Summary of the key knowledge of the first year of high school geography
Unit I of the cosmic environment
A. Examination content analysis:
Human understanding of the universe is deepening
The universe is material, movement
The existence of matter in the universe in the form of: celestial bodies (will give examples: stars, etc.; and interstellar space gas and dust)
Celestial bodies are attracted to each other and circling around the formation of: celestial systems
The hierarchy of celestial systems: the Earth-Moon system - - the solar system - the Milky Way system - - the Milky Way system - - the solar system - - the solar system - - the Milky Way system - - the solar system - - the solar system -Solar System - Galaxy - Total System
Extragalactic System - Total System
Earth is an ordinary and special planet in the Solar System. Planet that is both ordinary and special, Earth's cosmic environment, and the reasons for the existence of life on Earth
Solar system diagram: classification of the nine planets by structural features and their respective members (Earth's ordinariness)
Location of the asteroid belt
Comets
Central object: the Sun (the most massive)
Causes for the existence of life on Earth (Earth's special)
Causes of the cosmic environment: the nine planets go in their own way without interfering with each other; the sun's light is stable
Earth's own causes: the appropriate solar-terrestrial distance; the appropriate volume and mass
The sun's source of energy and its significant impact on the Earth
Source: nuclear fusion at the center of the sun
Impacts: the main driving force for the natural water, atmospheric, and biological cycles; the production and use of energy for the Earth. and biological cycles; energy for production and life (solar and fossil fuels)
Effects of sunspots and flares on the Earth
Solar-atmospheric layeringTypes of solar activity Comparison of solar activity on the Earth
PhotosphereHow many and how many blacks and the size of blacks is a sign of the strength of the solar activityOn the climate: correlation between precipitation and the number of blacksIt interferes with the ionosphere, affecting short-wave communication interferes with the Earth's magnetic field, causing magnetic storms
Chromospheric flares are the strongest indication of solar activity; however, the two often occur in conjunction with each other, with an activity cycle of 11 years
Direction and period of the Earth's rotation
Direction of rotation: west to east; counterclockwise at the North Pole; clockwise at the South Pole
Period: 1 sidereal day
Day/night and local time are produced The cause of the rotation of the Earth - one of the phenomena produced by the rotation of the Earth, two
Circadian alternation
Meaning of the morning twilight line, the location
Concept of the height of the sun: the sun's altitude in the day hemisphere and the night hemisphere? Sun's altitude on the morning and evening lines = 0
Period and significance of diurnal alternation: 1 solar day (24 hours)
Differences in local time at different longitudes
West-to-east rotation: local time is early in the east and late in the west; 1 hour difference in local time for every 15 degrees of longitude
Effects of geodesic deflective forces on objects moving horizontally on the earth's surface-... -Phenomena produced by the rotation of the Earth III
Southern hemisphere leftward; northern hemisphere rightward; at the equator is not deflected
Effects: winds; ocean currents; the state of the river banks scouring and accumulation of sediments
Direction of the rotation of the Earth, orbital orbit, period, the angle of the yellow and red
Direction of rotation: the same as the rotation
Orbits of the rotation : an ellipse approximating a square circle; location and approximate date of perihelion and aphelion
Period: 1 sidereal year
Changes in speed: perihelion is the fastest; aphelion is the slowest
Yellow-earth angle of equinox (reflecting the relationship between rotation and revolution)
Emphasis on three-dimensional and planar drawings of yellow-earth angle of equinox:
Understand the important points, lines, surfaces, and angles on the diagrams and their relationships, and require the ability to draw, interpret, and interpret these points. and their relationships, and require the ability to draw and describe them
Earth's axis, morning and evening twilight lines, equatorial plane, ecliptic plane, North-South Tropic of Cancer, South-Arctic Circle, and direct sun rays (points)
Relation between the angle of intersection of the yellow and red angles and the orbital inclination of the Earth's axis
Effects of the angle of intersection of the yellow and red angles: the movement of the sun's direct sun point in the position of the earth's surface- -Changes in the time distribution of solar radiation at the surface
Clarify the pattern and period of movement of the direct sun spot: -Move back and forth between the north and south regression
lines with a period of 1 regression year (one direct shot on the line; two direct shots between the lines)
The change in the angle of intersection of the Yellow-Equator What change in the angle of intersection causes a change in the extent of the five bands?
"Dichotomy and Solstice Chart"
Position of the Earth and corresponding dates and seasons, direction of rotation, pointing of the Earth's axis, approximate position of near and far solar points, and changes in the speed of rotation
10. Formation of the Four Seasons and the Five Belts
Geographic phenomena resulting from the rotation of the Earth
Annual changes in the altitude angle of the sun at noon:
Pattern of distribution of different latitudes on the same day: decreasing from the latitude where the point of direct sunlight is located to the north and south (bisecting the second solstice)
Variation of different seasons at the same latitude: nearer and greater than the farther away (before and after 22nd of June? before and after 22nd of December?).
Annual changes in day and night length:
Day is longer than night in the hemisphere where the point of direct sunlight is located, and the higher the latitude the longer the day is
Day is progressively longer in the hemisphere toward which the point of direct sunlight is shifted
Northern hemisphere before or after June 22? --The day is longest and the night is shortest at all latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, and there is a polar day at and within the Arctic Circle
Before and after December 22, the Northern Hemisphere? -- Shortest day and longest night at all latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, with a polar night at and within the Arctic Circle
Spring and Autumn Equinox? -- day and night are equally divided across the globe
Equator? -- Equal division of day and night throughout the year
Division of seasons: (apparent at mid-latitudes)
Seasonal variations in the height of the sun at noon and the length of the day and night -- The time when the sun is at its highest, and the day is at its longest, is the astronomical summer season
Sun's lowest, shortest day is astronomical winter
Spring and autumn are the transitions therein
The three seasons; the 24 solar terms
Division of the five belts:
Latitudinal distribution of day/night length and solar altitude - solar radiation decreases from low to high latitudes --Formation of the five belts
The boundaries of the five belts and their respective phenomena; the five belts are the basis for the division of climate and the division of natural zones
11, the significance and current status of cosmic exploration
Understanding of the Earth's cosmic environment; the development of cosmic resources (space resources and characteristics, solar energy resources, mineral resources)
Second, the examination question analysis
The content of this unit accounts for about 10% of the 100 points in the HKCEE;
The first question in the comprehensive questions of the HKCEE is from this unit;
1, please refer to the "HKCEE Instructions" in the examples of the test questions for practice:
Appendix I of the question example P10 of the three, 1; Appendix II P29 of the paper II of the 1, Appendix III P53 of the paper II of the 1
This unit is the first unit of the HKCEE;
This unit is the first unit of the HKCEE. 1 in Volume II
2. Basic points to be mastered regarding the synthesis questions in this unit:
Will draw the morning and evening lines, the night hemisphere, the North-South Tropic of Cancer, the South-Arctic Circle, the ecliptic plane, the equatorial plane
Direction of rotation and revolution
Dates and festivals
Position of the day's point of direct sunlight, and the pattern of the latitudinal distribution of global midday solar altitude for the day
Status of the height of the sun at noon at each point on the graph
Status of the length of day and night at each point on the graph and how it will change in the future
Comparison of the length of the day at each point on the graph, and how many hours the day is at the polar circle and at the equator
Changes in the speed of rotation
Knowledge that can be linked:
When was the flag raised at 6:00 am in Beijing on that day? (B, D)
Which stage of Beijing is the gradual lengthening of the silhouette? (A to C)
When the Earth orbits to point A (or C):
The climate of the Mediterranean region is characterized by? (hot and dry - summer/wet and warm - winter) because it is controlled by (sub-high/westerly winds)
The savannahs of northern Africa show a landscape of (a greenish green/a yellowish yellow) because it is controlled by (equatorial low pressure/trust winds)
Beijing The climate at this time is characterized by (hot and rainy/cold and dry), mainly because of the influence of (southeast monsoon/northwest monsoon)
Asia and Europe on the continent (Asian low pressure/Asian high pressure) is strong
East Asia blowing (south-easterly/north-westerly winds), the reason is (difference in the heat between the sea and land)
South Asia blowing (southwest winds/north-easterly winds), the reason is (south-easterly monsoon northward across the equator to the right of) The reason for this is that (the southeast monsoon moves northward across the equator to the right and becomes the southwest monsoon or the seasonal movement of the pressure belt/the northeast wind in winter is due to the difference in heat between the land and the sea)
The circulation of the North Indian Ocean is (clockwise - the sea water flows eastward because of the southwesterly winds/counterclockwise - the sea water flows westward because of the northeasterly winds).
When the Earth rotates to the point (A/C), the salinity of the sea near the mouth of the Yangtze River is the most (low/high)
When the Earth orbits from D to A: the Pearl River and the Yangtze River are in the flood season (because of the rainy season rain recharge)
From A to B: the Yellow River (the rainy season arrives) and the Tarim River is in the flood season (the glacier melts the most water in the summer)
The second Unit Atmospheric Environment
I. Examination Content Analysis
1, the composition of the atmosphere and the role of the main components of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone and solid impurities
Lower atmospheric composition: a stable proportion of dry and clean air (oxygen and nitrogen are dominant), unstable content of water vapor, solid impurities
Nitrogen - the basic components of living organisms
Oxygen - essential for life activities
Carbon dioxide - raw material for photosynthesis; thermal insulation
Ozone - the umbrella for life on earth, absorbing ultraviolet rays
Water vapor and solid impurities - into clouds to rain; impurities: condensation nuclei
2, the vertical stratification of the atmosphere and the impact of the various layers of human activities
Atmospheric stratification temperature changes with altitude Changes in airflow conditions other features and human relations
The higher the troposphere, the lower the convection accounted for 3/4 of the atmospheric mass; water vapor and dust; layer heights at various latitudes inconsistent weather phenomena
The higher the stratosphere, the higher the stratosphere; stratospheric high altitude flight; the presence of the ozone layer
the presence of the ionosphere in the upper atmosphere (radio communications; solar activity interferes with short-wave communications
3, the atmosphere's Heat process
(1) the fundamental source of energy: solar radiation (the range of wavelengths of various types of radiation and the nature of solar radiation - short-wave radiation)
(2) the heat process of the atmosphere (the atmospheric thermal effect) - the sun heats up the earth, the earth heats up the atmosphere
the weakening effect of the atmosphere on the sun's radiation: the three forms and the phenomenon of their respective (illustrated by examples)
The main reason affecting the size of the weakening: the sun's altitude angle (the weakening of each latitude is different)
Atmospheric insulation of the ground:
Knowledge of terrestrial radiation (infrared long-wave radiation); atmospheric radiation (infrared long-wave radiation)
The process of insulation: the atmosphere strongly absorbs terrestrial long-wave radiation; atmospheric inversion of the radiation will be returned to the surface of the heat (diagrams and examples) Illustration - such as the time of frost; comparison of the size of the daily temperature difference)
The significance of the role of thermal insulation: to reduce the daily difference in temperature; to ensure that the Earth's appropriate temperature; to maintain the global heat balance
4, the causes of vertical and horizontal atmospheric movement
(1) the root cause of atmospheric movement: uneven heating and cooling (between latitudes; between the sea and land)
(2) (2) the form of atmospheric movement:
(1) the atmosphere's movement of the atmosphere, the atmosphere's movement, the atmosphere's movement of the atmosphere. ) Forms of atmospheric motion:
The simplest form: thermodynamic circulation (diagrams and explanations); examples: suburban winds; sea-land winds; monsoon main causes
Decomposition of the thermodynamic circulation: uneven heating and cooling causes vertical atmospheric motion
Difference in horizontal air pressure
Horizontal air currents from high pressure to low pressure
Horizontal motion of the atmosphere (winds):
Root cause of wind formation: uneven heating and cooling
Direct cause of wind formation: horizontal pressure difference (or horizontal barometric pressure gradient force)
Three forces affecting the wind: horizontal barometric pressure gradient force; geostrophic bias force; and surface friction
Determination of the direction of the wind: 1 force wind (theoretical wind) - perpendicular to the isobars, with high pressure pointing to low pressure.2 force wind (wind at high altitude) - parallel to the isobars and north rightward, south leftward.3 Force wind (actual surface wind) - diagonally across the isobar, north rightward, south leftward
Note the drawing of the wind direction at a point in the actual surface barometric pressure field in the Northern Hemisphere
5. Three-circle circulation and formation of barometric pressure zones and wind zones
(1) No rotation, uniform surface - single-circle circulation (thermodynamic circulation)
(2) Rotation, surface uniform - three-ring circulation
(3) Composition of three-ring circulation: 0-30 low-latitude circulation; 30-60 mid-latitude circulation; 60-90 high-latitude circulation
Surface formation of 7 pressures and 6 winds: Ideal pattern of latitudinal distribution (zonal)
Wet and dry conditions of each pressure band (low-pressure wet; high-pressure dry)
Winds and wet and dry conditions of each wind band (westerlies) generally drier; westerly winds wetter)
Polar front: near 60 degrees, formed by the meeting of the prevailing westerly winds and the polar easterly winds
Barotropic and wind zones move with the seasonal north-south shift of the sun's direct point
(4) Influence of land and sea distribution on the barotropic and wind zones: the actual land surface condition (lumpy)
The most important influence: the difference in the sea and land thermal
Expression (center of atmospheric activity):
July (summer) in the Northern Hemisphere: low pressure in Asia-Europe-Asia; high pressure in the Pacific Ocean
January (winter) in the Northern Hemisphere: high pressure in Asia-Europe-Asia; low pressure in the Pacific Ocean
(5) Monsoon Circulation (pay attention to the graphic)
Conceptual Understanding: it is an integral part of the global atmospheric circulation; the monsoon in East Asia is the most Typical
The causes of the monsoon:
The main cause - the difference between the land and sea heat (can be explained by the winter and summer monsoon in East Asia; South Asia's winter winds)
The causes of the summer winds in South Asia - the southern hemisphere southeast trade winds northward across the equator to the right into the southwest winds (or to generalize: seasonal movement of the barometric pressure belt and the wind belt)
Monsoon impacts: Monsoon **** characteristics: the same period as the heat and rain; large seasonal variations in precipitation. seasonal changes in precipitation, prone to droughts and floods
The two monsoon climates of East Asia and their respective distribution areas (bounded by the Qinhuai line); the characteristics of their respective climates
--Temperate Monsoon Climate: Monsoon Area north of Qinhuai; dry and cold in the winter; hot and humid in the summer
--Subtropical Monsoon Climate: Monsoon Area south of Qinhuai; mild and rainy in the winter; hot and humid in the summer
--The two monsoon climates in East Asia: Winter and summer; cold in the winter; hot and humid in the summer
--East Asia The two monsoon climates have the same winter and summer monsoon wind directions and the same causes
-- Note the distribution of air-polluting enterprises in the industrial layout of cities in the monsoon zone Tropical monsoon climate in South Asia:
-- High temperatures throughout the year, alternating between the dry season (controlled by the northeast monsoon) and the rainy season (controlled by the southwest monsoon) The monsoon zone is the world's main distribution region of the rice-growing industry
-- East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia's monsoon climate zone and Southeast Asia's tropical rainforest climate zone
6. The relationship between atmospheric circulation and water-heat transport - is a summary of the role of atmospheric circulation
(1) global atmospheric circulation:
facilitates the exchange of heat and water vapor between high and low latitudes, and between the sea and land;<
Adjusts the global distribution of water and heat;
It is an important factor in weather changes and climate formation in various places
(2) The causes of several types of important climate:
Mediterranean climate:
West coast of the continent between 30 and 40 north and south latitudes; warm and humid in winter under the control of the westerly winds; dry and hot in summer under the control of the sub-highs
Tropical savannah climate:
Tropical grassland climate:
South latitudes:
South latitudes.
Between 10 and 20 degrees north and south latitude; hot all year round, controlled by equatorial low pressure in the rainy season and by trade winds in the dry season
Temperate oceanic climate:
West coast of the continent between 40 and 60 degrees north and south latitude; warm and humid all year round controlled by westerly winds
Tropical rainforest climate:
Beyond the equator; hot and humid all year round controlled by equatorial low pressure all year round< /p>
Three monsoon climate: (see above analysis)
7, fronts, low pressure, high pressure and other characteristics of the weather system
Frontal system
Frontal category diagram symbols indicate the weather before the transit of the transit of the weather at the time of the transit of the weather precipitation location examples
Cold fronts controlled by a warm air mass: sunny; low pressure cloudy, rain, wind, cooling fronts after the winter cold snap; summer China Northern rainstorms
Warm fronts controlled by cold air masses: sunny; high pressure continuous precipitation front
Low-pressure (cyclone) and high-pressure (anticyclone) systems
Barometer: high and low pressure
Air currents: cyclones and anticyclones
Diagrams: can judge; can draw the direction of the wind
Central barometric pressure Horizontal airflow direction Vertical airflow direction Central weather conditions Examples of other impacts
Cyclone low north against south and upward cloudy and rainy Asian low pressure along the trough line to form fronts
Anti-cyclone high south against north and downward sunny Asian high pressure
Frontal cyclones (important!)
Requirements: Identification of each weather system on the map;
Control of weather systems and weather phenomena occurring at different locations
8. Influence of geographic location, atmospheric circulation, and topography on climate
8-1 Analysis of climatic factors
Geographic location
A latitudinal position: determines solar radiation -- the most basic cause of climatic differences -- determines heat or temperature
B land and sea location:
e.g., temperate oceanic and temperate continental climates; oceanic climates have small temperature differences and high humidity; continental vice versa
Monsoon climate formation on the east coast of the continent is due to differences in the thermal properties between land and sea
Atmospheric circulation (baroclinic and wind zones)
Features: Dual nature - exchange of water and heat between latitudes, land and sea; direct control of the characteristics of the climate of a particular place (water and heat conditions)
Sublittoral surface (land surface) conditions); nearest surface atmospheric direct heat and water sources
Other factors affecting climate: human activities, ocean currents (cold currents cool and dampen; warm currents warm and dampen)
8-2 Climate Types
Climate Characteristics (can judge temperature and precipitation graphs; can describe)
Climate Elements: Temperature, Precipitation
Temperature-determined zones -Tropical climates with average monthly temperatures above 15 degrees
Subtropical climates with average monthly temperatures as low as 0-15 degrees
Temperate climates with average monthly temperatures as low as 0 or below (except for temperate oceanic climates)
Determination of zones by water - -Tropical climates are divided into four types:
Tropical rainforest climates: rainy year-round;
Tropical desert climates: dry year-round;
Tropical monsoon climates: dry and rainy seasons
Tropical savannah climates: dry and rainy seasons
- Subtropical climate is divided into two types:
Subtropical monsoon climate: rainy and hot at the same time
Subtropical Mediterranean climate: rainy in winter and dry in summer
-- Temperate climate is divided into three types:
Temperate monsoon climate: rainy and hot at the same time
Temperate continental climate: little rain throughout the year
Temperate maritime climate: wet all year round
Causes of climate
Causes of monsoon climate: three types of monsoon climates
Climate controlled by alternating bands of barometric pressure and winds:
Mediterranean climate (sub-high and westerly winds); savannah climate (trade winds and equatorial depression)
Climate controlled by a single band of barometric pressure and winds:
Tropical rainforest climate (equatorial low pressure); temperate oceanic climate (westerly winds)
Climate distribution
Climate on the east coast of the continent: three monsoon climates
Climate on the west coast of the continent: the Mediterranean climate, temperate oceanic climate
Intercontinental climate: temperate continental climate
9, the Earth's greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, acid rain and other Phenomenon causes and hazards
Phenomenon causes pollutants hazards countermeasures
Greenhouse effect burning of fossil fuels deforestation, especially the destruction of tropical forests carbon dioxide sea level rise (cause?). Direct threat to coastal lowlands Causes changes in precipitation and wet and dry conditions in various regions, leading to changes in the economic structure of the world's countries (specific manifestations?) Improvement of energy utilization and adoption of new energy sources; efforts to strengthen international cooperation; afforestation
Destruction of the ozone layer Use of refrigeration equipment and other ozone-depleting substances such as HCFCs and other solar ultraviolet radiation increase: directly endangering human health; damage to the ecological environment and agriculture, forestry, livestock and fisheries global cooperation to reduce the emission of ozone-depleting substances; and the active development of new types of refrigeration systems
Acid rain Burning fossil fuels (mainly coal); vehicle exhaust emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides and other acid gases acidification of water bodies, affecting the growth and even death of fish; acidification of soils, endangering the growth of forests and crops; corrosion of buildings and cultural relics monuments endangering human health the most fundamental way: to reduce the anthropogenic sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides emissions - Research on the comprehensive development and utilization of sulfur resources in coal (e.g., clean coal technology; clean combustion technology; exhaust gas reuse) burning low-sulfur coal or other clean energy sources
Unit 3 Land and Marine Environment
Major rock-forming minerals and the three main types of rocks
Chemical elements -- minerals > divided into intrusive rocks (such as granite - composed of feldspar, quartz, and mica) and extrusive rocks (such as basalt)
Granite is an excellent building material and decorative material
Sedimentary rocks: formed by external forces; such as limestone; form rock formations (which often contain fossils)
Limestone is an important raw material for burning lime
Limestone is an important raw material for burning lime and making cement
Metamorphic rocks: e.g., marble (mainly composed of calcite, which is an excellent building material and decorative material)
The main contents of the doctrine of plate tectonics, and the effects of plate movements on the earth's surface
Contents:
The earth's lithosphere is divided into six plates by a number of fracture tectonics (such as ridges, trenches, etc.) P97 Figure 4-11<
The plates are in constant motion, and the interior of the plates is more stable;
Active crustal movements at the plate boundaries (the Pacific Rim Volcanic Seismic Belt and the Mediterranean-Himalayan Belt)
Impacts of plate movements on the earth's surface - formation of sea-land distribution, land land geomorphological patterns
Plate tensional boundaries (growth boundaries): formation of rifts and valleys, and the formation of the land surface. growth boundaries): formation of rift valleys and oceans, e.g., East African Rift, Atlantic Ocean
Plate extrusion boundaries (extinction boundaries): often form mountain ranges
Extrusion of continental and oceanic plates - trenches; island arcs, coastal mountain ranges
Extrusion of continental and land plates - -massive mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas are formed by the extrusion of the Asia-Europe plate and the Indian
Oceanic plate
Composition of the crustal material cycle, its process and its impact on the earth's surface
(1) Crustal material cycle - one of the four major cycles of the natural world (the rest are the Atmospheric circulation, water cycle, biological cycle)
Its composition and processes are illustrated in the following diagrams:
External Forces (Erosion, Transportation, Sedimentation, Consolidation)
Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Rocks (Ejecta and Intrusion)
Metamorphic Rocks Igneous Rocks
Molten
(2) Impacts of Crustal Cycle on the Earth's Surface
To summarize.
Internal and external forces constantly interact with each other, the energy transformation and material exchange between the earth and the earth, especially by the atmosphere, water, biosphere directly involved and play an important role in the surface material cycle, the surface of the form of rocks, changes in landforms, the development of the soil layer is closely related to this.
Specific performance:
Geological action: the role of the Earth's crust and its surface morphology changes caused by the role of the crust (in the long term to the internal forces are mainly)
Geological action classification of the main sources of the role of the results of the main manifestations of the other
Internal forces within the Earth's internal energy to make the surface of the earth's unevenness of the earthquakes, volcanoes, crustal movements (horizontal movement and vertical movement of the main magmatic activity metamorphic). role
external forces solar radiation makes the surface tend to be flat weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, consolidation of rock (which the role of wind and running water Figure requirements will be identified: P99-P100 Figure) water-eroded landforms (water flow to make the widening and deepening of the gullies; waterfalls, canyons, the Loess Plateau surface gullies and ravines) hydroaccumulation of landforms (foothills of alluvial fans, the lower and middle reaches of the river) Alluvial plains and estuarine deltas) wind-eroded landforms (wind-eroded valleys, wind-eroded mushrooms, the Gobi) wind-accumulated landforms (sand dunes, the Loess Plateau)
Among them is the result of crustal movement - geological formations
Geological formations basic forms of geomorphological manifestations and the relationship between human production
Folds dorsal, oblique ( The top of dorsal slope: oil and gas; dorsal slope is suitable for building underground tunnels; the trough of dorsal slope: water
Faults are dislocated on both sides of the fracture surface: the Great Rift Valley of East Africa and the Great Fault Cliff of the North Slope of Mount Huashan; the ascending rocks: Mount Huashan, Mount Lushan, and Mount Tai; and the descending rocks: the Weihe Plain and the Fenhe Valley; and faults are strengthened or avoided by the construction projects. or avoid
Types of terrestrial water bodies and their interrelationships
Types of terrestrial water bodies
Classification Remarks
Spatial distribution of surface water: rivers, lakes and marshes, glacial water, etc. Groundwater: submerged, pressurized water (Fig. 4.21 to be able to judge) glaciers are the main body of freshwater on Earth, distributed in the poles and high mountain areas, direct use of less; groundwater is the second body of freshwater, but mainly deep underground. The main body, but mainly for the deep groundwater, the development of more difficult; dynamic water is the focus of the development and utilization of people, of which the river water is the most important
Water cycle static water: glacier water, inland lakes, deep groundwater and other dynamic water: surface water, shallow groundwater
degree of utilization easy to utilize: river water, freshwater lakes and water, shallow groundwater and other
Terrestrial Interrelationships of water bodies (rivers as an example)
Where atmospheric precipitation is the most important recharge of land water
Note: The two diagrams in textbook P103 should be able to identify which type of recharge each is.
Types of recharge flood time influences the distribution of factors in China
rainfall rainy season (China's summer and fall) rainfall in the eastern monsoon region
glacial meltwater summer temperatures (winter breaks) in the Northwest
rivers, lakes, and groundwater complementary relationship between the water source (determined by the water level is higher or not); natural water resources are constantly moving and renewing and recycling each other transformed lake water and reservoirs can regulate seasonal and inter-annual changes in river runoff (e.g., Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China)
Seawater temperature and salinity and their relationship with the environment
Distribution law of seawater temperature:
A Changes in ocean heat balance with latitude in the Northern Hemisphere - P70 Fig. 3-3
(heat balance factors in the figure, the temperature bands in which the surplus and deficit areas are distributed, and the latitude at which the point of change from surplus to deficit is located)
B Latitudinal distribution of surface SST--P71 Figure 3-5
decreasing from low latitude to high latitude (the reason for this is a result of the change in heat balance with latitude)
C Variation of vertical SST - P70 Figure 3-4
Decreasing with depth (note the trend of the curves in the figure); deeper waters below 1000 meters remain cold
Salinity of seawater
A Mass fraction of saline substances in seawater; the world's oceans Average salinity is 3.5%
B Latitudinal distribution pattern of surface salinity - P71 Figure 3-5
Decreasing from subtropical sea areas in the northern and southern hemispheres to higher and lower latitudes on either side
Reason: slightly lower at the equator - equator rainy, more precipitation than evaporation;
highest in the subtropics - the control of the sub-high, evaporation is greatly more than precipitation
decreases to high latitudes - lower temperature, evaporation is weak, more precipitation than evaporation
C Factors affecting salinity< /p>
Precipitation vs. evaporation: outer seas vs. oceans; major factor in salinity from low to high latitudes
Freshwater injection: nearshore (estuaries)
D Highest salinity in the Red Sea - subtropical; little freshwater injection
Lowest salinity in the Baltic Sea -large freshwater injection; more precipitation than evaporation;
Salinity in the sea at the mouth of the Yangtze River is low in summer and high in winter -summer is the flood season of the Yangtze River
The main forms of sea water movement
The three main types of sea water movement are waves, tides, and ocean currents
Waves: wind waves, tsunamis, etc.
Tides: the periodic rise and fall of seawater under the gravitational pull of the sun and moon
Ocean currents: the flow of seawater in a more stable, large-scale seawater movement year-round
Causes and geographic significance of ocean currents
Causes of ocean currents
A Atmospheric movements and near-surface wind zones - the main driving force.
e.g. wind-sea currents:
warm north-south equatorial currents formed by trade winds; westerly drift; north Indian Ocean monsoon circulation reversed in winter and smooth in summer
B Uneven density of seawater - the cause of ocean currents in localized areas
e.g. density currents: surface currents between the Mediterranean Sea Surface currents between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean
C Compensatory effects
e.g. Compensatory currents: upwelling in the Peruvian fishing grounds
Geographic significance of ocean currents
A Self-purification and dispersal of pollutants
B Transportation and exchange of heat between high and low latitudes to regulate the global distribution of heat
Vertical cold currents that cool down and reduce humidity; warm currents that increase temperature and humidity ( (To be able to judge cold and warm currents based on sea water isotherms - Example P90, Figure 3-33)
(e.g., the influence of the North Atlantic Warm Current on the oceanic climate of Western Europe;
the causes of the deserts along the west coast of Australia and the Pacific coast of Peru)
C Formation of large fishing grounds
Convergence of cold and warm currents: e.g., the fishing grounds of Newfoundland and the fishing grounds of Hokkaido in Japan (the Thousand Islands Cold Stream and the Hokkaido Cold Stream) Fishing grounds (convergence of cold and warm currents in Thousand Islands and Japan)
Upwelling: Peruvian fishing grounds
D Navigation
Major environmental problems in the ocean and major measures to protect the marine environment
Major environmental problems manifested by the source of major measures to protect the marine environment
Major sources of pollution in the ocean are industrial discharges of pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, oil Oil pollution: the main source of coastal industrial production and marine vessels; the current focus of pollution control lies in oil spills 1, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: to protect the rights and interests of the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone 2, prevention and control of pollution 3, sustainable fisheries production; the protection of marine biological resources and marine ecosystems 4, the construction of coastal projects should be scientifically demonstrated, rational planning and implementation
Marine ecological damage 1, Marine pollution 2, human production activities: sea enclosure, indiscriminate fishing, etc. 3, changes in the natural environment: global warming and sea level rise
The main links of the water cycle in nature and its impact on the land surface
The water cycle is one of the four major cycles of nature
(1) The light blue arrows in the figure indicate the six links of the great cycle between the sea and land;
Its significance: Land water is replenished and renewed, and water resources are regenerated
(2) The gray and dark arrows in the figure indicate the respective water cycles on land and in the ocean
Among them, very little water is replenished to land waters by the land cycle
Impacts of the Water Cycle on the Earth's Surface
A constantly renews freshwater resources and maintains the dynamic balance of global water, which is one of the most active material B It absorbs, transforms, transmits and regulates solar radiation energy on the surface of the earth, thus realizing material migration and energy exchange between the various layers of the earth's surface and the land and the ocean
C It affects the global climate and ecology
D It shapes the form of the earth's surface such as eroded landforms and hydrological landforms, etc.
10. The role of organisms in the process of formation and development of the geographic environment, and their contribution to the development of the earth's environment
11. process, and the role of organisms in indicating the environment
The role of organisms in the geographic environment is ultimately due to the photosynthesis of green plants
Photosynthesis: inorganic organic matter; solar bioenergy (or chemical energy)
Biological Cycle: synthesis of organic matter by green plants Animals
Decomposition of the environment by microorganisms
(where the pink arrows indicate the flow of organic matter; black arrows indicate the flow of inorganic matter)
Role of organisms in the geographic environment:
To contribute to the movement of material and chemical elements migrating in nature and the flow of energy transformations, thus linking the organic and inorganic realms in the geographic environment.
Modification of the three major circles, the face of the earth has undergone fundamental changes, forming a geographic environment suitable for human survival
Changes in the composition of the atmosphere;
Changes in the composition of terrestrial water; green plants involved in the water cycle, improving the terrestrial moisture situation
The emergence of organisms accelerated the weathering of rocks, and contributed to the formation of soils; sedimentary rocks were mostly formed with the biological The formation of sedimentary rocks is mostly formed with the participation of organisms
Environmental benefits (varying from place to place):
A purifying air, regulating climate, nourishing water, maintaining soil and water, preventing winds and fixing sands, so as to improve the ecological conditions, protect farmland and pasture, and guarantee stable and high yield of agriculture and animal husbandry;
B urban green space has the function of smoking and removing dust, filtering air, lowering noise, and beautifying the environment
Organisms play a role of Indicative role of the environment
Plant growth on the environment (of which the influence of light, heat and water of the climate constraints are prominent) dependence and adaptation to the environment, and thus have a clear indicative role on the environment
Camel thorn - arid environments; Lotus - - water-wet environments;
"dates sprout, plant cotton" - plant indication of climate;
Petunia leaf damage - - an indication of sulphur dioxide pollution
11. Soil formation and its role in geography
Formation process:
Weathering Lower organisms enthroned Higher plants enthroned
Rocks into soils Matrices Primary soils Mature soils
Organisms play a dominant role in the soil formation process
Inclusion of lower plants and microorganisms on the parent material marks the beginning of soil formation
The presence of organisms accelerates the weathering of the rock and the development of the parent material's fertility;
Organisms modify the parent material: firstly, the process of accumulation of organic matter; secondly, the process of enrichment of nutrient elements
Selective uptake photosynthesis
Mineral nutrients plant organic matter
Soil fertility humus
The role of soil in the geographic environment
It is in the transition zone where the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere are in close contact with each other, and it is the product of the integrated action of all elements of the terrestrial environment;
Soil is a very active site for the circulation of materials and energy transformation on the surface, and it is the central link between the organic and inorganic worlds;
Soil has the characteristics of fertility capable of growing plants, providing the conditions for plant growth, thus making a fundamental change in the appearance of the ground
12, the interrelationship between natural resources and human activities (to be examined)
Natural resources can provide raw materials, energy and indispensable material conditions for human production and life;
The development and utilization of natural resources require certain technical conditions and capital investment
13, land resources, climate resources, marine resources, water resources, biological resources, mineral resources, the characteristics and composition
(1) land natural resources
natural resources attribute composition *** characteristics
land resources are renewable land natural resources are limited land natural resources are unlimited potential for utilization of natural resources land natural resources There is a certain distribution pattern of natural resources in a geographical area to form an interconnected whole
Climate resources renewable light, heat, precipitation, wind, etc.
Water resources renewable
Biological resources renewable
Mineral resources non-renewable
(2) marine resources
Type composition characteristics
Marine chemical Resources salt, magnesium, bromine, fresh water, etc.