers used in the production of rubber products and inks will continue to top the list of demand for nanomaterials. This
next few years, the global demand for nanomaterials will be 2.7% annual
growth rate of growth to 2010 will reach 10.3 million
t, so nano-packaging has a greater potential for market development
power. In the past, China's machinery packaging industry, some of the advanced equipment
preparation, advanced technology, mostly rely on imports. The emergence of nanotechnology
will bring new development opportunities for the technological innovation of China's machinery packaging industry
new. It is believed that in the near future,
nanotechnology will be widely used in various fields of the machinery industry
and the changes it brings to the machinery industry will be enormous.
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