How to deal with daily waste batteries?

Nowadays, waste batteries can be seen everywhere, which often causes environmental pollution. In fact, some old batteries are available. This paper introduces a charger for charging old batteries, which can be used not only for nickel-cadmium batteries, but also for ordinary zinc-manganese batteries. The charger circuit is shown in the figure below. In the figure, VT 1 can be replaced by a high-power transistor. Between A and B, you can put 1 ~ 4 old batteries (note: old batteries must not leak or be damaged). After the battery is installed between A and B, the led will emit light. At this time, adjust the potentiometer RP to make the LED of the light-emitting tube reach the brightest. The general charging time is 12 ~ 15 hours. If the battery is fully charged, the LED will dim or go out, and the battery can be removed for use. When charging the old non-rechargeable battery, the current should not be too large, generally limited to less than 40mA, to prevent the battery from exploding due to too large current. Rechargeable batteries allow a large charging current (fast charging), but a self-stop circuit should be added to prevent the battery from overcharging and heating, causing an explosion. 2. Harm of waste batteries: (1) For the environment, a small button cell can pollute 600 cubic meters of water, which is equivalent to a person's drinking water for a lifetime; A dry battery can pollute 12 cubic meter of water and 1 cubic meter of soil, causing permanent public hazards ... (2) For human beings, the dry batteries commonly used in our daily life mainly include acidic zinc-manganese batteries and alkaline zinc-manganese batteries, both of which contain heavy metals such as mercury, manganese, cadmium, lead and zinc. After waste batteries are discarded, the battery shell will slowly corrode, and the heavy metal substances in it will gradually penetrate into water and soil, causing pollution. The biggest feature of heavy metal pollution is that it cannot be degraded in nature and can only migrate. That is to say, once the water body or soil is polluted, the water body or soil can't guide itself to purify and eliminate the pollution, and at the same time, heavy metals are easy to accumulate in organisms, so that with the passage of time, after being kind to a certain amount, it will have teratogenic or mutagenic effects and eventually lead to the death of organisms. Another way that heavy metals do harm to human body is to spread through food chain. After fish and shrimp eat plankton containing heavy metals, heavy metals accumulate in fish and shrimp. After people eat this kind of fish and shrimp again, heavy metals will accumulate in the human body, which will have a serious impact on the human body after reaching a certain amount. In addition to the Minamata disease caused by mercury pollution, there are others: excessive accumulation of manganese in the body can cause neurological dysfunction, which is manifested as comprehensive sexual dysfunction in the early stage, and the heavier ones are monotonous in speech, dull in expression, indifferent in feelings, and accompanied by mental symptoms. Long-term consumption of water and food contaminated by cadmium will lead to bone diseases. After cadmium enters the human body, it will cause osteomalacia and bone deformation, and in severe cases, it will form natural fractures and lead to death. Zinc salt can precipitate protein and irritate skin and mucous membrane. When the concentration in water exceeds 10-50mg/L, it may cause cancer and chemical pneumonia. Lead mainly acts on nervous system, hematopoietic system, digestive system, liver, kidney and other organs, which can inhibit the anabolism of hemoglobin, and can also directly act on mature red blood cells, which is very harmful to infants. Chronic lead poisoning will lead to physical retardation and mental retardation of children. Nickel powder is soluble in blood, participates in internal circulation, and has strong toxicity, which can damage the central nervous system, cause vascular variation, and even lead to cancer in severe cases. Status quo of recycling used batteries: Although 8-year-old pupils in Beijing have begun to know that used batteries should not be littered. They will throw old batteries into special recycling bins with their small hands. The behavior of sorting and recycling used batteries is being promoted in shopping malls and offices in Beijing. A new battery recycling box will be added next to the trash can. The collection of waste batteries is increasing rapidly. In the first half of this year, Beijing has collected nearly 100 tons of waste batteries. However, these used batteries are in an embarrassing situation, piling up like mountains and not being properly disposed of. At present, the used batteries in Beijing are finally transported to the "Beijing Useful Garbage Recycling Center". The center is a subordinate institution of Beijing Municipal Administration Committee, which is responsible for the recycling and transshipment of garbage. The recycling center is now worried about the whereabouts of used batteries. Lu Jianguo, chief of the business department, said that the recycling center began to recycle used batteries in Beijing in April 1998, and the recycling volume in that year was 7 tons, compared with nearly 40 tons last year. Up to now, * * * has collected more than 100 tons. Most of these used batteries are still piled in containers in the recycling center, and the used batteries collected in the future can only be stored here for treatment, because there is no special battery treatment plant to carry out scientific and harmless recycling. It's not just Beijing that is worried about used batteries, but the areas that collect used batteries all over the country have encountered problems. Recently, relevant departments in Shanghai jointly held a special conference on the prevention and control of waste battery pollution, and experts actively made suggestions. However, the final feasible scheme is still to properly store the recovered waste batteries and wait for the safe landfill after the completion of the municipal hazardous waste landfill. Nanning, Guangxi, launched a series of activities of "environmental protection action into the family" and collected a large number of used batteries. In order to recycle, Nanning Environmental Protection Bureau collected the disposal technology of used batteries through the network. Two months have passed and no exciting news has been heard. A self-employed person in Xinxiang City, Henan Province learned about the harm of dry batteries to the environment and collected more than 20 tons of waste batteries at his own expense. A few days ago, she complained in an open letter published by China Environmental News. For these 20 tons of waste batteries that will not pollute the environment, she could not find the final destination. People who calm down from the enthusiasm for environmental protection suddenly find that it is more difficult to dispose of used batteries than to recycle them! Recovery method: laboratory recovery method: ordinary dry battery is cylindrical, the outer cylinder is made of zinc, and zinc is the negative electrode of the battery; The carbon rod in the center of the cylinder is the anode; The steel cylinder contains manganese dioxide, ammonium chloride and zinc chloride. Here are two ways to recover the substances in waste dry batteries: (1) Extracting ammonium chloride: mixing and filtering the black substances in the batteries in water, evaporating part of the filtrate in an evaporating dish to obtain a white solid, heating, and collecting relatively pure ammonium chloride through sublimation. (2) Preparation of zinc particles: cut the zinc sheet on the zinc cylinder into pieces, put it into a crucible and heat it strongly (the melting point of zinc is 4 19 degrees), and then carefully pour the zinc sheet into cold water after melting to obtain zinc particles. Industrial recycling methods: There are generally three ways to treat waste batteries in the world: solidification and deep burial, storage and recycling of abandoned mines. 1. After solidification, it is buried in waste ore, such as a factory in France, from which nickel and cadmium are extracted, and then nickel is used for steelmaking and cadmium is used for battery production. The remaining waste batteries are generally transported to a special toxic harmful waste landfill, but this is not only costly but also wasteful, because there are many useful substances that can be used as raw materials. 2. Recycling (1) heat treatment There are two factories in Switzerland specializing in the processing and utilization of waste batteries. The method adopted by Battleck Company is to grind the waste batteries and then send them to the furnace for heating. At this time, the volatile mercury can be extracted, and zinc will evaporate at a higher temperature. It is also a precious metal. Iron and manganese are melted to form ferromanganese alloy for steelmaking. The factory can process 2000 tons of waste batteries a year, and can obtain 780 tons of ferromanganese alloy, 400 tons of zinc alloy and 3 tons of mercury. Another factory directly extracts iron from batteries and sells metal mixtures such as manganese oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide and nickel oxide as metal scrap. However, the heat treatment method is expensive, and Switzerland also stipulates that each battery buyer should be charged a small amount of special expenses for waste battery treatment. (2) "Wet treatment" A "wet treatment" device is being built in the suburbs of magdeburg, where all kinds of batteries except lead batteries are dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then various metals are extracted from the solution with the help of ionic resin. The raw materials obtained in this way are purer than the heat treatment method, so the price is higher in the market, and 95% of the substances contained in the battery can be extracted. Wet processing can save the sorting process (because sorting is manual operation, which will increase the cost). The annual processing capacity of this device in magdeburg can reach 7,500 tons. Although its cost is slightly higher than that of landfill, precious raw materials will not be discarded and will not pollute the environment. (3) Vacuum heat treatment method The vacuum heat treatment method developed by Alte Company in Germany is cheaper, but it is necessary to sort out the nickel-cadmium batteries from the waste batteries first, heat the waste batteries in vacuum, and the mercury can be recovered quickly, then grind the remaining raw materials, extract metallic iron with magnets, and then extract nickel and manganese from the remaining powder. The cost of treating one ton of waste batteries is less than 1500 mark. Prospect: four. Looking forward to now, people's awareness of environmental protection has been greatly improved. For example, cities such as Beijing and Shanghai have set up special buckets to throw away waste batteries. I believe that in the near future, the problem of recycling used batteries will be well solved. 3. Waste battery recycling technology (please refer to) 1, UPS and high-capacity maintenance-free lead-acid battery regeneration protection supplement solution 2, detoxified lead-acid battery 3, treatment method of metal-containing waste 4, mercury removal recovery method of waste battery 5, zinc and manganese dioxide extraction method of waste dry battery 6, anode material recovery method of waste lithium battery 7, metal recovery method of waste lithium-ion battery 8, manganese dioxide and zinc extraction method of waste zinc-manganese dry battery 9. Method and equipment for obtaining rich substances from waste batteries 10, method and equipment for separating batteries, button cell and metals from garbage 16, method for recovering metals from waste nickel-hydrogen batteries 12, method for recovering metals from waste nickel-hydrogen batteries 2 13, and method for recovering secondary batteries/kloc-0. Kloc-0/5, harmless biological pretreatment method of waste battery 65448, harmless recovery process of waste dry battery 19, waste battery treatment method 20, waste battery recovery processor 2 1, waste battery recovery decomposition head 22, waste battery recovery vacuum distillation device 23, waste battery lead recovery method 24, waste battery pyrolysis gasification incineration treatment equipment and its treatment method 25, Waste battery comprehensive utilization treatment process 26, waste dry battery alkali leaching 27, waste dry battery recovery treatment device 28, waste mobile phone battery comprehensive recovery treatment process 29, waste battery lead clean recovery method 30, waste battery lead clean recovery technology 3 1, waste lead acid battery production regenerated lead, red lead, lead nitrate 32, waste lead battery recovery technology 33, waste lead battery sludge reduction conversion method 34, Waste lead storage battery smelting and recycling furnace 35, waste storage battery reverberatory furnace for continuous smelting of lead-containing materials 36, continuous smelting method of lead-containing materials in waste storage batteries 37, treatment and utilization of waste residue and waste liquid of cadmium-nickel batteries 38, comprehensive recycling method of waste batteries containing mercury 39, raw materials and recycling technology of chemical power batteries 40, recycling method of batteries, especially dry batteries 4 1, recycling method and equipment of sealed battery parts 42, Metal-air battery waste recovery device 43, dry battery recovery by leaching method 44, purification treatment composition of waste battery or mercury-containing sludge and its treatment method 45, waste battery and heavy metal separation device 46, recovery process of N- methylpyrrolidone in waste gas treatment of lithium battery industry 47, recovery method of anode waste and debris of lithium ion secondary battery 48, comprehensive recovery method of waste nickel-cadmium battery 49, recovery method of anode and cathode residue of nickel-hydrogen secondary battery 50, Recycling sources and production methods of lead-acid batteries 5 1, regeneration technology of failed lead-acid batteries 52, sulfate radical removal method of waste lead-acid battery plates 53, regeneration method of anode alloy powder of failed nickel-hydrogen secondary batteries 54, technical method of calcining waste dry batteries with cement clinker 55, multifunctional regenerant of waste battery plates and its treatment process 56, regeneration method of battery desulfurizer 57, lead recovery from waste batteries 58, waste dry battery crushing device 59, Regeneration method of battery desulfurizer 60, waste battery producing sewage treatment agent 6 1, waste battery sludge producing active lead powder 62, method of separating and recovering lithium from waste lithium-ion battery 63, device and method of recovering nickel and cadmium 64, method of recovering lead from waste battery by electrolytic reduction in neutral medium 65, recovering manganese sulfate, manganese dioxide, graphite, reusable graphite electrode and its special equipment from waste zinc-manganese dry battery.